The document discusses key terminology used in architectural conservation. It defines terms like monuments, groups of buildings, sites, conservation, maintenance, restoration, preservation, protection, patina, anastylosis, consolidation, and liberation. Understanding standard terminology is important for developing international cooperation and correctly interpreting international documents in the field of conservation. Over time, the scope of what is considered cultural heritage has expanded and terms like 'cultural heritage' and 'architectural heritage' became more commonly used.

1. TERMINOLOGIES USED IN CONSERVATION
Importance of developing an understanding for standard
terminology includes;
 Developing a co-relation on an international level
 Meaning and understanding the same things
Able to interpret international documents correctly
The terms used to describe cultural values worth preserving
have expanded to include a wide variety and scale of
properties. In the beginning only to monumental buildings were
considered within the scope. By passage of time it was realized
that more moderate buildings are also part of cultural heritage.
‘cultural heritage’ , ‘cultural
Thus the terms
property’ and ‘architectural heritage’
became popular. (‘75 onward after the Amsterdam conference)
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

2. Monuments:
Architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting,
elements or structures of an archeological nature, inscriptions, cave
dwellings and combinations of features, which are of outstanding
universal value from the point of view of history, art or science;
Courtesy:Rahat Saboor,Courtesy:Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
Arjumand Alvi (Batch 2001-2002
Courtesy:Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
Merewether Market
Anitkabir, Tower
Anitkabir, Fort
Lahore
Keemari Jetty FlyoverEmpressAnkaraKarachi
Flour Koza Old Tree, Bursa
Hangingyr HunzaBridge, Hunza
SuspensionAnkara
800WaterMahal
Mill, Han, Bursa
Mosque, Hunza
Taj Trough,
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

3. Groups of Buildings:
Groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their
architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of
outstanding universal value from the point of view of history, art or
science;
AltitAltit Fort, Hunza
AltitFort Cluster, Hunza
AltitFort Cluster, Hunza
Fort Cluster, Hunza
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

4. Sites:
Works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas
including archaeological sites which are of outstanding universal value
from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of
view.
Rock Hewn Tombs, Turkey
Cappadokia, Turkey
Cappadokia, Turkey
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

5. Conservation:
Refers to the systematic measures taken to keep monuments in good condition.
Conservation often depends on careful everyday use and efficient maintenance
of any monument. Any monument which has survived to date, must have been
subjected to conservation operations. Conservation operations must always be
carried out under the guidance of specialists who are well conversant with the
structure and its materials.
State Bank on Pakistan, Karachi Karachi
HouseFrere Hall, Karachi
of M.A.Jinnah Road,
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

6. Maintenance:
Taking care of a monument on a permanent basis.
©Heritage Cell, NED-DAP
State Bank of Pakistan,Karachi
Frere Hall, Karachi
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

7. Restoration:
Restoration means ‘restoring a monument to its normal static and functional
condition in order to re-equip it to fulfill its original function or to fit it for a new
purpose’. Restoration operations do not allow any rigid classification into
categories; each case must be considered on its own merits. It is impossible to
decide beforehand, on purely theoretical basis as to what form of restoration is
to be applied on a monument; consolidation, isolation, completion, etc.
American Terms:
•Renovation
•Remodeling
Hindu Gymkhana, Karachi
Mohatta Palace, Karachi
Baltit Fort, Hunza
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

8. Preservation:
When one deals with an entire site or area the term preservation is applied.
American terms equivalent to these are ‘renewal’ or ‘urban renewal’.
Quebec,UK
Chester,Canada
Bath, UK
Bath, UK
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

9. Protection:
This term can be applied in two different contexts;
Legal protection – various national and international legislations,
charters, declarations, acts, etc.
Physical protection - protecting the monument from harmful
effects of climate by providing some temporary sheds, covering, etc.
Sagalassos, Turkey
Terracotta Warriors, Xian-China
Polonarowa, Srilanka
Polonarowa, Srilanka
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

10. Patina:
Cleaning:
Layer on mostly of cultural property. It of exterior facades, especially those
This termsurface applies to the cleaning is considered as a trace reflecting on the
life time of the monument.cleaning of facades various methods can layer is a
constructed in stone. For The decision to clean/ clear that surface be employed,
difficult one and it should be done only if it is harming the cultural property. If the
either mechanical or chemical.
layer of patina is cleaned you open or expose a second layer of material to the
action of atmospheric factors. It means cleaning the traces of time dimension,
from the face of the monument.
Reasons for Patina: `
•Oxidation,
•Action of humidity,
•Formation of salts from metals,
•Changes in mineral
composition of stone,
•Weathering of wood,
•Growth of organisms from
bacteria through lichens,
molds, mosses and the leafy
plants all help to change colors.
All this produces the
characteristic patina of ancient ©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
buildings. ©ANaeem, 2005
©ANaeem, 2005
©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
Standard VeniceVenice Karachi
Chartered Bank,
Worksite at Venice
Venice
Jaffar Faddo Dispensary, Karachi
Karachi Port Trust, Karachi
Polonarowa, Srilanka
Polonarowa, Srilanka
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

11. Anastylosis:
‘It is a term applied to the process of reconstructing an edifice that collapsed
either due to accidental causes or continued neglect and abandonment
•If the monument had
collapsed due to neglect,
parts of it get scattered and
gradually deteriorate, and
reconstruction is impossible
unless their original form is
ascertained
•If destruction is accidental,
sudden and violent
(earthquake, impact of blast
or bombardment) then most
component elements may
nevertheless survive intact Temple ofof Apollo, Turkey
Temple Apollo, Turkey
Ephesus, Turkey
Ephesus, Turkey
Ephesus, Turkey
Ephesus, Turkey
and their original positions
can be known to execute
anastylosis process.
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

