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CONFLICT
MANAGEMENT
Conflict is inevitable, but
combat is optional -Max Lucado
• All unresolved conflict
decreases
productivity & lowers
performance.
• To manage conflicts in
an organisation is termed as
conflict management.
Types of conflict
• Functional conflicts
The conflict which supports the goals of a
group and also improves it performance
is known as a functional or a positive conflict.
• Dysfunctional conflict
The conflict which obstructs the achievement
of the goals of a group is called a
dysfunctional or destructive conflict.
The functional conflict is helpful in the achievement of
the goals of a group as it aids in
• Analytical thinking
• Diffusing tension among the members of the group
• Promote Competition
• Promote group cohesiveness
• Facing challenges
• Quality of decision
• Identification of weakness
• organisational change
The characteristics of a dysfunctional
conflicts are:
Increased tension
High rate of employee turn over
Increased dissatisfaction
Distrust
Distraction from organisational goals
Conflicts may cost dearly
CATEGORIES OF CONFLICT
• Conflicts can be classified into the following
categories:
(i) Individual level conflicts
(ii) Interpersonal conflict
(iii) Group level conflict
(iv) organisational conflict
INDIVIDUAL LEVEL CONFLICTS
• A conflict arises within and individual when his motives or drives are block
or he is unable to take decision due to being confronted with competing
role and goals. There are some basic causes of conflict among individuals:
• Incomparability
• Unacceptability
• Uncertainty
Frustration
Goal Conflict
Role conflict
INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT
• The conflict at inter-personal level involves two or more
individuals and is the most common and most recognized type
of conflict. Four primary sources of interpersonal conflict are:
• Personal differences
• Lack of Information
• Role in compatibility
• Stress
GROUP LEVEL CONFLICT
• There are two or more members in a group which has a well defined structure
of role and status relations and also have a system of values and norms of
behaviour. The groups not only affect their members but have an impact on
other groups and on the organisation also. The members of a group regularly
interact with each other and during this process of interaction, two types of
conflict can arise that is intra group and inter group conflicts
 INTRA GROUP CONFLICT
Intra-group conflict arises when there are differences between the members
of group themselves. The members of a group may want to remain in the
group but at the same time they may disagree with the methods adopted by
the group.
An intra-group conflict usually arises in the following three ways.
(i) when the group faces a new problem,
(ii) when new values are imported into the group from the social environment
or
(iii) when the extra group role of a person comes into a conflict with his intra-
group role.
GROUP LEVEL CONFLICT
 INTER GROUP CONFLICT
The conflicts that take place between different groups in an organisation
are called inter-group conflicts. These conflicts may be caused by :
1. Absence of joint decision making - organisation comprises of different
groups. If the wishes of a group in respect of resources and time schedule
are accepted, justice cannot be done to other groups, which will
ultimately lead to organisational ineffectiveness.
2. Difference in goals- Conflicts can also arise among different groups in an
organisation because of the difference in their goals.
3. Difference in perception-The difference in perception that can cause
inter-group conflicts arises due to the difference sources of information
of different members, different techniques adopted for processing the
information and the difference in goals.
ORGANISATION CONFLICT
• Inter-organisational conflicts take place between the organisations that
are dependent on each other in some way. The conflicts that take place at
the individual level or the group level are all inherent in the organisation
level conflict. Such a conflict could be between the buyer and the seller
organisation, between the government agencies that regulate certain
organisations and the organisation that the affected by them or between
the unions of workers and their organisation.
CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS
• Avoidance
- Repress emotions
- Look the other way
- Run, quit, etc
• DEFUSION
- Downplay
- Cool off
• CONFRONTATION
- Power and force
- Negotiation
CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS
• COMPROMISE
– Neither part gets everything he or she want,but
gets something
– Each gives up something. Often quite satisfactory
to each
CAPITUALATION
– One partner gives in to what the other wants.
This works well when the issue is relatively
unimportant to one partner
Conflict is resolved in three ways
• Lose-Lose:
everyone loses when people try to work out
their disagreements.
• Win-Lose: someone wins and someone loses;
the best that can be hoped for in
disagreements.
• Win-Win: everyone can win.
Conflict management

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Conflict management

  • 2. Conflict is inevitable, but combat is optional -Max Lucado • All unresolved conflict decreases productivity & lowers performance. • To manage conflicts in an organisation is termed as conflict management.
  • 3. Types of conflict • Functional conflicts The conflict which supports the goals of a group and also improves it performance is known as a functional or a positive conflict. • Dysfunctional conflict The conflict which obstructs the achievement of the goals of a group is called a dysfunctional or destructive conflict.
  • 4. The functional conflict is helpful in the achievement of the goals of a group as it aids in • Analytical thinking • Diffusing tension among the members of the group • Promote Competition • Promote group cohesiveness • Facing challenges • Quality of decision • Identification of weakness • organisational change
  • 5. The characteristics of a dysfunctional conflicts are: Increased tension High rate of employee turn over Increased dissatisfaction Distrust Distraction from organisational goals Conflicts may cost dearly
  • 6. CATEGORIES OF CONFLICT • Conflicts can be classified into the following categories: (i) Individual level conflicts (ii) Interpersonal conflict (iii) Group level conflict (iv) organisational conflict
  • 7. INDIVIDUAL LEVEL CONFLICTS • A conflict arises within and individual when his motives or drives are block or he is unable to take decision due to being confronted with competing role and goals. There are some basic causes of conflict among individuals: • Incomparability • Unacceptability • Uncertainty Frustration Goal Conflict Role conflict
  • 8. INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT • The conflict at inter-personal level involves two or more individuals and is the most common and most recognized type of conflict. Four primary sources of interpersonal conflict are: • Personal differences • Lack of Information • Role in compatibility • Stress
  • 9. GROUP LEVEL CONFLICT • There are two or more members in a group which has a well defined structure of role and status relations and also have a system of values and norms of behaviour. The groups not only affect their members but have an impact on other groups and on the organisation also. The members of a group regularly interact with each other and during this process of interaction, two types of conflict can arise that is intra group and inter group conflicts  INTRA GROUP CONFLICT Intra-group conflict arises when there are differences between the members of group themselves. The members of a group may want to remain in the group but at the same time they may disagree with the methods adopted by the group. An intra-group conflict usually arises in the following three ways. (i) when the group faces a new problem, (ii) when new values are imported into the group from the social environment or (iii) when the extra group role of a person comes into a conflict with his intra- group role.
  • 10. GROUP LEVEL CONFLICT  INTER GROUP CONFLICT The conflicts that take place between different groups in an organisation are called inter-group conflicts. These conflicts may be caused by : 1. Absence of joint decision making - organisation comprises of different groups. If the wishes of a group in respect of resources and time schedule are accepted, justice cannot be done to other groups, which will ultimately lead to organisational ineffectiveness. 2. Difference in goals- Conflicts can also arise among different groups in an organisation because of the difference in their goals. 3. