These are the slides I used during my presentation at 6th Child Pulmocon 2020 hosted by Bangladesh Paediatric Pulmonology Forum at Bangladesh College of Physicians and Surgeons Auditorium.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound study of the spleen and pancreas.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of ultrasound imaging of the spleen and pancreas. It describes the normal ultrasound appearance and measurements of the spleen and pancreas. Common pathological conditions are also discussed, including splenomegaly, cysts, hematomas, abscesses, and tumors. Accessory spleens, splenosis, wandering spleen, and variations such as small spleen and asplenia are also mentioned. For the pancreas, conditions such as lipomatosis, cysts, pseudocysts, serous and mucinous cystic neoplasms are reviewed. Imaging features of different pathological entities are demonstrated through ultrasound images.
This document provides an introduction to using ultrasound to evaluate hepatobiliary conditions in the emergency department. It discusses the anatomy of the gallbladder and common bile duct and techniques for visualizing them. Key findings of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis on ultrasound are presented, along with tips to improve imaging and common pitfalls.
HRCT uses thin collimation and high-frequency reconstruction algorithms to maximize spatial resolution. This allows visualization of small structures. A routine HRCT uses 1mm collimation, 120-140 kVp, 200-300 mAs, and the shortest possible scan time to reduce noise while minimizing motion artifacts. Reconstructing with a sharp algorithm enhances detail but also noise. Increasing kVp and mAs reduces noise at the cost of increased radiation. MDCT allows whole-lung imaging in one breath-hold with improved multiplanar review compared to spaced HRCT scans. Low-dose HRCT can identify most abnormalities but with reduced image quality.
This document discusses the basic principles of urologic ultrasonography. It covers physical principles including how soundwaves interact with tissues to create ultrasound images. It describes resolution, mechanisms of attenuation, artifacts, and modes of ultrasonography. Specific techniques for renal, pelvic, scrotal, penile, prostate, and transrectal ultrasonography are covered. Normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements are provided. Applications and limitations of various urologic ultrasound examinations are summarized.
This document summarizes key findings on ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland and related structures. It describes the normal ultrasound appearance of the thyroid and measurements. It also discusses common pathologies seen on ultrasound such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, and lymph node enlargement. Additional sections cover the parathyroid glands, salivary glands, and neck lymph nodes. For each area, it provides ultrasound images along with descriptions of normal and abnormal findings.
- Four densities are seen on chest X-rays: black for air/gas, dark grey for fat, light grey for fluid/solid organs, and white for bone/calcium.
- When reviewing chest X-rays, radiologists follow a systematic approach examining the lungs for opacities, the heart and vessels, under the diaphragm, and the extremities.
- Common findings include infiltrates, masses, pleural effusions, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, and fractures. Changes must be interpreted in the context of the patient's history and risk factors.
Role of medical imaging in management of arteriovenous fistula Dr. Muhammad B...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is very helpful for vascular sergeons, interventional radiologists and sonographers that how to map Vasculature before construction of AV fistula for hemodialysis, how to check its patency, how to check its proper functioning ,to comment on its failure and decide when to reintervene.
Presentation1.pptx, ultrasound study of the spleen and pancreas.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of ultrasound imaging of the spleen and pancreas. It describes the normal ultrasound appearance and measurements of the spleen and pancreas. Common pathological conditions are also discussed, including splenomegaly, cysts, hematomas, abscesses, and tumors. Accessory spleens, splenosis, wandering spleen, and variations such as small spleen and asplenia are also mentioned. For the pancreas, conditions such as lipomatosis, cysts, pseudocysts, serous and mucinous cystic neoplasms are reviewed. Imaging features of different pathological entities are demonstrated through ultrasound images.
This document provides an introduction to using ultrasound to evaluate hepatobiliary conditions in the emergency department. It discusses the anatomy of the gallbladder and common bile duct and techniques for visualizing them. Key findings of cholelithiasis, cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis on ultrasound are presented, along with tips to improve imaging and common pitfalls.
HRCT uses thin collimation and high-frequency reconstruction algorithms to maximize spatial resolution. This allows visualization of small structures. A routine HRCT uses 1mm collimation, 120-140 kVp, 200-300 mAs, and the shortest possible scan time to reduce noise while minimizing motion artifacts. Reconstructing with a sharp algorithm enhances detail but also noise. Increasing kVp and mAs reduces noise at the cost of increased radiation. MDCT allows whole-lung imaging in one breath-hold with improved multiplanar review compared to spaced HRCT scans. Low-dose HRCT can identify most abnormalities but with reduced image quality.
This document discusses the basic principles of urologic ultrasonography. It covers physical principles including how soundwaves interact with tissues to create ultrasound images. It describes resolution, mechanisms of attenuation, artifacts, and modes of ultrasonography. Specific techniques for renal, pelvic, scrotal, penile, prostate, and transrectal ultrasonography are covered. Normal ultrasound anatomy and measurements are provided. Applications and limitations of various urologic ultrasound examinations are summarized.
