The Media layer handles graphics, audio, and video technologies in iOS. It includes frameworks like Core Graphics, OpenGL ES, OpenAL, AV Foundation, Core Media, etc. that provide the foundations for processing, rendering and playing back multimedia content in iOS applications.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system through a series of slides. It defines Android as a Linux-based mobile operating system developed by Google. It discusses Android's history from its founding in 2003 by Andy Rubin to being purchased by Google in 2005. It also summarizes the major versions of Android released and describes key features like connectivity, media support, applications, and architecture. The document concludes with some disadvantages of Android and references used.
The document discusses the architecture and benefits of the Android mobile operating system. It explains that Android addresses the growing needs of mobile users and developers by providing an open platform with built-in services, automatic application management, and portability across devices. The key components of the Android architecture include the Linux kernel, native libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, application framework, and applications/widgets layer. Android benefits developers by being free, open source, and not locked to any single vendor.
This document discusses the history and rise of Android as a mobile operating system. It began when Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005. In 2007, Google formed the Open Handset Alliance with other companies to develop open source mobile technologies. The first Android phone, the T-Mobile G1, was released in 2008. Since then Android's market share has grown significantly, surpassing other mobile operating systems. The document attributes Android's success to factors like its open source nature, large developer community, and low device costs compared to other platforms.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Waghmare on the topic of Android OS. It contains chapters covering features of the Android OS, its architecture, application framework, libraries, runtime, kernel and more. The report was submitted to fulfill degree requirements at MAEER's MIT College of Engineering, Pune, under the guidance of Prof. Sukhada Bhingarkar. It includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, and glossary related to Android OS.
FYPJ - Cerebral Android App Development (Report)Nehemiah Tan
Here are the steps to generate a Google Maps API key:
1. Open the command prompt and navigate to the Java jre bin directory (e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_51\bin)
2. Run the following command:
keytool -list -v -keystore %USERPROFILE%\.android\debug.keystore -storepass android -keypass android
3. This will print out your debug keystore's MD5 fingerprint. Copy this string.
4. Go to https://console.developers.google.com and sign in
5. Create a new project
6. Go to Credentials > Create Credentials >
IRJET - A Literature Review on Android -A Mobile Operating SystemIRJET Journal
1. This document provides a literature review of the Android mobile operating system, including its history, architecture, versions, and key features.
2. Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system originally developed by Android Inc. and currently maintained by Google. It uses Java applications and C/C++ libraries in a layered architecture.
3. The document describes the major versions of Android from 1.0 to 8.1, covering the code names, new features, and Linux kernel updates for each release. It focuses on the evolution of Android and its growing popularity as a mobile platform.
The document is a seminar report on Android and Android architecture. It discusses the history and introduction of Android, key aspects of the Android architecture including its layered design with the Linux kernel at the bottom and applications at the top, and describes Android versions, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers the Open Handset Alliance and provides an overview of Android security.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system through a series of slides. It defines Android as a Linux-based mobile operating system developed by Google. It discusses Android's history from its founding in 2003 by Andy Rubin to being purchased by Google in 2005. It also summarizes the major versions of Android released and describes key features like connectivity, media support, applications, and architecture. The document concludes with some disadvantages of Android and references used.
The document discusses the architecture and benefits of the Android mobile operating system. It explains that Android addresses the growing needs of mobile users and developers by providing an open platform with built-in services, automatic application management, and portability across devices. The key components of the Android architecture include the Linux kernel, native libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, application framework, and applications/widgets layer. Android benefits developers by being free, open source, and not locked to any single vendor.
This document discusses the history and rise of Android as a mobile operating system. It began when Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005. In 2007, Google formed the Open Handset Alliance with other companies to develop open source mobile technologies. The first Android phone, the T-Mobile G1, was released in 2008. Since then Android's market share has grown significantly, surpassing other mobile operating systems. The document attributes Android's success to factors like its open source nature, large developer community, and low device costs compared to other platforms.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Ganesh Waghmare on the topic of Android OS. It contains chapters covering features of the Android OS, its architecture, application framework, libraries, runtime, kernel and more. The report was submitted to fulfill degree requirements at MAEER's MIT College of Engineering, Pune, under the guidance of Prof. Sukhada Bhingarkar. It includes an acknowledgment, table of contents, and glossary related to Android OS.
FYPJ - Cerebral Android App Development (Report)Nehemiah Tan
Here are the steps to generate a Google Maps API key:
1. Open the command prompt and navigate to the Java jre bin directory (e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jre1.8.0_51\bin)
2. Run the following command:
keytool -list -v -keystore %USERPROFILE%\.android\debug.keystore -storepass android -keypass android
3. This will print out your debug keystore's MD5 fingerprint. Copy this string.
4. Go to https://console.developers.google.com and sign in
5. Create a new project
6. Go to Credentials > Create Credentials >
IRJET - A Literature Review on Android -A Mobile Operating SystemIRJET Journal
1. This document provides a literature review of the Android mobile operating system, including its history, architecture, versions, and key features.
2. Android is an open-source, Linux-based operating system originally developed by Android Inc. and currently maintained by Google. It uses Java applications and C/C++ libraries in a layered architecture.
3. The document describes the major versions of Android from 1.0 to 8.1, covering the code names, new features, and Linux kernel updates for each release. It focuses on the evolution of Android and its growing popularity as a mobile platform.
The document is a seminar report on Android and Android architecture. It discusses the history and introduction of Android, key aspects of the Android architecture including its layered design with the Linux kernel at the bottom and applications at the top, and describes Android versions, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also covers the Open Handset Alliance and provides an overview of Android security.
This document provides an overview of Android app development. It discusses what Android is, its history and architecture. It describes the core components of an Android app like activities, services, content providers and intents. It also discusses Android Studio as the IDE, system requirements, how to develop a first app, common programming languages and learning resources. The goal is to introduce the key concepts for developing Android apps.
