Android is an open source software stack that was developed by Android Inc. and later acquired by Google. It includes an operating system, middleware, and key applications. The software stack consists of five main sections - applications, application framework, libraries, runtime, and the Linux kernel. It allows developers to write once and run on multiple device types.

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3. What is Android?
Android is a software bunch comprising not only operating system
but also middleware and key applications. Android Inc was founded in
Palo Alto of California, U.S. by Andy Rubin, Rich miner, Nick sears and
hris White in 2003. Later Android Inc. was acquired by Google in 2005.
After original release there have been number of updates in the original
version of Android.
Starting from black and white phones to recent smart phones or mini
computers, mobile OS has come far away. Especially for smart phones,
Mobile OS has greatly evolved from Palm OS in 1996 to Windows pocket
PC in 2000 then to Blackberry OS and Android.
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an
operating system, middleware and key applications.

4. Android Version…

5. OHA (Open Handset Alliance)
A business alliance consisting of 47 companies to develop
open standards for mobile devices
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an
operating system, middleware and key applications.

6. Android Architecture
Android operating system is a stack of software components which is
roughly divided into five sections and four main layers as shown below
in the architecture diagram.

7. Features & Specifications
Android is a powerful Operating System supporting a large
number of applications in Smart Phones. These applications make life
more comfortable and advanced for the users. Hardware that support
Android are mainly based on ARM architecture platform.
Some of the current features and specifications of android are:

8. Android S/W Stack - Application
Android provides a set of core applications:
 Email Client
 SMS Program
 Calendar
 Maps
 Browser
 Contacts
 Etc
All applications are written using the Java language.

9. Android S/W Stack – App Framework
Enabling and simplifying the reuse of components:
 Developers have full access to the same framework APIs used by
the core applications.
 Users are allowed to replace components.

10. Android S/W Stack – App Framework (Cont)
Features:
Feature Role
View
System
Used to build an application, including lists, grids, text
boxes, buttons, and embedded web browser
Content
Provider
Enabling applications to access data from other
applications or to share their own data
Resource
Manager
Providing access to non-code resources (localized strings,
graphics, and layout files)
Notification
Manager
Enabling all applications to display customer alerts in the
status bar
Activity
Manager
Managing the lifecycle of applications and providing
a common navigation back stack

11. Android S/W Stack - Libraries
 Including a set of C/C++ libraries used by components of the
Android system
 Exposed to developers through the Android application framework

12. Android S/W Stack - Runtime
Core Libraries:
 Providing most of the functionality available in the core libraries of the
Java language
 APIs
 Data Structures
 Utilities
 File Access
 Network Access
 Graphics
 Etc

13. Android S/W Stack – Runtime (Cont)
 Dalvik Virtual Machine:
 Providing environment on which every Android application runs
Each Android application runs in its own process, with its own
instance of the Dalvik VM.
Dalvik has been written such that a device can run multiple VMs
efficiently.
Register-based virtual machine

14. Android S/W Stack – Runtime (Cont)
Dalvik Virtual Machine (Cont):
 Executing the Dalvik Executable (.dex) format
 .dex format is optimized for minimal memory footprint.
 Compilation
Relying on the Linux Kernel for:
Threading
Low-level memory management

15. Android S/W Stack – Linux Kernel
 Relying on Linux Kernel 2.6 for core system services
 Memory and Process Management
 Network Stack
 Driver Model
 Security
 Providing an abstraction layer between the H/W and the rest of the S/
W stack

16. One Simple Example… (Step-1)

17. One Simple Example… (Step-2)

18. One Simple Example… (Step-3)

19. One Simple Example… (Step-4)
Program Complete!!!

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