The document summarizes key figures and events of the Spanish conquest of the Americas between the 15th and 19th centuries. It describes Christopher Columbus's four voyages to the Americas in search of gold and territory for Spain. It also discusses Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who led the first circumnavigation of the Earth, and Spanish conquistadors Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizarro, who defeated the Aztec and Inca empires, respectively. The document concludes with brief overviews of the Aztec, Inca, and Maya civilizations.
Compiled examination of the Europeans' colonization of the Americas, including the conquering of the Aztecs and Incas and the Trans-Atlantic slave trade.
CHAPTER 3Creating New Social OrdersColonial Societies, .docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 3
Creating New Social Orders:
Colonial Societies, 1500–1700
Figure 3.1 John Smith’s famous map of Virginia (1622) illustrates many geopolitical features of early colonization. In
the upper left, Powhatan, who governed a powerful local confederation of Algonquian communities, sits above other
local chiefs, denoting his authority. Another native figure, Susquehannock, who appears in the upper right, visually
reinforces the message that the English did not control the land beyond a few outposts along the Chesapeake.
Chapter Outline
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
3.2 Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions
3.3 English Settlements in America
3.4 The Impact of Colonization
Introduction
By the mid-seventeenth century, the geopolitical map of North America had become a patchwork of
imperial designs and ambitions as the Spanish, Dutch, French, and English reinforced their claims to
parts of the land. Uneasiness, punctuated by violent clashes, prevailed in the border zones between the
Europeans’ territorial claims. Meanwhile, still-powerful native peoples waged war to drive the invaders
from the continent. In the Chesapeake Bay and New England colonies, conflicts erupted as the English
pushed against their native neighbors (Figure 3.1).
The rise of colonial societies in the Americas brought Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans together
for the first time, highlighting the radical social, cultural, and religious differences that hampered their
ability to understand each other. European settlement affected every aspect of the land and its people,
bringing goods, ideas, and diseases that transformed the Americas. Reciprocally, Native American
practices, such as the use of tobacco, profoundly altered European habits and tastes.
Chapter 3 Creating New Social Orders: Colonial Societies, 1500–1700 69
3.1 Spanish Exploration and Colonial Society
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Identify the main Spanish American colonial settlements of the 1500s and 1600s
• Discuss economic, political, and demographic similarities and differences between the
Spanish colonies
During the 1500s, Spain expanded its colonial empire to the Philippines in the Far East and to areas in
the Americas that later became the United States. The Spanish dreamed of mountains of gold and silver
and imagined converting thousands of eager Indians to Catholicism. In their vision of colonial society,
everyone would know his or her place. Patriarchy (the rule of men over family, society, and government)
shaped the Spanish colonial world. Women occupied a lower status. In all matters, the Spanish held
themselves to be atop the social pyramid, with native peoples and Africans beneath them. Both Africans
and native peoples, however, contested Spanish claims to dominance. Everywhere the Spanish settled,
they brought devastating diseases, such as smallpox, that led to a horrific loss of life among native peoples.
European diseases k ...
CHAPTER 2Early Globalization The AtlanticWorld, 1492–16.docxcravennichole326
CHAPTER 2
Early Globalization: The Atlantic
World, 1492–1650
Figure 2.1 After Christopher Columbus “discovered” the New World, he sent letters home to Spain describing the
wonders he beheld. These letters were quickly circulated throughout Europe and translated into Italian, German, and
Latin. This woodcut is from the first Italian verse translation of the letter Columbus sent to the Spanish court after his
first voyage, Lettera delle isole novamente trovata by Giuliano Dati.
Chapter Outline
2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest
2.2 Religious Upheavals in the Developing Atlantic World
2.3 Challenges to Spain’s Supremacy
2.4 New Worlds in the Americas: Labor, Commerce, and the Columbian Exchange
Introduction
The story of the Atlantic World is the story of global migration, a migration driven in large part by the
actions and aspirations of the ruling heads of Europe. Columbus is hardly visible in this illustration of his
ships making landfall on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (Figure 2.1). Instead, Ferdinand II of Spain (in
the foreground) sits on his throne and points toward Columbus’s landing. As the ships arrive, the Arawak
people tower over the Spanish, suggesting the native population density of the islands.