The document provides an overview of the Android mobile platform, including what Android is, its history and inventors, versions and statistics, features, architecture, and application development process. It defines Android as an open-source operating system based on a Linux kernel that powers many smartphones and tablets. Key points covered include Android's use of Java and C/C++ programming languages, how it allows third-party apps to be downloaded, and some of the challenges developers face in creating apps for Android's fragmented ecosystem.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
This seminar report discusses Android. It provides a brief history of Android including Google's acquisition of Android Inc. in 2005 and releases of the Android SDK. It describes Android as an open software platform for mobile development that uses Linux and is developed as part of the Open Handset Alliance. The report outlines Android's architecture including its use of Linux for core systems and the Dalvik virtual machine. It also discusses Android tools like the emulator, DDMS, and ADB. In closing, it notes some advantages of Android like running multiple apps simultaneously and its large app market.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
The document provides an overview of the Android platform architecture. It describes Android as an open source mobile operating system led by the Open Handset Alliance. The key components of the Android architecture include the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime using the Dalvik virtual machine, framework APIs, and applications. Applications are built using activities, services, content providers and broadcast receivers. The document also discusses Android security using a permission-based model.
The document provides an overview of Android development. It discusses what Android is, its architecture including the Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine and application framework. It then demonstrates how to set up an Android development environment in Eclipse, and walks through building a simple "Hello World" Android app that displays text when run on an emulator. The app's components like layouts, strings, and icons are also explained.
The document provides an overview of Android including:
1) Android is an open source platform led by Google and based on the Linux kernel for mobile devices.
2) The Android architecture includes layers for the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime, and application framework.
3) Developing Android applications requires the Android SDK, Eclipse IDE, and tools like the Android emulator and DDMS.
The document provides information about Android development training offered by EXPERTS Training & Solutions. It introduces the trainer, Abdullah Rizwan, and gives an overview of EXPERTS including its founding, locations, and certifications. It then discusses reasons for mobile app development like market growth. The rest of the document outlines Android fundamentals, the development process, and publishing apps. It emphasizes designing responsive apps that leverage the web and cloud to be fast and seamless.
android app development training reportRishita Jaggi
This training report summarizes Rishita Jaggi's training on Android application development from July to December 2016 at the National Institute of Technology in Kurukshetra, India. It includes an introduction to mobile technologies and the Android operating system. The report describes the architecture of Android including its layers from the Linux kernel up to applications. It also discusses key Android building blocks like activities, services, content providers and broadcasts.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It uses a Linux kernel with Java applications running in a Dalvik virtual machine. The Android architecture includes libraries and APIs for application developers as well as core applications. Developers can create Android apps using Java in the Eclipse IDE along with the Android SDK. While Android offers an open development platform, security and lack of control by Google are potential disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses that Android is an open source platform developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for mobile devices. It can run on smartphones, tablets, e-readers and other devices. The document describes the core components of Android including the Linux kernel, middleware, key applications and services. It also covers Android application development and the features and capabilities available to developers.
Android is an open-source software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications for mobile devices. It is developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The document discusses the history, features, versions and architecture of Android. It notes that Android allows developers to write code in Java and C/C++ and provides an open development platform for mobile apps. It also summarizes some of the major Android versions and their key features. The architecture uses the Linux kernel, runs apps in a Dalvik virtual machine, and relies on core libraries and services from the Linux operating system.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses the origin of Android, which was founded in 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White at Google. It then went over some key features of Android like running multiple apps simultaneously and customization options. The document outlines Android's architecture including its Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine and application framework. It also reviews the major versions of Android from 1.0 to the current 6.0 Marshmallow. In closing, it discusses the future potential for Android to become the most widely used mobile OS in the world.
The document discusses Android application development. It provides an overview of Android including a brief history, licensing, code access, versions and basics. It describes the Android software stack including the Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, application framework and applications. It also covers application fundamentals such as user interaction, screen characteristics, density dependence, screen configuration and application components.
G:\Landry\The User Interface Of Android Osguesta475a93f
This document contains 6 references related to mobile application development: an Android developer guide, a taxonomy of programmers, a book on beginning iPhone development, an article on push notifications, and Wikipedia pages on the iPhone and iPhone OS user interfaces. The references provide resources on programming, notifications, and the user interfaces of Android and iPhone operating systems.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of the Android operating system. It describes how the Open Handset Alliance was formed in 2007 to develop an open source platform as an alternative to proprietary platforms. It outlines the core components of Android including the application framework, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, and Linux kernel. It also discusses the Android development tools and Eclipse IDE plugin for building Android applications.
1) This document discusses the basics of Android development including the Android architecture, tools, and software required.
2) The Android architecture consists of the Linux kernel at the bottom layer, with native libraries and the Android runtime in between. At the top are the application framework and applications.
3) Key tools for Android development include Android Studio, the Android SDK, Android emulator, and DDMS for debugging. The SDK includes tools like adb, SQLite, and platform-specific tools.
This document provides an overview of Android app development. It discusses what Android is, its history and architecture. It describes the core components of an Android app like activities, services, content providers and intents. It also discusses Android Studio as the IDE, system requirements, how to develop a first app, common programming languages and learning resources. The goal is to introduce the key concepts for developing Android apps.
The document provides an overview of the Android mobile platform, including what Android is, its history and inventors, versions and statistics, features, architecture, and application development process. It defines Android as an open-source operating system based on a Linux kernel that powers many smartphones and tablets. Key points covered include Android's use of Java and C/C++ programming languages, how it allows third-party apps to be downloaded, and some of the challenges developers face in creating apps for Android's fragmented ecosystem.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
This seminar report discusses Android. It provides a brief history of Android including Google's acquisition of Android Inc. in 2005 and releases of the Android SDK. It describes Android as an open software platform for mobile development that uses Linux and is developed as part of the Open Handset Alliance. The report outlines Android's architecture including its use of Linux for core systems and the Dalvik virtual machine. It also discusses Android tools like the emulator, DDMS, and ADB. In closing, it notes some advantages of Android like running multiple apps simultaneously and its large app market.
Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets.
Mobile Application Development with AndroidIJAAS Team
The Android is mobile platform. It is an open source and free operating system application, by Google it is developed and maintained. It was designed essentially for touch screen mobile devices, such as and tablet, computers, smart phones, watch television, cars etc. Android is one of the most widely used mobile OS. Android is a not only operating system but also key applications and middleware. Android is an open source operating system. It is developed by the open handset Alliance, led by Google, and other companies. Those are used to android studio 2.2.3 version and development the mobile application.
The document provides an overview of the Android platform architecture. It describes Android as an open source mobile operating system led by the Open Handset Alliance. The key components of the Android architecture include the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime using the Dalvik virtual machine, framework APIs, and applications. Applications are built using activities, services, content providers and broadcast receivers. The document also discusses Android security using a permission-based model.