This document summarizes key findings on ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland and related structures. It describes the normal ultrasound appearance of the thyroid and measurements. It also discusses common pathologies seen on ultrasound such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves' disease, thyroid nodules, and lymph node enlargement. Additional sections cover the parathyroid glands, salivary glands, and neck lymph nodes. For each area, it provides ultrasound images along with descriptions of normal and abnormal findings.
- Four densities are seen on chest X-rays: black for air/gas, dark grey for fat, light grey for fluid/solid organs, and white for bone/calcium.
- When reviewing chest X-rays, radiologists follow a systematic approach examining the lungs for opacities, the heart and vessels, under the diaphragm, and the extremities.
- Common findings include infiltrates, masses, pleural effusions, cardiomegaly, pulmonary edema, and fractures. Changes must be interpreted in the context of the patient's history and risk factors.
Role of medical imaging in management of arteriovenous fistula Dr. Muhammad B...Dr. Muhammad Bin Zulfiqar
This presentation is very helpful for vascular sergeons, interventional radiologists and sonographers that how to map Vasculature before construction of AV fistula for hemodialysis, how to check its patency, how to check its proper functioning ,to comment on its failure and decide when to reintervene.
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and provides guidance on using CT scans to evaluate the anatomy. It outlines key anatomical structures visible on coronal and axial CT scans such as the frontal sinus, uncinate process, ethmoid bulla, sphenoid sinus, and their common variations. It also discusses technology advances in CT scanning and basic concepts for evaluating and positioning patients for sinus CT scans.
The document provides guidance on reading chest x-rays, including having a systematic approach, assessing film quality, and knowing anatomy. It recommends starting by checking patient details and film quality, then reviewing the airways, bones, cardiac silhouette, diaphragm, and lungs using a checklist. Specific features to examine in the lungs include over/under inflation, infiltrates, masses, and interstitial patterns.
USG guided thoracentesis is a procedure to aspirate pleural fluid using ultrasound guidance. It has several advantages over non-US guided thoracentesis, including being highly accurate which decreases complications. The key steps are to identify pleural anatomy like fluid, diaphragm and lung under ultrasound and then perform the procedure under real-time visualization of instruments to safely drain fluid. Post procedure chest x-ray is done to identify any complications like pneumothorax. USG guidance improves safety and accuracy of characterizing pleural disease and draining pleural fluid.
1. The document discusses using ultrasound to evaluate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas before and after hemodialysis access. It provides information on vascular mapping, assessing fistula maturity, and complications.
2. Key points covered include using ultrasound to measure vessel diameters and depths before access creation. Measuring blood flow volume can help predict fistula adequacy, with 500 mL/min or more indicating maturity. Identifying accessory veins or stenoses can help explain immature fistulas.
3. Complications discussed are stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, infections, arterial steal syndrome, and high output cardiac failure. Ultrasound is useful for diagnosing these issues by measuring velocities and calculating pressure gradients at
Renal Doppler ultrasound can be used to evaluate several renal pathologies. It is useful for detecting renal artery stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysms, arteriovenous communications including fistulas and malformations, and nutcracker syndrome. It can also help characterize renal masses and assess for venous invasion. Doppler is limited compared to CT for evaluating renal masses but can identify tumor vascularization. It is also used to evaluate nephropathies, kidney stones, hydronephrosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and Fraley syndrome. Physiological changes and resistive indices measured by Doppler can help differentiate pathological conditions.
Ultrasound physcics, techniques & knobologySuzanneCain2
The document discusses ultrasound technology and its applications. It describes how ultrasound uses sound waves with frequencies above human hearing to produce images. Smartphones can now be used for basic ultrasound exams. The document outlines ultrasound physics concepts like transducer design and knobology. It shows how ultrasound is used to image internal organs and detect medical conditions by techniques such as B-mode, Doppler, and contrast enhanced ultrasound. Artefacts that can occur on ultrasound images and how to recognize them are also summarized. Ultrasound is highlighted as a convenient, non-invasive and low-cost imaging method.
Fundamentals of Vascular Ultrasound.
Looking at the basics of carotid, lower extremity arterial, renal, celiac, SMA studies, as well as touching on venous insufficiency. Part I of series.
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. Milan Silwal, Resident, NAMS, Kathman...Milan Silwal
The document provides information on the cross sectional anatomy of the chest, including the boundaries and divisions of the thorax and mediastinum. It describes the contents and boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. It also discusses the lungs, bronchopulmonary segments, and six representative chest CT scan levels that are used to interpret mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it presents six clinical cases pertaining to conditions that may appear on chest imaging.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of the pharyngeal diseasesAbdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes radiological imaging techniques for diagnosing diseases of the pharynx. It discusses anatomy of the hypopharynx and oropharynx. Common imaging modalities include x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET CT scans. The document outlines congenital anomalies, inflammatory diseases like pharyngitis and tonsillitis, infections like retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses. It also discusses benign and malignant tumors that can occur in the pharynx such as papillomas, hemangiomas, pleomorphic adenomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and lymphomas. Radiological images are provided to illustrate various pathologies.
Vascular ultrasound uses sound waves to image blood vessels. It combines real-time imaging (B-mode) with Doppler to show anatomy and blood flow. Ultrasound is generated by piezoelectric crystals in the transducer that convert electrical signals to sound waves. Reflected sound waves are converted back to electrical signals to form images. Factors like frequency, amplitude, and wavelength determine image quality and depth of penetration. Ultrasound provides information on vessel structure and blood flow velocity through Doppler modes.
This document provides an overview of performing lower limb doppler examinations to diagnose deep vein thrombosis and other causes of limb pain. It discusses the essential techniques including recognizing the vessels, avoiding pitfalls, applying compression, and following the anatomy. Criteria for diagnosing DVT include vessel expansion, compressibility, presence of thrombus, and absent or reduced blood flow waves. The document also reviews using doppler to diagnose and grade arterial stenosis by analyzing spectral wave patterns and meanings.
The document contains findings from 14 radiology cases summarized in 3 sentences or less:
Case 1 describes bilateral symmetrical bulky hila and a diagnosis of sarcoidosis stage 1. Case 2 finds large rounded nodules with calcification, a diagnosis of pneumoconiosis with progressive massive fibrosis. Case 3 finds left upper lobe hyperinflation and herniation in a young child, diagnosed as congenital lobar emphysema.
CT scans are useful for evaluating paranasal sinuses. Key anatomical structures include the ostiomeatal complex, ethmoid air cells, and thin bones surrounding the sinuses. A systematic approach is needed to identify variations that increase surgical risk, such as a dehiscent lamina papyracea or Onodi cell extending to the optic nerve. Interpreting CT scans is important for surgical planning to safely treat sinusitis, trauma, or tumors while avoiding sensitive structures like the carotid artery and optic nerve.
This document provides a workup algorithm for focal liver lesions. It discusses obtaining a patient history and physical exam findings, as well as blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. Common benign and malignant liver lesions are described, including their risk factors, imaging characteristics, and treatment options. For example, hemangiomas are the most common benign tumor, often appearing as well-demarcated lesions on ultrasound and MRI. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer and often appears as a vascular enhancing mass on CT scan. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation depending on the type and stage of liver lesion.
The document discusses radiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the anatomy of the four paranasal sinus groups and details their development. It provides imaging techniques for visualizing the sinuses including lateral, Caldwell's view, Waters' view, submentovertex view. CT scanning is described as the gold standard for providing detailed bony anatomy and assessing sinus pathology or planning surgery. Key anatomical structures seen on coronal and axial CT cuts are outlined.
This document discusses the use of X-ray soft tissue neck imaging to visualize structures in the neck region and assess airway patency. It provides examples of X-ray images that show various pathological conditions like masses, cysts, fractures, and abnormalities. The document emphasizes that X-ray soft tissue neck views in the anterior-posterior and lateral planes provide reliable information about the airway and surrounding soft tissues to aid in decisions regarding tracheostomy or decannulation. It also notes that these images can indirectly inform about esophageal conditions and assess the feasibility of various ENT procedures.
1) The document discusses various pathologies that can involve the paranasal sinuses and nose, including acute sinusitis, mucous retention cysts, polyps, fungal sinusitis, and tumors.
2) It provides details on the etiology, classification, and radiographic features of different types of fungal sinusitis, distinguishing between invasive and noninvasive forms. Invasive fungal sinusitis is aggressive and can cause bone destruction and extension to surrounding areas.
3) Examples of radiologic findings of acute invasive fungal sinusitis demonstrate unilateral involvement of ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, rapid bone destruction, and extension to the orbit or cavernous sinus. This aggressive form has a high
This document discusses diagnostic imaging techniques for evaluating lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. It describes the use of ultrasound, CT, MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and PET imaging to analyze lymph node characteristics like size, shape, margins, echogenicity, necrosis and vascularity which can help differentiate between metastatic, inflammatory and normal lymph nodes. Quantitative measurements like ADC from diffusion MRI and SUV from PET can also provide diagnostic information and predict cancer spread and treatment response.
This is consistent with TTN.
Full term infant, 6 hours old, born by emergency
caesarean section for fetal distress.
Findings:
- Mild hyperinflation
- Perihilar linear densities
- Small right pleural effusion
This is typical for TTN. The pleural effusion and
asymmetry are not uncommon.
1. The patient presented with hypercalcemia due to metastatic lung cancer. Symptoms included confusion, dehydration, and signs of renal impairment.
2. Initial management involved IV rehydration with normal saline to improve kidney function and increase calcium excretion. Bisphosphonate therapy was given to reduce calcium levels.
3. Further imaging found a mass in the right hilum and new liver metastasis, consistent with progression of the original lung cancer.
This document discusses the radiological anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and provides guidance on using CT scans to evaluate the anatomy. It outlines key anatomical structures visible on coronal and axial CT scans such as the frontal sinus, uncinate process, ethmoid bulla, sphenoid sinus, and their common variations. It also discusses technology advances in CT scanning and basic concepts for evaluating and positioning patients for sinus CT scans.
The document provides guidance on reading chest x-rays, including having a systematic approach, assessing film quality, and knowing anatomy. It recommends starting by checking patient details and film quality, then reviewing the airways, bones, cardiac silhouette, diaphragm, and lungs using a checklist. Specific features to examine in the lungs include over/under inflation, infiltrates, masses, and interstitial patterns.
USG guided thoracentesis is a procedure to aspirate pleural fluid using ultrasound guidance. It has several advantages over non-US guided thoracentesis, including being highly accurate which decreases complications. The key steps are to identify pleural anatomy like fluid, diaphragm and lung under ultrasound and then perform the procedure under real-time visualization of instruments to safely drain fluid. Post procedure chest x-ray is done to identify any complications like pneumothorax. USG guidance improves safety and accuracy of characterizing pleural disease and draining pleural fluid.
1. The document discusses using ultrasound to evaluate arteriovenous (AV) fistulas before and after hemodialysis access. It provides information on vascular mapping, assessing fistula maturity, and complications.
2. Key points covered include using ultrasound to measure vessel diameters and depths before access creation. Measuring blood flow volume can help predict fistula adequacy, with 500 mL/min or more indicating maturity. Identifying accessory veins or stenoses can help explain immature fistulas.
3. Complications discussed are stenosis, occlusion, aneurysms, infections, arterial steal syndrome, and high output cardiac failure. Ultrasound is useful for diagnosing these issues by measuring velocities and calculating pressure gradients at
Renal Doppler ultrasound can be used to evaluate several renal pathologies. It is useful for detecting renal artery stenosis, thrombosis, aneurysms, arteriovenous communications including fistulas and malformations, and nutcracker syndrome. It can also help characterize renal masses and assess for venous invasion. Doppler is limited compared to CT for evaluating renal masses but can identify tumor vascularization. It is also used to evaluate nephropathies, kidney stones, hydronephrosis, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, and Fraley syndrome. Physiological changes and resistive indices measured by Doppler can help differentiate pathological conditions.
Ultrasound physcics, techniques & knobologySuzanneCain2
The document discusses ultrasound technology and its applications. It describes how ultrasound uses sound waves with frequencies above human hearing to produce images. Smartphones can now be used for basic ultrasound exams. The document outlines ultrasound physics concepts like transducer design and knobology. It shows how ultrasound is used to image internal organs and detect medical conditions by techniques such as B-mode, Doppler, and contrast enhanced ultrasound. Artefacts that can occur on ultrasound images and how to recognize them are also summarized. Ultrasound is highlighted as a convenient, non-invasive and low-cost imaging method.
Fundamentals of Vascular Ultrasound.
Looking at the basics of carotid, lower extremity arterial, renal, celiac, SMA studies, as well as touching on venous insufficiency. Part I of series.
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. Milan Silwal, Resident, NAMS, Kathman...Milan Silwal
The document provides information on the cross sectional anatomy of the chest, including the boundaries and divisions of the thorax and mediastinum. It describes the contents and boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. It also discusses the lungs, bronchopulmonary segments, and six representative chest CT scan levels that are used to interpret mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it presents six clinical cases pertaining to conditions that may appear on chest imaging.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological imaging of the pharyngeal diseasesAbdellah Nazeer
This document summarizes radiological imaging techniques for diagnosing diseases of the pharynx. It discusses anatomy of the hypopharynx and oropharynx. Common imaging modalities include x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and PET CT scans. The document outlines congenital anomalies, inflammatory diseases like pharyngitis and tonsillitis, infections like retropharyngeal and peritonsillar abscesses. It also discusses benign and malignant tumors that can occur in the pharynx such as papillomas, hemangiomas, pleomorphic adenomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and lymphomas. Radiological images are provided to illustrate various pathologies.
Vascular ultrasound uses sound waves to image blood vessels. It combines real-time imaging (B-mode) with Doppler to show anatomy and blood flow. Ultrasound is generated by piezoelectric crystals in the transducer that convert electrical signals to sound waves. Reflected sound waves are converted back to electrical signals to form images. Factors like frequency, amplitude, and wavelength determine image quality and depth of penetration. Ultrasound provides information on vessel structure and blood flow velocity through Doppler modes.
This document provides an overview of performing lower limb doppler examinations to diagnose deep vein thrombosis and other causes of limb pain. It discusses the essential techniques including recognizing the vessels, avoiding pitfalls, applying compression, and following the anatomy. Criteria for diagnosing DVT include vessel expansion, compressibility, presence of thrombus, and absent or reduced blood flow waves. The document also reviews using doppler to diagnose and grade arterial stenosis by analyzing spectral wave patterns and meanings.
The document contains findings from 14 radiology cases summarized in 3 sentences or less:
Case 1 describes bilateral symmetrical bulky hila and a diagnosis of sarcoidosis stage 1. Case 2 finds large rounded nodules with calcification, a diagnosis of pneumoconiosis with progressive massive fibrosis. Case 3 finds left upper lobe hyperinflation and herniation in a young child, diagnosed as congenital lobar emphysema.
