This document defines constipation and outlines its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. Constipation is a common condition affecting approximately 2% of the US population. It is defined as having less than 3 bowel movements per week or experiencing straining with defecation. Causes can include low fiber diet, lack of exercise, certain medications, and underlying medical conditions. Treatment focuses on increasing fiber and fluid intake, exercise, stool softeners, laxatives, and if needed, surgery to address complications. Long term monitoring may involve screening for underlying causes and ensuring dietary and medication management is effective.
Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus.
Acid reflux occurs when the sphincter muscle at the lower end of your esophagus relaxes at the wrong time, allowing stomach acid to back up into your esophagus.
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.
Constipation is a symptom with many causes. These causes are of two types: obstructed defecation and colonic slow transit (or hypo mobility). About 50 percent of people evaluated for constipation at tertiary referral hospitals have obstructed defecation. This type of constipation has mechanical and functional causes. Causes of colonic slow transit constipation include diet, hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism, side effects of medications, and rarely heavy metal toxicity. Because constipation is a symptom, not a disease, effective treatment of constipation may require first determining the cause. Treatments include changes in dietary habits, laxatives, enemas, biofeedback, and in particular situations surgery may be required.
Constipation is common; in the general population rates of constipation varies from 2–30 percent. In elderly people living in care homes the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent.[4] In the United States expenditures on medications for constipation are greater than US$250 million per year.
The definition of constipation includes the following:
infrequent bowel movements (typically three times or fewer per week)
difficulty during defecation (straining during more than 25% of bowel movements or a subjective sensation of hard stools; straining in this context is a strong effort to push out stool often by holding one's breath and by pushing the respective muscles in the abdominal area hard), or
the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
The Rome III criteria are widely used to diagnose chronic constipation, and are helpful in separating cases of chronic functional constipation from less-serious instances.
Another definition states that less than three bowel movements per week and straining on more than 75% of occasions represents constipation in clinical surveys.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
Constipation refers to bowel movements that are infrequent or hard to pass. Constipation is a common cause of painful defecation. Severe constipation includes obstipation (failure to pass stools or gas) and fecal impaction, which can progress to bowel obstruction and become life-threatening.
Constipation is a symptom with many causes. These causes are of two types: obstructed defecation and colonic slow transit (or hypo mobility). About 50 percent of people evaluated for constipation at tertiary referral hospitals have obstructed defecation. This type of constipation has mechanical and functional causes. Causes of colonic slow transit constipation include diet, hormonal disorders such as hypothyroidism, side effects of medications, and rarely heavy metal toxicity. Because constipation is a symptom, not a disease, effective treatment of constipation may require first determining the cause. Treatments include changes in dietary habits, laxatives, enemas, biofeedback, and in particular situations surgery may be required.
Constipation is common; in the general population rates of constipation varies from 2–30 percent. In elderly people living in care homes the rate of constipation is 50–75 percent.[4] In the United States expenditures on medications for constipation are greater than US$250 million per year.
The definition of constipation includes the following:
infrequent bowel movements (typically three times or fewer per week)
difficulty during defecation (straining during more than 25% of bowel movements or a subjective sensation of hard stools; straining in this context is a strong effort to push out stool often by holding one's breath and by pushing the respective muscles in the abdominal area hard), or
the sensation of incomplete bowel evacuation.
The Rome III criteria are widely used to diagnose chronic constipation, and are helpful in separating cases of chronic functional constipation from less-serious instances.
Another definition states that less than three bowel movements per week and straining on more than 75% of occasions represents constipation in clinical surveys.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease. It causes irritation, inflammation, and ulcers in the lining of your large intestine (also called your colon). There's no cure, and people usually have symptoms off and on for life
Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) consists of a spectrum of different pathophysiologic processes associated with abnormal kidney function, and a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
The digestive system - Understand the Effect of aging on digestive system Stomach and Most common lifestyle diseases that are caused partly by unhealthy behaviors and partly by other factors. For more information visit at http://gisurgery.info
3. • affects approximately 2% of the population in
the U.S.
• Women and the elderly are more commonly
affected.
• Though not usually serious, can be a concern
6. Definition
Rome III criteria for constipation
if you have 2 or > of the following for at least 3
months:
• Fewer than 3 bowel movements / week
• Straining
• Lumpy or hard stools
• Sensation of anorectal obstruction
• Sensation of incomplete defecation
• Manual maneuvering required to defecate
7. S&S
Asymptomatic or have 1 of the following/
• Abdominal bloating
• Pain on defecation
• Rectal bleeding
• Spurious diarrhea
• Low back pain
8. Severe if/
• Feeling of incomplete evacuation
• Digital extraction
• Tenesmus
• Enema retention
9. • Rectal bleeding
• Abdominal pain (suggestive of
possible irritable bowel syndrome [IBS] with
constipation [IBS-C])
• Inability to pass flatus
• Vomiting
• Unexplained weight loss
17. investigation
•
•
•
•
•
•
Outpatient 3-6 m
Lab ?
Image study , sepsis
endoscopy
Acute or chronic
Age? Consider sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, or
bariumenema for colorectal cancer
screening in patients older than 50 years.
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Foods That Can Cause Constipation
1. Chocolate
2. Dairy Products
3. Red Meat
4. Bananas
5. Caffeine
22. Treatment
• Medical care
• should focus on dietary change and exercise
rather than laxatives, enemas, and
suppositories
• To avoid the laxative colon
• Exercise
• stimulate bowel motility
23. • Once acute constipation has resolved and the
associated medical or surgical conditions have
been ruled out, additional inpatient care is
rarely indicated.
24. •
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•
•
•
•
•
The following factors may warrant a transfer:
Uncertain diagnosis
Evidence of intra-abdominal catastrophe
Acute abdominal pain
Fever
Lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding
Chills
Instability of vital signs
Absence of bowel sounds
Acute recent change in bowel habits
Unsuccessful or inadequate treatment offered at the local facility
26. • Increased fiber intake
• Dietary fiber is available in diverse natural
sources, such as fruits, vegetables, and cereals.
Ingestion of natural fiber sources is nutritionally
superior to supplementation with purified fiber
• started at a low subtherapeutic dose
• are not laxatives
• prescribing a fiber supplement, such as wheat,
psyllium, or methylcellulose, is often useful.
27. • Increased fluid intake
• drink at least 8 glasses of water daily
• decrease consumption of
• coffee, tea, and alcohol ? Diuretic effect
30. emollient stool softeners
• easier to use, but they lose their effectiveness
with long-term administration
• Short term
• Docusate
• stimulants increase peristaltic activity in the
gastrointestinal (GI) system.
31. lubricants
• Mineral oil
• acute or subacute management of
constipation
• works within 8 hours.
• Long-term use is accompanied by concerns
about lipid pneumonia, lymphoid hyperplasia,
and foreign body reactions.
32. Saline laxatives
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Magnesium citrate (Citroma)
• Magnesium sulfate
• acute treatment of constipation in the absence
of bowel obstruction.
• osmotic retention of fluid, which distends the
colon and increases peristaltic activity; it also
promotes emptying of the bowel.
33. Osmotic agents
• useful for long-term treatment of constipated
patients with slow colonic transit who are
refractory to dietary fiber supplementation.
• Lactulose
• Sorbitol
• Polyethylene glycol solution bowel
preparation
34. prokinetics
• a prokinetic selective 5-hydroxytryptamine-4
(5-HT4) receptor antagonist that stimulates
colonic motility and decreases transit time.
• Tegaserod
• irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) with constipation (IBS-C) or
chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC) in women younger than
55 years
35. prosecretory drugs
• lubiprostone & linaclotide
• which stimulate intestinal fluid secretion by
acting on the intestinal epithelial chloride
channel and the guanylate cyclase receptor
• chronic idiopathic constipation
• Irritable bowel syndrome
• Lubiprostone is also approved for opioid-induced
constipation in patients with chronic, noncancer pain.
36. Stimulant laxatives
• commonly employed to treat acute constipation and
are the most common class of laxatives used over the
long term by individuals taking over the
counter products.
• Senna acting directly on the intestinal mucosa or nerve plexus, action
8-12 hours
Bisacodyl
• Cascara sagrada
•
• Castor oil
•
•
37. Surgical
intervention
• large bowel obstruction, volvulus, or intraabdominal infection or ischemia
• hemorrhoidal thrombosis.
• rectal outlet obstruction (eg, rectocele, rectal
prolapse, internal rectal intussusception) or in
patients with a hypomotile
(laxative) colon who are refractory to medical
treatment.
38. Consultations
• large bowel obstruction or colonic ileus
secondary to an acute intra-abdominal
process is suspected.
• anorectal complications of constipation or for
surgical correction of the underlying cause.
Symptomatic hemorrhoids and anal fissures
represent complications of constipation until
proven otherwise.
• Acute hemorrhoidal thrombosis
39. Long term monitoring
After resolves in a patient who was acutely
constipated, outpatient care requires the
following measures:
• Confirming that the patient is not chronically
constipated
• Ruling out colorectal pathology
40. Long term monitoring
For a patient who is chronically constipated,
outpatient care may include the following:
• Colonic imaging or endoscopic visualization
• Dietary management
• If these measures fail in a compliant patient,
further evaluation