The document provides an overview of Android development. It discusses what Android is, its architecture including the Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine and application framework. It then demonstrates how to set up an Android development environment in Eclipse, and walks through building a simple "Hello World" Android app that displays text when run on an emulator. The app's components like layouts, strings, and icons are also explained.
The document provides an overview of Android including:
1) Android is an open source platform led by Google and based on the Linux kernel for mobile devices.
2) The Android architecture includes layers for the Linux kernel, libraries, Android runtime, and application framework.
3) Developing Android applications requires the Android SDK, Eclipse IDE, and tools like the Android emulator and DDMS.
The document provides information about Android development training offered by EXPERTS Training & Solutions. It introduces the trainer, Abdullah Rizwan, and gives an overview of EXPERTS including its founding, locations, and certifications. It then discusses reasons for mobile app development like market growth. The rest of the document outlines Android fundamentals, the development process, and publishing apps. It emphasizes designing responsive apps that leverage the web and cloud to be fast and seamless.
android app development training reportRishita Jaggi
This training report summarizes Rishita Jaggi's training on Android application development from July to December 2016 at the National Institute of Technology in Kurukshetra, India. It includes an introduction to mobile technologies and the Android operating system. The report describes the architecture of Android including its layers from the Linux kernel up to applications. It also discusses key Android building blocks like activities, services, content providers and broadcasts.
Android is an open source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It uses a Linux kernel with Java applications running in a Dalvik virtual machine. The Android architecture includes libraries and APIs for application developers as well as core applications. Developers can create Android apps using Java in the Eclipse IDE along with the Android SDK. While Android offers an open development platform, security and lack of control by Google are potential disadvantages.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses that Android is an open source platform developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance for mobile devices. It can run on smartphones, tablets, e-readers and other devices. The document describes the core components of Android including the Linux kernel, middleware, key applications and services. It also covers Android application development and the features and capabilities available to developers.
Android is an open-source software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications for mobile devices. It is developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The document discusses the history, features, versions and architecture of Android. It notes that Android allows developers to write code in Java and C/C++ and provides an open development platform for mobile apps. It also summarizes some of the major Android versions and their key features. The architecture uses the Linux kernel, runs apps in a Dalvik virtual machine, and relies on core libraries and services from the Linux operating system.
This document provides an overview of the Android operating system. It discusses the origin of Android, which was founded in 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears and Chris White at Google. It then went over some key features of Android like running multiple apps simultaneously and customization options. The document outlines Android's architecture including its Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine and application framework. It also reviews the major versions of Android from 1.0 to the current 6.0 Marshmallow. In closing, it discusses the future potential for Android to become the most widely used mobile OS in the world.
The document discusses Android application development. It provides an overview of Android including a brief history, licensing, code access, versions and basics. It describes the Android software stack including the Linux kernel, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, application framework and applications. It also covers application fundamentals such as user interaction, screen characteristics, density dependence, screen configuration and application components.
G:\Landry\The User Interface Of Android Osguesta475a93f
This document contains 6 references related to mobile application development: an Android developer guide, a taxonomy of programmers, a book on beginning iPhone development, an article on push notifications, and Wikipedia pages on the iPhone and iPhone OS user interfaces. The references provide resources on programming, notifications, and the user interfaces of Android and iPhone operating systems.
The document provides an overview of the history and architecture of the Android operating system. It describes how the Open Handset Alliance was formed in 2007 to develop an open source platform as an alternative to proprietary platforms. It outlines the core components of Android including the application framework, libraries, Dalvik virtual machine, and Linux kernel. It also discusses the Android development tools and Eclipse IDE plugin for building Android applications.
1) This document discusses the basics of Android development including the Android architecture, tools, and software required.
2) The Android architecture consists of the Linux kernel at the bottom layer, with native libraries and the Android runtime in between. At the top are the application framework and applications.
3) Key tools for Android development include Android Studio, the Android SDK, Android emulator, and DDMS for debugging. The SDK includes tools like adb, SQLite, and platform-specific tools.
Phonebook Directory or Address Book In AndroidABHISHEK DINKAR
This document describes a training report submitted by Abhishek Kumar Dinkar for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science. The report details a project on developing a phone book directory application. It includes an acknowledgement, index, abstract, description of the company where the training took place, technologies learned during the training and several chapters that explain concepts related to the Android operating system and the architecture and development of the phone book directory application.
Outstanding Improvement Award Outstanding Improvement Awardpravinmali2191
The chemicals industry (industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives and cosmetics) is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and one which poses many challenges for government regulators; inefficient regulation would have costly implications for the environment, human health, government budgets and the continued growth of this important global industry. Not only can different regulatory approaches and requirements in each OECD country create significant costs for the chemicals industry and for governments, they can also create barriers to trade.
If national approaches to chemical regulation are harmonised, industry is not faced with a plethora of conflicting or duplicative requirements, governments are provided with a common basis for working with each other, and non-tariff barriers to trade are reduced. The principal tools for harmonisation are a set of OECD Council Decisions which make up the OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system, including its OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals and OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).
The chemicals industry (industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives and cosmetics) is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and one which poses many challenges for government regulators; inefficient regulation would have costly implications for the environment, human health, government budgets and the continued growth of this important global industry. Not only can different regulatory approaches and requirements in each OECD country create significant costs for the chemicals industry and for governments, they can also create barriers to trade.
If national approaches to chemical regulation are harmonised, industry is not faced with a plethora of conflicting or duplicative requirements, governments are provided with a common basis for working with each other, and non-tariff barriers to trade are reduced. The principal tools for harmonisation are a set of OECD Council Decisions which make up the OECD Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system, including its OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals and OECD Principles of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP).
The chemicals industry (industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, biocides, food and feed additives and cosmetics) is one of the largest industrial sectors in the world and one which poses many challenges for government regulators; inefficient regulation would have costly implications for the environment, human health, government budgets and the continued growth of this important global industry. Not only can different regulatory approaches and requirements in each OECD country create significant costs for the chemicals industry and for governments, they can also create barriers to trade.
If national approaches to chemical regulation are harmonised, industry is not faced with a plethora of conflicting or duplicative requirements
Wifi Direct Based Chat And File Transfer Android ApplicationNitin Bhasin
This App allows you to share any kind of file present in SD card to other mobile phone directly at speed of 5+MBps. It even allows to click images shoot videos and directly dend to other device.It also allows to send drawings by having drawing pad in it in various colours and various brush sizes. Web-View is also implemented in it.