12. Consolidation:
Used for strengthening a monument to ensure its survival. It is an important
tool, but maintenance should always follow. Colosseum in Rome is one of the
biggest examples of consolidation of a monument.
Victoria Furniture MarketVerona Karachi
Column of OldDemre Karachi
ColumnYerebatan
Arch at Apollo's Temple, Turkey
Amphitheatre, (Old Illaco House), Karachi
Colloseum, Rome
at Building,
Stupa at Mohenjodaro
Duarte Mansion,
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

13. Liberation:
Term used mostly for environmental operation. It means liberating a building
from later additions in order to achieve stylistic unity. It does not imply
returning to the initial stage.
©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
Merewether Tower,Karachi
NED-DAP, Karachi Turkey
NED-DAP,Hisar, Turkey
Denso Hall, Karachi
Rumeli Hisar,
Rumeli
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

14. Reproduction:
The architectural edifice is existing at hand and its replica is produced.
The purpose may be to save the original from hazards of climatic factors.
Bronze Horse of St. Aurellius, Rome
Bronze Horse David,Marks,Venice
Statue of Marcus Marks, Venice
Statue of of St. Florence
Statue of David, Florence
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

15. Reconstruction:
Three dimensional construction of a monument based on its restitution. In this
case the original architectural edifice is not existing. It cannot be regarded as
restoration in a broader sense.
•When the structure consists of highly
perishable materials (e.g. Thatch, mud,
rubble) which retain neither solidity nor
shape, they may be replaced by new
buildings of the same or similar materials.
This would constitute a more or less
accurate copy of the original, but a sense
would not be authentic.
•For such cases rebuilding is the term used,
and the edifice produced is more or less
faithful copy of the original. Term
reconstruction cannot be used when
virtually nothing of the original has
remained intact.
•A copy is a reminder; and since the imprint
of the creator borne by the original work of
art gives it its unique quality, and if the New BridgeCampanile,Bosnia Herzegovina
Old Campanile, Poland
Warsaw, Poland
in Mostar, Venice
Warsaw, Poland
Warsaw, Venice
original has been totally destroyed, the copy
must inevitably possess different values
from its predecessor.
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

16. Refunctioning:
If a cultural property losses its validity of function, a new function can be
introduced to it in order to ensure its protection and regular maintenance.
©Heritage Cell, DAP-NED
Supreme Court (Victoria Turkey
FrescosFort
Hagia Sophia, Museum), Karachi
Baltit of HagiaTurkey
Cappadoccia, Sophia
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

17. Transportation:
Taking a monument from its original position to another place in order to protect
it from danger. Transfer of whole or parts of a monument is justified only if that is
the last resort by which the monument can be saved from destruction. To carry
out such an operation the edifice should be of exceptional importance.
There are two procedures by
which a monument can be
transported.
•By straightforward removal of
the entire structure, and placing
it on a pre-prepared new
foundation. In this process first
the structure is consolidated to
protect it against damage
during transfer and then carried
to its new site.
•The second method is by
dismantling all the architectural
Nusserwanjee Building (Indus Valley), Karachi
Nusserwanjee Building (Original), Karachi
Abu Simbel, Aswan-Egypt
elements of the monument and
reassembling it on the new site.
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

18. Authenticity:
The authenticity of the work of art is a measure of truthfulness of the internal
unity of the creative process and the physical realization of the work and the
effects of its passage through historic times.
In the light of of Nara on Authenticity, 1994, endorsed by international
The Document internationally accepted
principles and guidelines of conservation, etc. also identifies aspects
organizations like UNESCO, ICCROM and ICOMOS,
any monument is judged for its worth in
of authenticity as
terms of authenticity on basis of following
four things (Management Guidelines for
World Cultural Heritage Sites, ICCROM
“form and design, material and substance, use and function,
1993); traditions and techniques, location and setting, spirit and
feeling and internal and external aspects of information
•Authenticity of Material
sources”.
•Authenticity of Workmanship
•Authenticity of Design
•Authenticity in Setting
Authenticity is not reproducible.
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

19. Authenticity:
The authenticity of the work of art is a measure of truthfulness of the internal
unity of the creative process and the physical realization of the work and the
effects of its passage through historic times.
In the light of of Nara on Authenticity, 1994, endorsed by international
The Document internationally accepted
principles and guidelines of conservation, etc. also identifies aspects
organizations like UNESCO, ICCROM and ICOMOS,
any monument is judged for its worth in
of authenticity as
terms of authenticity on basis of following
four things (Management Guidelines for
World Cultural Heritage Sites, ICCROM
“form and design, material and substance, use and function,
1993); traditions and techniques, location and setting, spirit and
feeling and internal and external aspects of information
•Authenticity of Material
sources”.
•Authenticity of Workmanship
•Authenticity of Design
•Authenticity in Setting
Authenticity is not reproducible.
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

20. Continuation:
When a cultural property manages to retain its original function from the time
of its construction to date then it is termed as ‘continuation of use’ or just
‘continuation’.
Tomb of Shahrukn-e-Alam, Multan
Kozahan, Bursa
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION

21. Traces/ Evidence:
These give clues to the building’s history and its original state. They lead
you to understand the various changes or alterations that the building
undergoes during its lifetime.
•Inside the building
•Outside the building
•On / around the site
Clifton Promenade,Karachi
Clifton Promenade,Karachi
Ruby Jewelers, Karachi
Rohtas Fort, Jhelum
Ruby Jewelers,
Karachi
TERMINOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION