The document discusses several models of communicative competence:
1. Canale and Swain's model includes grammatical, sociolinguistic, and strategic competence. It emphasizes the demonstration of knowledge in actual performance.
2. Bachman's model distinguishes knowledge from skills. It includes language competence, strategic competence, and psychophysiological mechanisms.
3. Celce-Murcia et al.'s model has five components: discourse competence, actional competence, sociocultural competence, linguistic competence, and strategic competence. It aims to generate detailed content for curriculum design.
Part of a full series of ppts on curriculum development available on EFL Classroom - https://community.eflclassroom.com/forum2/topics/elt-curriculum-development
Product Syllabus : product syllabuses are those in which the focus is on the knowledge and skills which learners should gain as a result of instruction.
4.2. process syllabuses are those which focus on the learning experiences themselves.
. Synthetic syllabus: segment the target language into discrete linguistic items.
Different parts of language are taught separately.
4.4 . Analytic Syllabi: focus on the learner and his needs and on the kinds of linguistic
performance necessary to achieve those goals .
4.5. Type A: This type deals with what should be learned in a second language classroom.
4.6. Type B : Consider the question of how a second language should be learned.
Part of a full series of ppts on curriculum development available on EFL Classroom - https://community.eflclassroom.com/forum2/topics/elt-curriculum-development
Product Syllabus : product syllabuses are those in which the focus is on the knowledge and skills which learners should gain as a result of instruction.
4.2. process syllabuses are those which focus on the learning experiences themselves.
. Synthetic syllabus: segment the target language into discrete linguistic items.
Different parts of language are taught separately.
4.4 . Analytic Syllabi: focus on the learner and his needs and on the kinds of linguistic
performance necessary to achieve those goals .
4.5. Type A: This type deals with what should be learned in a second language classroom.
4.6. Type B : Consider the question of how a second language should be learned.
English as a native, second, foreing language and lingua francaUTPL UTPL
UNIVERSIDAD TÉCNICA PARTICULAR DE LOJA
Inglés
Intruduction applied language
Tema: English as a native, second, foreing language and lingua franca
Ponente: Mgs. Nina Nesterenko.
nnesterenko@utpl.edu.ec
Practical Language Testing Glenn Fulchertranslatoran
Practical LanguageTesting
Glenn Fulcher
Specifications for testing and teaching.
A sample detailed specification for a
reading test.
In this section we present an example of an architecture for a reading test. This includes
the test framework that presents the test purpose, the target test takers, the criterion
domain and the rationale for the test content. The architecture is annotated with explanations
in text boxes. This is a detailed test specification. The complexities of coding
in test specifications of this kind are usually necessary in the design and assembly of
high-stakes tests where it is essential to achieve parallel forms. There are problems with
this type of specification for use in classroom assessment, which we deal with in Section
4 below.
This is my presentation in TESOL 109 (Language Material Preparation and Evaluation. It includes a discussion of what a skills-based syllbus is, its advantages and disadvantages, an ennumeration of the different microskills for each macroskill, a sample skills-based English language program.
The term communicative competence refers to both the tacit knowledge of a language and the ability to use it effectively. It's also called communication competence, and it's the key to social acceptance.
Communicative competence is a term in linguistics which refers to a language user's grammatical knowledge of syntax, morphology, phonology and the like, as well as social knowledge about how and when to use utterances appropriately.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. MODELS, FRAMEWORKS AND
CONSTRUCTS
Models: abstract theoretical descriptions of the ability to communicate in a second
language.
Frameworks: selection of skills and abilities from a model that are relevant to a
specific assessment context.
Construct: generative blueprints or plans for a specific test which comprise the
components of a model.
3. SPECIFICATIONS OF MODELS
McNamara argues that all models of language ability have three dimensions
1. Model of knowledge: what it means to know a language.
2. Model of performance: all the factors that influence our ability to communicate.
3. Actual language use: use language in real-world situations.
4. THREE MODELS OF
COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE
1. Canale and Swain`s Model of Communicative Competence
2. Bachman`s Model
3. Celce-Murcia`et al.`s Model
6. COMPONENTS
1. Communicative Competence:
Grammatical competence: knowledge of formal features of language.
Sociolinguistic knowledge: the knowledge of the sociocultural rules of language use and rules of discourse.
Strategic competence: the knowledge of how to overcome problems when faced with difficulties in communication.
2. Actual communication:
the demonstration of knowledge in actual language performance
7. CANALE AND SWAIN`S MODEL
AND TESTING
Inadequacy of paper and pencil tests to indicate language proficiency so tests
should contain both actual performance tasks as well as knowledge items.
Discrete point tests were seen as useful for some purposes as communicative
competence was viewed as knowledge.
Criteria could be developed for the evaluation of language performance at different
levels of proficiency.
9. THE COMPONENTS OF
REVISED MODEL
1. Grammatical competence: remain unchanged from the definition provided by
Canale and Swain.
2. Sociolinguistic competence: refers to sociocultural rules and is the appropriateness
of meaning and form thus incorporating pragmatics. It also incorporates
proxemics and non-verbal behavior.
3. Strategic competence: it is expanded in this model to include strategies that
“enhance the effectiveness of communication.”
4. Discourse competence: the ability to produce a unified spoken and written text in
different genres using cohesion in form and coherence in meaning.
11. SPECIFICATIONS
Bachman`s model is different from earlier models in two ways:
1. It clearly distinguishes between what constitutes knowledge and what constitutes
a skill(left unclear in Canale`s).
2. It explicitly attempts to characterize the processes by which the various
components interact with each other and with the context in which language use
occurs.
12. THE COMPONENTS
1. Language competence: formal knowledge of language
2. Strategic competence: the capacity for implementing the components of language
competence in contextualized communicative language use. It is affected by the
world knowledge of the language user.
3. Psychophysiological mechanisms: which enable the actual execution of language
as a physical phenomenon.
14. 1-PRAGMATIC COMPETENCE
Acceptability of utterances within specific contexts and rules of successful language
use. It has two components:
1. Illocutionary competence including:
Ideational functions
Manipulative functions
Heuristic functions
Imaginative functions
2. Speech acts.
15. 2- SOCIOLINGUISTIC
COMPETENCE
Sensitivity to or control of the conventions of language use that are determined by
the features of the specific language use context.
It enables us to perform language functions in ways that are appropriate to that
context.
Relevant components are:
a) Sensitivity to dialect or variety
b) Sensitivity to differences in register,
c) Sensitivity to naturalness
d) Cultural references and figures of speech
17. It is driven by the strategic competence which is a psycholinguistic model of speech
production, made up of three components:
1. assessment component:
Identify information needed for realizing a communicative goal in a particular
context.
Decide which language components we have to achieve the goal.
Decide which abilities and knowledge we share with our interlocutor.
Evaluate the extent to which communication is successful
18. 2. Planning component:
Retrieve information from language competence.
Select modality or channel
Assemble an utterance.
3. Execution component:
Use psychological mechanisms to realize the utterance.
19. BACHMAN AND PALMER`S
1996 AMENDMENTS
The model was amended by Bachman and Palmer (1996) by:
The introduction of affective(non-cognitive) factors in language use.
Re-labelling knowledge structures as topical knowledge.
Reconceptualizing strategic competence as a set of metacognitive strategies.
21. IMPETUS FOR A NEW MODEL
The inadequacy of previous models to generate detailed content specifications for
CLT
Criticisms of Bachman (1990) and Bachman and Palmer (1996) model as relating
only to the context of language testing.
Being critical of the type of content specifications that have been developed on an
ad hoc basis for syllabus design, because they were not built on a model of
communicative competence.
Attempt to produce a detailed description of what communicative competence
entails in order to use the sub-components as a content base in syllabus design.
22. COMPONENTS OF CELECE-
MURCIA ET. AL.`S MODEL
It has five components as follows:
1. Discourse competence: remains a separate component as defined by Canale 1983
and reunites cohesion and coheernce.
2. Actional competence: knowledge required to understand communicative intent by
performing and interpreting speech acts and speech sets.
3. Sociocultural competence: knowledge related to the context that impacts upon
what is said and how it is said. Sociolinguistic competence is relabelled
sociocultural to better distinguish it from actional competence.
4. Linguistic competence: grammatical competence
5. Strategic competence: (unchanged) a set of skills for overcoming communication
problems or deficiencies in other competences.
23. INTERACTIONAL
COMPETENCE
The notion of interactional competence minimally subsumes the following parts of
the model:
The conversational structure component of discourse competence.
Non-verbal communicative factors component of sociocultural competence.
All of the components of strategic competence.