Link Of App At Amazon Store: http://www.amazon.com/Wifi-Direct-Chat-Transfer-Application/dp/B00TKFFMZO/ref=sr_1_1?s=mobile-apps&ie=UTF8&qid=1424009545&sr=1-1&keywords=Wifi+Direct+Chat+and+File+Transfer+Application
Android is an open source operating system used for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It is developed by Google and a consortium of technology companies called the Open Handset Alliance. Android allows developers to write programs in Java and offers tools to distribute apps to users. There are challenges to developing for Android like supporting a variety of device screen sizes and older platform versions, but it offers a large potential user base and opportunities to create engaging apps.
Mobile Application Development-Lecture 03 & 04.pdfAbdullahMunir32
The document provides an overview of mobile application development for Android. It discusses Android's software stack including the Dalvik Virtual Machine and how it has been replaced by Android Runtime. It also summarizes the different tools, features and types of applications that are part of the Android SDK. The document explains what Android runs on, why developers should build for Android and what is included in the Android development kit.
The document provides an overview of Android, including its history, introduction, platform, architecture, and features. It discusses that Android is an open source software platform developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The document outlines Android's history from 2005 to current releases and describes the Open Handset Alliance consortium. It also summarizes Android's introduction, platform, software stack including applications, framework, libraries, runtime/Dalvik VM, and the Linux kernel. The document concludes with features of the Android OS.
Android is an open-source operating system used for smartphones and tablets. It was developed by Android Inc., which was acquired by Google in 2005. The Android architecture includes the Linux kernel, native libraries, Android runtime including Dalvik virtual machine and core Java libraries, application framework, and applications. Key components of the application framework include activities, services, broadcast receivers, and content providers. Android features include a beautiful UI, connectivity, storage, media support, messaging, web browsing, multi-touch, multi-tasking, and resizable widgets. Major Android versions include Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, Ice Cream Sandwich, Jelly Bean, KitKat, and
Android Design Patterns in Mobile Application Development - Michalis Grigorop...Michail Grigoropoulos
Design patterns help developers and designers to solve common design problems by using tested and user friendly solutions. The term can be applied to both directions to build a thing and the thing itself. The purpose of this study is to present such solutions and examine their applicability in android application development and user experience. For the study's purposes, an application called "Messeme" was developed based on some of the design patterns that are presented in the Second section of this Thesis.
Evolution of Android Operating System and it’s Versionsijtsrd
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It can be considered as a software platform as well as an operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux operating system and currently developed by Google. It is designed primarily for touch screens mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. One of the most widely used mobile OS these days is android. It is free and open source software its source code is known as Android Open Source Project AOSP , which is primarily licensed under the Apache License. This Paper Contains android architecture consists of key applications, Application framework, Native libraries, Android runtime, DVM, Linux Kernal., Many versions of Android Operating System are KitKat, JellyBean, Honeycomb, Froyo etc… Advantages and Disadvantages of Android and also the conclusion. Aishwarya Gujar | Prof. Pratibha Adkar "Evolution of Android Operating System and it’s Versions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42519.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/computer-engineering/42519/evolution-of-android-operating-system-and-it’s-versions/aishwarya-gujar
Android is an open-source software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It consists of three components: an open-source operating system, development platform and devices that run the Android OS and applications. The Android platform is developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance and is based on the Linux kernel.
Android is an open source software stack that was developed by Android Inc. and later acquired by Google. It includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. The software stack consists of five main sections - applications, application framework, libraries, runtime, and the Linux kernel. It allows developers to write once and run on multiple device types.
Android is an open-source software platform and operating system for mobile devices based on the Linux kernel. It was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. Android allows developers to write managed code in Java and includes features like hardware integration, an application framework, and core applications. The Open Handset Alliance is devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices to significantly lower development costs. Android can be adapted to work on various hardware configurations and uses Linux for drivers, memory management, and more.
Customizing AOSP For Different Embedded Devices And Integration at Applicatio...ijafrc
The document discusses customizing and porting the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) to different embedded devices. It describes the challenges in porting AOSP to new hardware, including ensuring kernel compatibility and hardware support. It also outlines the process for building and installing AOSP on ARM-based and non-ARM boards, including compiling the source code locally and downloading images to the target device. The goal is to allow Android applications to integrate with new device functionality.
Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. It uses Linux as its kernel and is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. The Android platform includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. Some key facts about Android include that it uses the Java programming language and is powered by an open-source Linux kernel. Android versions are named in alphabetical order and include versions like Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, and more. Android devices must meet minimum requirements to run the OS and Android provides features like multitasking, connectivity options, media support and more. It has a large market share worldwide and runs on various devices beyond smartphones like
- Android is an open-source software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. It is based on the Linux kernel and allows developers to write managed code using Java-like languages.
- Google acquired Android Inc. in 2005 and founded the Open Handset Alliance in 2007 with several hardware and software companies to develop open standards for mobile devices. This included the unveiling of the Android mobile platform.
- The Android software architecture includes the Linux kernel, middleware like the Dalvik virtual machine, and core applications. It supports features like SQLite for data storage, an integrated web browser, messaging, media playback and device hardware.
This document provides an overview of the Android platform, including:
- What Android is, its open source nature, and the players involved in its development like Google and the Open Handset Alliance.
- The different "flavors" or versions of the Android OS over time from 1.1 to 4.0 and beyond.
- How Android uses the Linux kernel and integrates key technologies like its Dalvik virtual machine, SQLite database, and support for media formats.
- The overall Android architecture with layers for the Linux kernel, libraries, application framework, and applications themselves which are written in Java.
- How the Android SDK helps developers build apps that get compiled to run on the Dalvik virtual
Android is an open source software platform and operating system for mobile devices. It was developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. The Android software stack includes applications, application framework, libraries and runtime, and uses the Linux kernel. As a developer, you can write managed code using Java and develop applications using the Android SDK and Eclipse IDE. Popular application building blocks in Android include activities, intent receivers, services, and content providers.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
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Consumer Electronics
1. MGM UNIVERSITY
JAWAHARLAL NEHRU ENGINEERING COLLEGE
ELECTRONICS & TELECOMMUNICATIONS DEPARTMENT
COURSE: CONSUMER ELECTRONICS(B.TECH.)