This historic moment in 1492 sparked new rivalries among European powers as they scrambled to create
New World colonies, fueled by the quest for wealth and power as well as by religious passions. Almost
continuous war resulted. Spain achieved early preeminence, creating a far-flung empire and growing
rich with treasures from the Americas. Native Americans who confronted the newcomers from Europe
suffered unprecedented losses of life, however, as previously unknown diseases sliced through their
populations. They also were victims of the arrogance of the Europeans, who viewed themselves as
uncontested masters of the New World, sent by God to bring Christianity to the “Indians.” The Spanish
enslaved Native Americans, forcing them to bring whatever gold could be found to fill Spanish coffers.
Chapter 2 Early Globalization: The Atlantic World, 1492–1650 39
2.1 Portuguese Exploration and Spanish Conquest
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
• Describe Portuguese exploration of the Atlantic and Spanish exploration of the
Americas, and the importance of these voyages to the developing Atlantic World
• Explain the importance of Spanish exploration of the Americas in the expansion of
Spain’s empire and the development of Spanish Renaissance culture
Portuguese colonization of Atlantic islands in the 1400s inaugurated an era of aggressive European
expansion across the Atlantic. In the 1500s, Spain surpassed Portugal as the dominant European power.
This age of exploration and the subsequent creation of an Atlantic World marked the earliest phase of
globalization, in which previously isolated groups—Africans, Native Americans, and Europeans—first
came into contact with each other, sometimes with disastrous resu ...
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Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Conquistadors
1.
2. Refers to the Spanish soldiers, explorers and
adventurers who took over much of the Americas in the
name of Spain between the 15th and 19th century after
Columbus’ ‘discovery’ of the New World. Most searched
for gold and territory.
3. Italian explorer famous for ‘discovering’ the New World in 1492 on
an expedition funded by Fernando and Isabella. 4 trips total!
When he landed in the Bahamas, he thought he had reached India!
He took 3 ships: the Santa María, Santa Clara (Niña), and Pinta.
Columbus saw the natives wearing gold, so he took them prisoner.
Created colonies in the name of the Spanish empire.
Accused of being a brutal tyrant and even went to jail.
Taíno population of Hispaniola declined from around 250,000 to
300,000, but by 1548 there were fewer than 500.
4. A Portuguese explorer who organized the
Spanish expedition to the East Indies in 1519.
Led to first circumnavigation of the Earth.
Went to India for spices, but stopped in South
America and the Philippines along the way.
Not considered a traditional conquistador
because he did not claim territories for Spain.
5. Famous for leading an expedition in 1504 and
defeating the Aztec empire at Tenochtitlan in 1521.
Before reaching the capital, he made friends with
enemy tribes of the Aztecs.
Cortés and his new army entered the capital, captured
the Aztec leader Montezuma, and took over the city.
When rebellion broke out, many Aztec people died,
either because of the Spanish or because of smallpox, a
new disease the the Spanish brought to the New
World.
6. Famous for leading expeditions into South America from 1519-
1532 and defeating the Incan empire.
When the Incan emperor, Atahualpa, refused to let the Spanish
conquer their territory, they captured him. They made the Incas
pay them lots of gold to free the emperor, but when they did,
Pizarro killed him anyway.
A year later, the Spanish defeated the Incan empire in the
capital, Cuzco.
7. The Aztecs (1428-1521)
Were the largest group living in Mexico (30 million).
Known for their rich and complex culture, developed social structure and
architectural accomplishments
The capital was Tenochtitlan, one of the biggest cities in the world at the
time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3kWJfkqT0g
The Incas (1400-1533)
Largest group of natives in the New World, over 40 million.
Very wealthy empire with a lot of gold.
Known for their complex roads and fortresses.
Used ‘quipu’ to communicate instead of a text.
8. The Mayas
Known for their very sophisticated form of writing as well as art, architecture,
mathematics, calendar and astronomical system.
A population of around 15 million people at its peak!
Conquest of this empire took place in the early 16th century, although they resisted the
Spanish for a long time.
The decline of the empire was mostly due to disease brought by the Spanish and fighting
between the citizens
