Introduction to Global Studies. This course provide general knowledge regarding to the world evolution. there are economics, politics, social and culture issues.

1. CHATER II
NATION-STATE SYSTEM
INSTRUCTED BY CHHENG DOLLA
CONTACT: DOLLA.CHHENG@GMAIL.COM
PHONE: 090 855 931/0883020847

2. Learning to Question, Questioning
to Learn
 How does the term “nation-state” differ from the terms
“nation” and “state”?
 What factors contributed to the development of the
nation-state system in Europe?
 How did the nation-state become the primary
organizing structure of human societies?
 What factors pose a challenge to the dominance of the
nation-state as the primary actor in the international
arena?

3. Introduction
 the terms “nation,” “state,” and “nation-state” are often
used interchangeably today, they also have distinct
meanings and histories.
 In academic discourses, the term state is used instead of
the more commonly used “country” to refer to “an
internationally recognized, politically organized,
populated, geographical area that possesses
sovereignty.”
 States are geopolitical entities with the following
characteristics:
 a fixed territory with boundaries;
 a population;
 a government;
 the capacity to enter into relations with other states.

4.  the term nation refers to a shared cultural or ethnic
identity rather than to a legally recognized geographic
territory.
 The people of the Navajo nation, for example, share a
cultural identity that does not depend upon fixed
territory or outside legal recognition. Rather, their
status as a nation is based upon shared historical and
cultural experiences.
 nation-state A type of state that provides sovereign
territory for a particular culture or ethnic group.
However, it is also frequently used interchangeably
with the terms “state” and “country.”

5. Emergence of the Nation-state System
 The origin of nation state system can be traced back
to the signing of the treaty of Westphalia in 1648.
Even before it the state existed and they entered into
relations with each others but they were not
sovereign states as their authority was restrained by
the Roman Church and the Roman Empire.
 It means that the treaty of Westphalia recognized the
sovereign nature of the state and henceforth the
supreme authority shall be recognized with the state.
state shall be free from internal and external control.

6.  Resultantly such countries, as England, France,
Germany, and Spain shook off the authority of the
pope and became Nation State.
 In the course of time Nation State underwent further
development and changes on account of the rise of
representative govts, industrial revolution, change in
population, growth of International law, development
of diplomacy, growing interdependence of state in
economic sphere, and the expansion of the nation
state system to non western world.

7.  The current nation-state system has its roots in
seventeenth-century Europe.
 For more than 900 years, the Church wielded
tremendous power over Europe, coronating and
exerting control over kings, directly ruling over some
territories, levying taxes, and amassing great wealth
 the Church established an empire, which has since
been called the Holy Roman Empire, that included
almost all of central Europe.
 It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor, a sovereign
who was crowned by the Pope.

8. Con’t…
 Despite its long rule and pervasive influence, the
Church’s power eventually began to decline.
 This decline was necessary to the emergence of the
nation-state system, which is organized around
national, and generally secular, differences rather than
spiritual unity.
 Secular: Not religious.

9. From Europe to the rest of the world
 In 1900 there were approximately 50 nation-states
 By 2008, there were almost 200
 Colonialism: One territorial sovereign exerting control
and sovereignty over another land by usurping control
from local leaders, thereby destroying indigenous
culture, economies, and political structures.
 European colonialism touched every part of the globe
and lasted until the 1950s and 1960s (roughly 400
years).

10. Struggling States
 The colonial legacy: The majority of states that are
struggling in the current global nation-state system are
former European colonies.
 encomienda system A forced labor system introduced
by the Spanish during the conquest of the Americas that
effectively transferred indigenous land to the
Conquistadors and made the local populations landless
slaves.
 Neo-colonialism is another factor contributing to the
struggles of former colonies to establish themselves as
successful independent states
 Neo-colonialism refers to the involvement of more
powerful states in the domestic affairs of less powerful
ones.

11.  Cold War Refers to the ideological stand-off between
two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet
Union, from 1945 to 1989. While not directly fighting
one another, each side sought to expand its influence
by keeping the other from spreading its form of
government and political system, resulting in many
proxy wars throughout the world.

12. The Nation-state’s Challenges and Competitors
 Internal challenges. Although the term “nation-state”
suggests a homogenous culture living within a
geopolitical border, the reality is that both the
presence of ethnic minorities and increasing global
migration flows disrupt the implied unity of the
nation-state.
 migration Human movement from one location to
another.
 ethno-nationalism Characterized by an extreme
attachment to ethnicity, a belief that only ancestry
gives one the right to belong to a particular group,
and a desire to establish independent nation-states
based solely on ethnicity.

13.  migrants People who have left their homes in order to
settle in another country or city.
 External challenges: International governmental
organizations, Non-governmental organizations,
Multinational corporations (MNCs).
 international governmental organization (IGO)
International organizations that nation-states join for
specific purposes, such as promoting peace,
trade, and encouraging cooperation.
 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) A legally
constructed organization made up of individuals.
These have a limited, if any, role for nation-states.

14.  multinational corporations (MNCs) A corporation or
enterprise that manages production or delivers
services in more than one country.
 apartheid A system of racial segregation in South
Africa. From 1948 to 1994, citizens were divided into
the following groups: Blacks, Coloureds, Whites, and
Indians. This distinction determined access to all
services and accommodations. All groups except
Whites were denied their civil and political rights.
Whites who questioned the system

15. In Focus: Terrorists
 sanctions Typically refers to economic restrictions, or
embargos, placed on a nation-state.
 Organized crime
 Failed/marginal states: When states are unable to deal
successfully with the various internal and external
threats they face, they sometimes become what
international relations scholars refer to as “failed
states.”