PROF. G. R. BASOLE
PROF. V. V. UKARANDE
2. COURSE OUTCOMES:
Classify various mobiles communication and related technologies.
Identify and explain working of various Colour TV transmission and
receiver blocks.
Illustrate operating principle of Home appliances and printer
technologies.
Describe working of special purpose machines and security devices.
Apply product electrical safety standards.
1 August 2020
2
3. INTRODUCTION TO SYLLABUS
CODE:BTETPE704A CREDIT:03
1 August 2020
3
Unit No Unit Name Brief Contents
1 Communication devices Mobile handsets, Android technology, 2G, 3G Mobiles,
i-phone, EPABX
2 Mass Communication
devices
Color Television, Antenna, HDTV, LCD TV,LED TV, 3D
Technology In TV, Interactive
TV, DTHTV, Plasma TV, Video Conferencing, FAX
Machine, PA System, Dolby Digital
Systems, Gesture Technology In TV.
3 Household Electronics
devices
Washing Machine, Microwave Oven, Types
Applications, Electronics Weighing Balance, Air
Conditioner, Vacuum Cleaner. Continued..
4. Unit No Unit Name Brief Contents
4 Printing and recording
devices
LASER printer, Inkjet Printers, Photocopiers, Scanner,
DVD/CD Player, Blue ray DVD
Player.
5 Special purpose
machines:
Security devices:
Electronic Voting Machine, CFL, LED Lamps, Application
and Advantages. Solar lamp,
Water Purifier, Electronic Calculator, DVD Player, ATM
Biometric attendance Monitoring System, Working,
Biometric Sensors, Home Automation
System.
6 Compliance: Product safety and liability issues, standards related
to electrical safety and standards related
to fire hazards, e.g., UL and VDE. EM1/EMC
requirements and design techniques for
compliance, e.g. ESD, RF interference and immunity,
line current harmonics and mains
voltage surge.
1 August 2020
4
5. CONTENTS OF UNIT-I
COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Mobile Handsets
Android Technology
2G Technology
3G technology
4G Technology
i-Phones
EPABX
1 August 2020 5
7. LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS LECTURE:
Student will be able to Learn:
Evolution of Mobile Handsets from 1983 to till date
Understand how specifications of Mobile handset changed over period of time
Internal Structure of Mobile Handset
1 August 2020 7
14. LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS LECTURE:
Student will be able to:
Identify Various Mobile Operating Systems and History of Android OS
Understand different version of Android OS
Explain Architecture of Android OS
1 August 2020 14
15. VARIOUS MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS
AND HISTORY OF ANDROID OS
1 August 2020 15
Blackberry
Symbian
Firefox OS
Windows
Android
iOS
16. HISTORY OF ANDROID
Initially, Andy Rubin founded Android Incorporation in Palo Alto, California,
United States in October, 2003.
In 17th August 2005, Google acquired android Incorporation. Since then, it is in
the subsidiary of Google Incorporation.
The key employees of Android Incorporation are Andy Rubin, Rich Miner,
Chris White and Nick Sears.
Originally intended for camera but shifted to smart phones later because of low
market for camera only.
Android is the nick name of Andy Rubin given by coworkers because of his love
to robot
In 2007, Google announces the development of android OS.
In 2008, HTC launched the first android mobile.
1 August 2020 16
19. ANDROID ARCHITECTURE
Android architecture is a software stack of components to support mobile device needs.
Android software stack contains a Linux Kernel, collection of C/C++ libraries which are
exposed through an application framework services, runtime, and application.
Following are main components of android architecture those are
Applications
Android Framework
Android Runtime
Platform Libraries
Linux Kernel
1 August 2020 19
22. 1. LINUX KERNEL
In these components, the Linux Kernel is the main component in android to
provide its operating system functions to mobile and Dalvik Virtual
Machine (DVM) which is responsible for running a mobile application.
Linux Kernel is a bottom layer and heart of the android architecture. It manages all
the drivers such as display drivers, camera drivers, Bluetooth drivers, audio drivers,
memory drivers, etc. which are mainly required for the android device during the
runtime.
The Linux Kernel will provide an abstraction layer between the device hardware
and the remainder of the stack. It is responsible for memory management, power
management, device management, resource access, etc.
1 August 2020 22
23. HARDWARE ABSTRACTION LAYER (HAL)
The hardware abstraction layer (HAL) provides standard interfaces
that expose device hardware capabilities to the higher-level Java API
framework.
The HAL consists of multiple library modules, each of which
implements an interface for a specific type of hardware component,
such as the camera or bluetooth module.
When a framework API makes a call to access device hardware, the
Android system loads the library module for that hardware component.
1 August 2020 23
24. 2. ANDROID RUNTIME
Android Runtime(ART) environment is an important part of Android rather than
an internal part and it contains components like core libraries and the Dalvik
virtual machine. The Android run time is the engine that powers our applications
along with the libraries and it forms the basis for the application framework.
Dalvik Virtual Machine (DVM) is a register-based virtual machine like Java
Virtual Machine (JVM). It is specially designed and optimized for android to
ensure that a device can run multiple instances efficiently. It relies on the Linux
kernel for threading and low-level memory management.
The core libraries in android runtime will enable us to implement android
applications using standard JAVA programming language.
1 August 2020 24
25. 3. PLATFORM LIBRARIES
The Platform Libraries includes various C/C++ core libraries and Java based libraries
such as Media, Graphics, Surface Manager, OpenGL etc. to provide a support for android
development.
Media library provides support to play and record an audio and video formats.
Surface manager responsible for managing access to the display subsystem.
SGL and OpenGL both cross-language, cross-platform application program interface
(API) are used for 2D and 3D computer graphics.
SQLite provides database support and FreeType provides font support.
Web-Kit This open source web browser engine provides all the functionality to display
web content and to simplify page loading.
SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is security technology to establish an encrypted link
between a web server and a web browser.
1 August 2020 25
26. 4. APPLICATION FRAMEWORK
The Application Framework provides the classes used to create Android applications.
It also provides a generic abstraction for hardware access and manages the user
interface and application resources. It basically provides the services through which we
can create a particular class and make that class helpful for the Application creation.
The entire feature-set of the Android OS is available to you through APIs written in the
Java language. These APIs form the building blocks you need to create Android apps by
simplifying the reuse of core, modular system components and services.
The application framework includes services like telephony service, location services,
notification manager, NFC service, view system, etc. which we can use for application
development as per our requirements.
1 August 2020 26
27. A rich and extensible View System you can use to build an app’s UI, including lists, grids, text
boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
A Resource Manager, providing access to non-code resources such as localized strings, graphics,
and layout files
A Notification Manager that enables all apps to display custom alerts in the status bar
An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of apps and that includes the management of the
activities stack!
Content Providers that enable apps to access data from other apps, such as the Contacts app, or to
share their own data
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs that Android system apps use.
1 August 2020
27
How do I create APK files?
Android apps are developed using Android Studio, the official IDE for Android software
developers. It is available for Windows, Mac, and Linux, and it allows users to develop
apps and prepare them for upload to a distribution service, such as Google Play. When
apps are ready, developers can build them into APK files and sign them for release.
28. 5. APPLICATIONS
The top layer of the android architecture is Applications. The native and third-party
applications like contacts, email, music, gallery, clock, games, etc. whatever we will build
those will be installed on this layer only.
The application layer runs within the Android run time using the classes and services made
available from the application framework.
Android comes with a set of core apps for email, SMS messaging, calendars, internet
browsing, contacts, and more. Apps included with the platform have no special status among
the apps the user chooses to install. So a third-party app can become the user's default web
browser, SMS messenger, or even the default keyboard (some exceptions apply, such as the
system's Settings app).
The system apps function both as apps for users and to provide key capabilities that
developers can access from their own app. For example, if your app would like to deliver an
SMS message, you don't need to build that functionality yourself—you can instead invoke
whichever SMS app is already installed to deliver a message to the recipient you specify.
1 August 2020 28
29. .APK FILE
An Android Package Kit (APK for short) is the package file format used by the Android operating
system for distribution and installation of mobile apps. Just like Windows (PC) systems use an
.exe file for installing software, the APK does the same for Android.
When you download an APK online, you're essentially getting an app. Most users get apps from
the Google Play Store, without ever seeing the word APK. But there are occasions when you
would want to do otherwise.
1 August 2020
29
What does an APK file contain?
Android packages contain all the necessary files for a single Android program. Below is a list of the most
prominent files and folders:
META-INF/: Contains the manifest file, signature, and a list of resources in the archive
lib/: Native libraries that run on specific device architectures (armeabi-v7a, x86, etc.)
res/: Resources, such as images, that were not compiled into resources.arsc
assets/: Raw resource files that developers bundle with the app
AndroidManifest.xml: Describes the name, version, and contents of the APK file
classes.dex: The compiled Java classes to be run on the device (.DEX file)
resources.arsc: The compiled resources, such as strings, used by the app (.ARSC file)
31. LEARNING OUTCOMES OF THIS LECTURE:
Student will be able to:
Understand History of i-OS and i-Phones
Understand different version of i-OS
Explain Architecture of i-OS
1 August 2020 31
34. 1. CORE OS LAYER
The Core OS layer holds the low level features that most other technologies are built upon.
Core Bluetooth Framework.
Accelerate Framework.
External Accessory Framework.
Security Services framework.
Local Authentication framework.
• The Core OS layer provides a handful of frameworks that your application can use directly, such
as the Accelerate and Security frameworks.
• The Core OS layer also encapsulates the kernel environment and low level UNIX interfaces to
which your application has no access, for obvious security reasons. However, through the C-
based libSystem library many low level features can be accessed directly, such as BSD sockets,
POSIX threads, and DNS services.
1 August 2020 34
35. 2. CORE SERVICES LAYER
The Core Services layer is in charge of managing the fundamental system services that native iOS
applications use. The Cocoa Touch layer depends on the Core Services layer for some of its
functionality. The Core Services layer also provides a number of indispensable features, such as
block objects, Grand Central Dispatch, In-App Purchase, and iCloud Storage.
One of the most welcomed additions to the Core Services layer is ARC
or Automatic Reference Counting. ARC is a compiler-level feature, introduced in 2011
alongside the release of iOS 5. ARC simplifies the process of memory management in Objective-
C.
One should understand the basics of memory management when developing Cocoa applications.
Automatic Reference Counting is a great addition, but it's important that you know what ARC is
doing for you.
1 August 2020 35
36. 2. CORE SERVICES LAYER
Address book framework – Gives programmatic access to a contacts database of user.
Cloud Kit framework – Gives a medium for moving data between your app and iCloud.
Core data Framework – Technology for managing the data model of a Model View Controller app.
Core Foundation framework – Interfaces that gives fundamental data management and service features for iOS
apps.
Core Location framework – Gives location and heading information to apps.
Core Motion Framework – Access all motion based data available on a device. Using this core motion
framework Accelerometer based information can be accessed.
Foundation Framework – Objective C covering too many of the features found in the Core Foundation
framework
Healthkit framework – New framework for handling health-related information of user
Homekit framework – New framework for talking with and controlling connected devices in a user’s home.
Social framework – Simple interface for accessing the user’s social media accounts.
StoreKit framework – Gives support for the buying of content and services from inside your iOS apps, a feature
known asIn-App Purchase.
1 August 2020
36
37. 3. MEDIA LAYER
Graphics, audio, and video are handled by the Media layer. This layer contains a number of key
technologies, such as Core Graphics, OpenGL ES and OpenAL, AV Foundation, and Core Media.
Graphics Framework:
UIKit Graphics – It describes high level support for designing images and also used for animating the
content of your views.
Core Graphics framework – It is the native drawing engine for iOS apps and gives support for custom
2D vector and image based rendering.
Core Animation – It is an initial technology that optimizes the animation experience of your apps.
Core Images – gives advanced support for controlling video and motionless images in a nondestructive
way
OpenGl ES and GLKit – manages advanced 2D and 3D rendering by hardware accelerated interfaces
Metal – It permits very high performance for your sophisticated graphics rendering and computation
works. It offers very low overhead access to the A7 GPU.
1 August 2020
37
38. 3. MEDIA LAYER
Audio Framework:
• Media Player Framework – It is a high level framework which gives simple use
to a user’s iTunes library and support for playing playlists.
• AV Foundation – It is an Objective C interface for handling the recording and
playback of audio and video.
• OpenAL – is an industry standard technology for providing audio.
Video Framework
• AV Kit – framework gives a collection of easy to use interfaces for presenting
video.
• AV Foundation – gives advanced video playback and recording capability.