CT scans are useful for evaluating paranasal sinuses. Key anatomical structures include the ostiomeatal complex, ethmoid air cells, and thin bones surrounding the sinuses. A systematic approach is needed to identify variations that increase surgical risk, such as a dehiscent lamina papyracea or Onodi cell extending to the optic nerve. Interpreting CT scans is important for surgical planning to safely treat sinusitis, trauma, or tumors while avoiding sensitive structures like the carotid artery and optic nerve.
This document provides a workup algorithm for focal liver lesions. It discusses obtaining a patient history and physical exam findings, as well as blood tests, imaging studies, and biopsy. Common benign and malignant liver lesions are described, including their risk factors, imaging characteristics, and treatment options. For example, hemangiomas are the most common benign tumor, often appearing as well-demarcated lesions on ultrasound and MRI. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common primary liver cancer and often appears as a vascular enhancing mass on CT scan. Treatment may involve surgery, chemotherapy, or liver transplantation depending on the type and stage of liver lesion.
The document discusses radiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the anatomy of the four paranasal sinus groups and details their development. It provides imaging techniques for visualizing the sinuses including lateral, Caldwell's view, Waters' view, submentovertex view. CT scanning is described as the gold standard for providing detailed bony anatomy and assessing sinus pathology or planning surgery. Key anatomical structures seen on coronal and axial CT cuts are outlined.
This document discusses the use of X-ray soft tissue neck imaging to visualize structures in the neck region and assess airway patency. It provides examples of X-ray images that show various pathological conditions like masses, cysts, fractures, and abnormalities. The document emphasizes that X-ray soft tissue neck views in the anterior-posterior and lateral planes provide reliable information about the airway and surrounding soft tissues to aid in decisions regarding tracheostomy or decannulation. It also notes that these images can indirectly inform about esophageal conditions and assess the feasibility of various ENT procedures.
1) The document discusses various pathologies that can involve the paranasal sinuses and nose, including acute sinusitis, mucous retention cysts, polyps, fungal sinusitis, and tumors.
2) It provides details on the etiology, classification, and radiographic features of different types of fungal sinusitis, distinguishing between invasive and noninvasive forms. Invasive fungal sinusitis is aggressive and can cause bone destruction and extension to surrounding areas.
3) Examples of radiologic findings of acute invasive fungal sinusitis demonstrate unilateral involvement of ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses, rapid bone destruction, and extension to the orbit or cavernous sinus. This aggressive form has a high
This document discusses diagnostic imaging techniques for evaluating lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancer. It describes the use of ultrasound, CT, MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI, and PET imaging to analyze lymph node characteristics like size, shape, margins, echogenicity, necrosis and vascularity which can help differentiate between metastatic, inflammatory and normal lymph nodes. Quantitative measurements like ADC from diffusion MRI and SUV from PET can also provide diagnostic information and predict cancer spread and treatment response.
This is consistent with TTN.
Full term infant, 6 hours old, born by emergency
caesarean section for fetal distress.
Findings:
- Mild hyperinflation
- Perihilar linear densities
- Small right pleural effusion
This is typical for TTN. The pleural effusion and
asymmetry are not uncommon.
1. The patient presented with hypercalcemia due to metastatic lung cancer. Symptoms included confusion, dehydration, and signs of renal impairment.
2. Initial management involved IV rehydration with normal saline to improve kidney function and increase calcium excretion. Bisphosphonate therapy was given to reduce calcium levels.
3. Further imaging found a mass in the right hilum and new liver metastasis, consistent with progression of the original lung cancer.
This document summarizes information about abscesses and gangrene of the lungs. It describes lung gangrene and abscesses, providing details on etiology, pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention. The main points are: lung gangrene causes severe necrosis and toxicity, while abscesses form cavities filled with pus; common causes are bacteria such as S. aureus and viruses like tuberculosis; diagnosis involves imaging, sputum analysis, and biopsy; treatment consists of antibiotics, drainage, and sometimes surgery; prognosis depends on size and severity, with mortality around 5-10% for abscesses and 30-40% for gangrene. Complications can include hemorrhage, sepsis, and emp
This document discusses respiratory distress in newborns, listing common medical and surgical causes such as transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTNB), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), meconium aspiration syndrome, and pneumothorax. It then focuses on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of TTNB, RDS, and meconium aspiration syndrome. TTNB is usually mild and self-limited, resolving within 3 days with supportive care. RDS is caused by surfactant deficiency and presents with progressive respiratory distress, responding well to surfactant replacement therapy. Meconium aspiration syndrome involves airway obstruction and inflammation from aspirated meconium, often
- An 81-year-old man presented with abdominal pain and was found to have a bladder tumor, hydronephrosis, and small bowel obstruction. He underwent tumor removal but now has no urine output for 3 days.
- Exam finds decreased breath sounds on the right and abdominal distension. Labs show renal failure and congestive heart failure. A CT scan shows a right pleural effusion, retroperitoneal fluid, and bilateral hydronephrosis. Thoracentesis reveals exudative fluid.
- The findings are consistent with right-sided transudative pleural effusion and bilateral obstructive uropathy due to retroperitoneal fibrosis, likely from the patient's known bladder cancer.
1. The initial assessment of a pediatric chest x-ray should include evaluation of technique, tubes/lines, mediastinum, airways, lungs, and pulmonary vasculature.
2. It is important to recognize the degree of inspiration and normal thymic tissue to avoid confusing them with pathology.
3. Common causes of neonatal respiratory distress include transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, meconium aspiration syndrome, and respiratory distress syndrome. Each has characteristic but sometimes overlapping radiographic findings.
4. Complications of respiratory distress like pneumothorax, pulmonary interstitial emphysema, patent ductus arteriosus, and chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dys
1. The initial assessment of a pediatric chest x-ray should include evaluation of technique, tubes/lines, mediastinum, airways, lungs, and pulmonary vasculature. Inspiration level and thymic tissue should not be mistaken for pathology.
2. Causes of neonatal respiratory distress are categorized as medical or surgical. Common medical causes include transient tachypnea of the newborn, pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and meconium aspiration syndrome. Surgical causes include diaphragmatic hernia and congenital lung malformations.
3. Complications of respiratory distress treatment include barotrauma manifestations like pneumothorax and pulmonary interstitial emphysema. Other
A 65-year-old male smoker presented with left-sided chest pain and difficulty breathing for 2 weeks and was found to have a left pleural effusion secondary to tuberculosis based on symptoms, examination findings showing dullness and absent breath sounds on the left side, and imaging showing pleural effusion on the left.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing respiratory distress in newborns. It discusses the main causes of respiratory distress including respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of the newborn, and meconium aspiration syndrome. The document outlines the key components of history taking and physical examination for newborns presenting with respiratory distress. It also reviews diagnostic testing including chest x-rays and blood gases. Common treatment approaches are summarized, including supportive care, surfactant therapy, and mechanical ventilation when indicated. The goal is early recognition and management to prevent morbidity and mortality in newborns with respiratory complications.
This document discusses 4 cases of pediatric chest infections that did not resolve.
Case 1 involved bronchiectasis and pancreatic fatty infiltration, indicating chronic infection such as cystic fibrosis.
Case 2 showed severe empyema necessitans causing pneumatoceles, narrowing the possible infectious organisms.
Case 3 was diagnosed as congenital pulmonary sequestration based on its blood supply from the aorta and mass-like appearance.
Case 4 showed bilateral, mainly interstitial involvement with uninflated alveoli and cystic changes, suggesting interstitial lung diseases like pulmonary interstitial glycogenosis or lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia. Lung biopsy was recommended.
This document discusses the case of a 26-year-old woman who presented with sudden right chest pain and dyspnea. Tests revealed a right pneumothorax and bilateral lung cysts. The most likely diagnosis is lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare lung disease that affects women and causes proliferation of smooth muscle cells in the lungs leading to cyst formation and spontaneous pneumothorax. LAM is characterized by recurrent pneumothorax, cough, dyspnea and chylous effusions. Diagnosis involves chest imaging and biopsy showing cystic changes. Treatment options include pleurodesis and lung transplantation for end-stage disease.
Based on the clinical history of excessive secretions, elevated pressures, and fever, aspiration pneumonia with right upper lobe atelectasis is the most likely diagnosis. An important next step in management would be fiberoptic bronchoscopy, antibiotic therapy, and chest physiotherapy.
case presentation on small cell lung cancer(sclc)ssuser6e4201
Mr. X, a 51-year-old male smoker, presented with symptoms of dyspnea, dry cough, loss of appetite, and fatigue for 6 months. Tests revealed limited stage small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is an aggressive form of lung cancer linked to smoking that has spread to nearby lymph nodes in this case. Treatment involves chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and irinotecan to shrink the tumor and prevent further spread, as surgery is typically not an option for small cell lung cancer.
This document discusses an x-ray of a 75-year-old male smoker and alcoholic presenting with breathlessness and cough for 1 month. Examination found dullness and decreased breath sounds in the right chest area. The chest x-ray and CT scan revealed an eventration of the diaphragm. Eventration of the diaphragm is a congenital condition where the diaphragm fails to develop muscle, appearing as a thin membrane. It can be asymptomatic but sometimes causes respiratory or gastrointestinal issues. Investigation involves x-rays and ultrasound or CT scan. Asymptomatic cases are monitored while symptomatic cases may require surgical repair of the diaphragm.
This document provides an overview of pediatric chest imaging techniques and findings. It discusses various imaging modalities used in pediatric chest imaging like plain radiography, CT, MRI, ultrasound and others. It then describes normal chest xray findings in children and specific pediatric considerations. Various congenital abnormalities of the trachea, lungs, pulmonary veins and others are described along with their imaging appearances. Common conditions discussed include tracheomalacia, bronchial atresia, congenital lobar emphysema and others.
The document discusses bronchiectasis, defining it as the abnormal permanent dilatation of one or more bronchi, outlining causes such as infection, inflammation, and genetic factors. It examines the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of bronchiectasis and related conditions like cystic fibrosis and immotile cilia syndrome. Key points covered include common etiologies, clinical features, diagnostic tests, radiological findings, and medical and surgical management approaches.
