Newly independent African states faced significant political, economic, and social constraints after independence from colonial rule. Politically, colonial powers did not provide Africans experience in democratic governance and left authoritarian systems in place. Economically, countries inherited structures focused on single exports and lacked skills and infrastructure to diversify their economies. Socially, ethnic divisions within states' populations challenged unity and led to conflicts as new governments struggled to provide basic services and improve living conditions for their people in the early years after independence.

1. CONSTRAINTS FACED BY
NEWLY INDEPENDENT
STATES.
is the undoing of colonialism, where a nation establishes and maintains
its domination over dependent territories.

2.  Political constraints.
 Colonial rule used authoritarian system of government
& Africans were denied chances to make political
decisions.
 Colonials did not equip Africans with the basic skills
for democratic multi-party rule- led to adoption of
dictatorship and one party state.
 Corruption amongst the members of the government.
 Ethnic conflict in order to rule the rule the country..e.g
Rwanda.
 Was difficult to administer the country successfully
due to low level of literacy, poor infrastructure and
communication was difficult.
 Citizens interested in their basic needs than national
issues.

3.  Economic constraints.
 Economic challenges can be attributed to both the colonial
legacy, corruption and mismanagement by the new
government.
 E.g accumulation of wealth for individual by leaders.
 E.g inherited the economic structures created by the
colonial powers.
 Many states relied on a single export product.
 E.g Zambia copper, oil Nigeria and cotton in Egypt.
 Lack of experience to administer of major industries,
technology and materials to be imported.
 Adopted a policy of a nationalization but lacked knowledge
to develop industries and companies.

4.  Social constraints.
 Many ethnic groups caused a lot of trouble in the newly independent African
states in a sense that they were not united as a nation.
 However president Nyerere managed to united the Tanzanians by making
Swahili the official language.
 Collapse of health care services ,education and lack of provision of the basic
needs resulted in poor living conditions, more especially in Congo under the
leadership .
 Mortality rate increased and the life expectancy decreased,