• Core Media – framework describes the low level interfaces and data types for
operating media.
1 August 2020
38
39. 4.COCOA TOUCH LAYER
EventKit framework – gives view controllers for showing the standard system interfaces for
seeing and altering calendar related events
GameKit Framework – implements support for Game Center which allows users share their
game related information online
iAd Framework – allows you deliver banner-based advertisements from your app.
MapKit Framework – gives a scrollable map that you can include into your user interface of
app.
PushKitFramework – provides registration support for VoIP apps.
Twitter Framework – supports a UI for generating tweets and support for creating URLs to
access the Twitter service.
UIKit Framework – gives vital infrastructure for applying graphical, event-driven apps in iOS.
Some of the Important functions of UI Kit framework:
-Multitasking support.
– Basic app management and infrastructure.
– User interface management
– Support for Touch and Motion event.
– Cut, copy and paste support and many more. 1 August 2020
39
40. STRUCTURE OF AN IPA FILE
What is .ipa file ?
An . ipa (iOS App Store Package) file is an iOS application archive file which stores an
iOS app. Each . ipa file includes a binary and can only be installed on an iOS device.
There are three types of iOS applications:
Native applications uses Objective C/Swift for building the application
Hybrid applications use frameworks like Xamarin, Cordova etc. along with Objective
C/Swift.
Web based applications are responsive versions of websites built for working on
mobile device.
1 August 2020 40
43. USEFUL ABBREVIATIONS
• AMPS: Advance Mobile Phone Service(USA)
• NMT: Nordic Mobile Telephone(Scandinavian Countries)
• TACS: Total Access Communication System(UK)
• D-AMPS: Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service
• GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication
• GPRS: General Packet Radio Service
• EDGE : Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
• WCDMA : Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
• HSPA : High Speed Packet Access
• EV-DO: Evolution data Optimized
• CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access
1 August 2020 43
44. HISTORY OF 1G
This was the first wireless telecommunication generation used by the majority of the people for a long
time. These telephones were the first and the foremost mobile phones to be utilized. In 1979, 1G was
launched commercially in Tokyo city of Japan by NTT(Nippon Telegraph and Telephone)
DoCoMo firm. And within a span of 5 years, it spread across Japan widely.
Two years after 1G launched, in 1981 many Nordic countries like Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland,
Switzerland, Netherlands, Eastern Europe and Russia got new standards known as NMT(Nordic
Mobile Telephone) which were based on 1G technology.
Similarly AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) started to be used in North America and
Australia, TACS (Total Access Communications Systems) in UK and many others.
1 August 2020 44
45. 1G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
45
In 1970, Bell Labs in New Jersey
proposed a cellular telephone concept
as advanced mobile telephony system
(AMPS). AMPS is a standard cellular
telephone service placed into
operation on October 13, 1983, by
Illinois Bell. Frequency used is
30KHz.
AMPS uses frequency-division
multiple access (FDMA), where
transmissions are separated in the
frequency domain. Subscribers are
assigned a pair of voice channels
(forward and reverse) for the duration
of their call.
Bandwidth 150/900 MHz
Modulation scheme : FM
Problems:
Poor sound quality
Limited coverage
Full analog mode of communication,
hence inefficient use of the spectrum
Low capacity, FDMA technique does
not maximize system capacity
47. 2G MOBILE TECHNOLOGY
• 2G refers to the second generation of mobile networks based on GSM. The radio
signals used by the 1G network were analog, while 2G networks were digital. 2G
capabilities were achieved by allowing multiple users on a single channel via
multiplexing. Main motive of this generation was to provide secure and reliable
communication channel. It implemented the concept of CDMA and GSM .During 2G,
Cellular phones were used for data along with voice. Some of the key features of
2G were:
Data speeds of up to 64 kbps
Use of digital signals instead of analog
Enabled services such as SMS and MMS (Multimedia Message)
Provided better quality voice calls
It used a bandwidth of 30 to 200 KHz
1 August 2020 47
48. IN 2G, FIVE BIG FEATURES WERE ADDED AND IMPROVED
COMPARED TO 1G AND THEY ARE:
1) Data transmission for phone conversation got fully digitized and encrypted.
2) Internet data service and SMS like plain text, picture messages, MMS service were
initiated in addition to phone calls.
3) 2G enabled devices became more efficient to receive and send signals with higher
penetration levels for wide radio waves spectrum.
4) Better voice quality, more than one medium to communicate brought a new change in
wireless communication technology. With data encryption method, transmission became
more efficient and fast with better quality and data security. Only a particular
recipient could receive the intended message via encryption technique.
5) The mobile phone size also reduced to some extent. Battery life improved due to
digitization of data transmission which usually took less energy to transmit.
1 August 2020 48
49. WHAT IS TDMA ?
• Time Division Multiple Access
• In TDMA the available spectrum is partitioned into narrow frequency bands or
frequency channels, which, in turn, are divided into a number of time slots.
• In case of North American digital cellular standard IS-136,IS-95 each
frequency channel (30 kHz) is divided into three-time slots, whereas in
European digital cellular system GSM each frequency channel (200 kHz) is
divided into eight time slots. Guard bands are needed both between
frequency channels and time slots.
1 August 2020 49
50. 2.5G TECHNOLOGY-GPRS
• GPRS is a 2.5G technology implemented by GSM network operators to increase network
capacity UPTO 172 KBPS.
• The key element of GPRS technology was that it uses packet switched data rather than circuit
switched data, and this technique made much more efficient use of the available capacity.
This is because most data transfer occurs in what is often termed a "bursty" fashion.
• Using a traditional approach a circuit was switched permanently to a particular user. This is
known as a circuit switched mode.
• To achieve this, the data is split into packets and tags inserted into the packet to provide the
destination address. Packets from several sources can then be transmitted over the link. As it is
unlikely that the data burst for different users will occur all at the same time, by sharing the
overall resource in this fashion, the channel, or combined channels can be used far more
efficiently. This approach is known as packet switching, and it is at the core of many cellular
data systems, and in this case GPRS.
1 August 2020 50
51. 2.75G TECHNOLOGY-EDGE
• GSM EDGE cellular technology was an evolutionary upgrade to the existing GSM / GPRS
networks.
• EDGE uses 8PSK modulation technique. In 8PSK encoding, a single carrier symbol used to
carry 3 bits instead of 1 bit used in GPRS. This further improved voice conversation quality.