This document provides an overview of pneumothorax, including:
- Classification as spontaneous (primary or secondary), traumatic, or iatrogenic
- Risk factors like smoking, COPD, and connective tissue diseases for secondary spontaneous pneumothorax
- Pathophysiology involving bleb/bullae rupture and air migration into the pleural space
- Clinical features like chest pain and shortness of breath, and radiological findings on CXR and CT scans
- Management approaches like chest tube insertion, pleurodesis, and VATS for recurrent or large pneumothoraces.
1. The document discusses respiratory patterns in newborns, thermoregulation, causes of respiratory distress, and cyanosis in newborns.
2. It describes the irregular breathing patterns of newborns in the first few days after birth and signs of respiratory distress like tachypnea and chest retractions.
3. Common causes of respiratory distress discussed include transient tachypnea of the newborn, meconium aspiration syndrome, respiratory distress syndrome, and pneumonia. Differential diagnosis and investigations for these conditions are also provided.
This document discusses pneumothorax, which is the presence of air in the pleural space outside the lung. It describes different types of pneumothorax including primary spontaneous, secondary spontaneous, closed, open, and tension pneumothorax. Risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis using chest x-ray, treatment options including chest tube insertion, and postoperative management of chest drains are covered. Surgical intervention is indicated for recurrent pneumothorax or when chest drainage fails.
Similar to Congenital Lung Malformation Mimics Pneumothorax: An Experience in Tertiary Care Hospital (20)
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Congenital Lung Malformation Mimics Pneumothorax: An Experience in Tertiary Care Hospital
1. CONGENITAL LUNG MALFORMATIONS
MIMICS PNEUMOTHORAX:
An Experience In Tertiary Care Hospital
BRIG GEN DR. MAHBUBA SULTANA, ADVISER SPECIALIST,
Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka
3. CASE-01
Name: Nahid
Age: 01 year
Sex: Male
CHIEF COMPLAINTS
▪ Cough and respiratory distress for 1 day.
▪ Fever for 1 day.
▪ H/O recurrent RTI since 3m of age.
4. PHYSICAL FINDINGS
▪ Afebrile
▪ Dyspneic
▪ Tachypneic (RR – 70/min) With SPO2 95%
▪ HR- 120/min
▪ Respiratory System:
RR - 70/min with chest indrawing
Apex beat shifted to Lt side.
Percussion note – hyper resonant on right side.
BS – diminished on rt mid and lower zone.
▪ P/A- mild hepatomegaly
▪ Other system-NAD.
CASE-01
Name: Nahid
Age: 01 year
Sex: Male
5. INVESTIGATIONS
▪ CBC-Hb% 14 gm/dl
▪ TLC-4.4 X 109
▪ N-34%
▪ L-62%
▪ PLT-265X 109 gm/dl
▪ ECHO-Normal cardiac anatomy
▪ Gastric lavage-few epithelial cells and no
GM stain microorganism
CASE-01
Name: Nahid
Age: 01 year
Sex: Male
10. CASE-02
Name: Tahiya
Age: 46 days
Sex: Female
CHIEF COMPLAINTS
▪ Fever with respiratory distress for 7 days.
▪ Past history reveals respiratory tract
infection at 20 days of age.
12. EXAMINATION – Respiratory System
INSPECTION
▪ Right sided chest slightly bulged
▪ Movement restricted on right side
▪ Suprasternal, intercostal, subcostal recession
PALPATION
▪ Trachea centrally placed
▪ Apex beat in left 4th intercoastal space lateral to
mid-clavicular line. Normal in character
13. EXAMINATION – Respiratory System
PERCUSSION
▪ Hyper-resonance on right side of the chest.
AUSCULTATION
▪ Breath sound absent on right side.
▪ On left side vesicular breath sound with no added sound.
14. DIAGNOSIS
PROVISIONAL
for Case - 02
Pneumonia with
Pneumothorax (right)
DIFFERENTIAL
▪ Congenital Lobar Emphysema
▪ Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid
Malformation (CCAM)
17. INVESTIGATIONS - CXR
Mediastinum is
shifted
towards left.
Right hemidiaphragm is not well outlined.
Multiple variable
sized cystic area
are noted in
right hemithorax.
Few lesion
contains
fluid level.
18. C- REACTIVE PROTEIN
1:4, 12 mg/dl
(positive)
BLOOD CULTURE
No growth
TRACHEAL ASPIRATE FOR C/S
No growth
INVESTIGATIONS
TORCH Panel Test
Negative
USG of abdomen
(including KUB)
Normal
ECHO 2D Color
Doppler
PFO, 2 mm, Lt-Rt
shunt
25. STATUS POST THORACOTOMY (SERIAL)
Remaining right lung is aerated with pleural effusion and pneumonitis right.
AFTER SURGERY AFTER REMOVAL OF TUBE LATER – AFTER 3
WEEKS
26. • Extubation was done
after 4 days and the
baby maintain Spo2 with
face mask O2 inhalation.