• EDGE or 2.75G is usually denoted by the E symbol near the mobile network.
data rate is 384 kbps.
• EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and fast transmission of
data and information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single carrier. EDGE technology was
invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now known as AT& T. EDGE is radio technology
and is a part of third generation technologies. EDGE technology is preferred over GSM due
to its flexibility to carry packet switch data and circuit switch data.
1 August 2020 51
52. WHAT IS CDMA ?
• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology
• CDMA technology was originally developed for the US Army during the Vietnam
War, as a way of disguising conversations intended for military purposes. This
method separates different conversations by coding rather than by time sharing or
by frequency sharing (FDMA) as with the NAMPS technology. The method of
separation by coding enables conducting a large number of conversations
simultaneously over the same range of frequencies, with no interference between
them.
• "Qualcomm", which developed this technology, applied it to cellular communications
that use coded speech at different rhythms – a technology whereby the cellular
device receives simultaneous information from a number of base stations. This
technology ensures the continuity of conversations during movement from one cell to
another.
1 August 2020 52
55. 3G TECHNOLOGY
• UMTS technology, based on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) technology,
is one of the third-generation (3G) technologies of mobile phone telephony. This technology
was designed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), Three standards based on
CDMA, namely CDMA2000, WCDMA, and TD-SCDMA.
• 3G is the next generation of wireless network technology that provides high speed bandwidth
(high data transfer rates) to handheld devices. The high data transfer rates will allow 3G
networks to offer multimedia services combining voice and data.
Data transfer rates:
• 2.05 Mbits/second to stationary devices.
• 384 Kbits/second for slowly moving devices, such as a handset carried by a walking user.
• 128 Kbits/second for fast moving devices, such as handsets in moving vehicles.
1 August 2020 55
57. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF 3G?
• New radio spectrum to relieve overcrowding in existing systems.
• More bandwidth, security, and reliability.
• Interoperability between service providers.
• Fixed and variable data rates.
• Asymmetric data rates.
• Backward compatibility of devices with existing networks.
• Always-online devices. 3G will use IP connectivity, IP is packet based (not circuit based).
• Rich multimedia services.
1 August 2020 57
59. 4G TECHNOLOGY
• 4G stands for 4th Generation Technology, and it is a venture to develop, incorporate the
current 2G , 3G, WLAN, short-range, fixed wire systems into a single and broadcast, entirely
functional, consistent and coherent internetwork.
• It is an extension of 3G technology which provides capabilities defined by ITU (International
Telecommunications Union) in IMT (International Mobile Telecommunications) includes
features like scalability, flexibility, efficiency, self-governance, security to support interfacing
with different types of networks and a multitude of new and existing services.
1 August 2020 59
60. ABOUT LTE AND WIMAX
• LTE stands for “Long Term Evolution,” and is an ITU-approved 4G mobile broadband technology. It
is a direct competitor to WiMax. LTE is more of a successor to current mobile 3G standards than
WiMax. However, instead of transmitting data using microwaves, LTE uses radio waves. WiMax
stands for “Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.”
• Both LTE and WiMax use the principle of Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access, which
conceptually has been around since the 1960s. OFDMA is based on the idea of frequency-division
multiplexing, which is a method to transmit multiple data streams over a channel. In case of
OFDMA, a digital data stream that needs to be transmitted is split into multiple pieces, each of
which is modulated onto a separate carrier. These sub-carriers are combined together at the end.
• The difference between LTE and WiMax lies in how they handle the channel for processing data.
WiMax processes all the information in a wide channel. In case of Clearwire's implementation of
WiMax, that means the about two-thirds of the channel is used for downloads, while a third is used
to upload data.
• LTE splits the channel into two parts using frequency-division multiplexing, so the download and
upload speeds are better balanced.
1 August 2020 60
61. ABOUT OFDM
• OFDM forms the basic signal format used within 4G LTE. OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplex is the basic format used and this is modified to provide the multiple access scheme:
OFDMA, orthogonal frequency division multiple access in the downlink and SC-FDMA, single
channel orthogonal frequency division multiple access in the uplink.
• Using multiple carriers, each carrying a low data rate, OFDM is ideal for high speed data
transmission because it provides resilience against narrow band fading that occurs as a result of
reflections and the general propagation properties at these frequencies.
• Within the basic LTE OFDM signal format a variety of modulation formats are used including PSK
and QAM. Higher order modulation is used to achieve the higher data rates: the modulation order
being determined by the signal quality
• One of the key parameters associated with the use of OFDM within LTE is the choice of bandwidth.
The available bandwidth influences a variety of decisions including the number of carriers that can
be accommodated in the OFDM signal and in turn this influences elements including the symbol
length and so forth.
• LTE defines a number of channel bandwidths. Obviously the greater the bandwidth, the greater
the channel capacity
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62. ABOUT MIMO
• MIMO is a form of antenna technology that uses multiple antennas to enable signals travelling
via different paths as a result of reflections, etc., to be separated and their capability used to
improve the data throughput and / or the signal to noise ratio, thereby improving system
performance.
• The basic concept of MIMO utilizes the multipath signal propagation that is present in all
terrestrial communications. Rather than providing interference, these paths can be used to
advantage.
• The transmitter and receiver have more than one antenna and using the processing power
available at either end of the link, they are able to utilise the different paths that exist
between the two entities to provide improvements in data rate of signal to noise.
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63. FEATURES OF 4G
• 4G has higher capacity, meaning it can support a greater number of users at any given time.
It sports higher data rates, so that multimedia applications such as video calling or YouTube
clips work more smoothly. With a 3G tower, about 60 to 100 people can share the signal and
get fast, reliable service. A 4G LTE (Long Term Evolution) tower, however, can serve around
300 or 400 people.
• And 4G features reduced latency. With less latency, or delay, you see more immediate
response to your commands, which is especially helpful when you're playing fast-paced online
games or remotely controlling a car or robot. A network that qualifies as real-time speed has
a latency of 50ms (milliseconds) or less; 4G LTE has a latency of only around 20 to 40ms. Low
latency also means voice calls don't have any lag or echo.
• 4G is more spectrally efficient than 3G. Think of radio spectrum as a pipe of a certain
diameter; only so much data can go through that pipe at one time. But 4G uses clever coding
schemes to dramatically increase the amount of data that rushes through the spectrum.
Ultimately, it delivers more bits per hertz than 3G.
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