▪ Chest drain & CVC
removed after 3 days.
33. EXAMINATION – Respiratory System
PERCUSSION
▪ Hyper-resonance on right side
AUSCULTATION
▪ Breath sound diminished on rt side. Vesicular with
crepitations present
▪ Left side normal
39. CONGENITAL LUNG
MALFORMATION
▪ Advances in prenatal and postnatal diagnosis,
perioperative management and postoperative
care have dramatically increase the number of
scientific reports on congenital pulmonary
malformations (CPM).
▪ Nearly all CPM are diagnosed before birth
mostly by antenatal ultrasonography.
▪ After delivery most infants do well and remain
asymptomatic for a long time.
40. • Prenatal diagnosis is sometimes missed
and detection may occur later,
incidentally in the process of diagnostic
workup of unexplained recurrent or
persistent respiratory symptoms and signs.
• Sometimes they may present with
pneumothorax like symptoms.
CONGENITAL LUNG
MALFORMATION
41. CLASSIFICATION OF CPM ACCORDING TO CLINICAL APPEARANCE
NEW NOMENCLATURE OLD TERMS SUPERCEDED
▪Congenital thoracic
malformations (CTM)
▪Cystic adenomatoid
malformations
▪Sequestration(
intrapulmonary and
extrapulmonary)
▪Bronchogenic cyst
▪Foregut cyst.
42. CLASSIFICATION OF CPM ACCORDING TO CLINICAL APPEARANCE
NEW NOMENCLATURE OLD TERMS SUPERCEDED
▪Congenital large
hyperlucent lobe
▪Congenital small lung
▪Absent bronchus
▪Congenital lobar
emphysema
▪Polyalveolar lobe
▪Pulmonary hypoplasia
▪Bronchial atresia
43.
44. WHAT IS CCAM?
▪ Rare pulmonary developmental hamarto-matous
abnormality.
▪ Comprised of pulmonary tissue with abnormal
bronchial proliferation.
▪ The fundamental pathologic feature of the lesion is
adenomatoid proliferation of bronchioles that form
cysts at the expense of normal alveoli.
45. CONGENITAL LOBAR EMPHYSEMA (CLE)
▪ Congenital lobar emphysema (CLE) characterized by unilobar
alveolar distension secondary to bronchomalacia or absent
cartilage is a rare condition.
▪ This disease presents as respiratory distress due to the ventilation
perfusion mismatch as a result of the hyper inflated lung causing
compression atelectasis on the ipsilateral or the contralateral
side with mediastinal shift.
▪ The incidence of left upper lobe involvement is 43%, right middle
lobe 32%, right upper lobe 20%, and bilateral involvement 20%.
46. CONGENITAL LUNG CYST
Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations
of the bronchial tree (a type of bronchopulmonary
foregut malformation).
They can present as a mediastinal mass that may
enlarge and cause local compression. It is also
considered the commonest of foregut
duplication cysts.
48. RADIOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES OF DIFFERENT CPM
No. Congenital lobar
emphysema
CCAM Tension Pneumothorax
1 Bronchovascular marking
present
Presence of septation in the
cystic lucent lesion with or
without air fluid level;
Vascular marking present
Absent
2 Compression of adjacent
lobes pushes the
diaphragm in cephalad or
caudal direction
Lack of lucency in the
uninvolved apical region
Lung collapses towards the
hilum
3 Management – lobectomy Excision of cyst Chest tube drainage
4 CT Scan – evaluates
anatomy of
emphysematous and its size
and relation
Can delineate exact size
and number of cystic
lesions
N/A
51. Bronchogenic cysts can be
multilocular or unilocular.
Histologically, they are thin-
walled cysts lined with
cuboidal epithelium or
secretory ciliated epithelium.
The cyst can contain mucus
glands, smooth muscle, elastic
tissue and cartilage
52. ▪ Composed of single or multiple large
cysts (more than 2 cm. in diameter),
frequently producing mediastinal
herniation.
▪ The cysts are lined by ciliated
pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
▪ The walls of the cysts contain prominent
smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
▪ Mucus producing cells are present in
approximately one-third of the cases,
and cartilage in the wall is rarely seen.
▪ Relatively normal alveoli may be seen
between the cysts.
HISTOLOGY CCAM
53. ▪ Background parenchyma will be
a good reference
▪ Fragmented alveolar walls
• If the acinar arrangement is
well remained, it is representing
pores of Kohn
• If not, it is representing acinar
destruction
▪ Mild fibrotic change can be seen
▪ Any degrees of inflammation can
accompany
HISTOLOGY CLE
56. CONCLUSION
▪ All pneumothorax in young children are not always simple
pneumothorax.
▪ It should be evaluated thoroughly to rule out congenital
pulmonary malformation.
▪ Clinician must have a high index of suspicion for congenital
pulmonary malformation in the context of respiratory
distress in infancy and early childhood.
▪ Multidisciplinary approach with skilled radiological and
histopathological support can detect congenital lung
disease early, establish definitive treatment and thus
prevent complications.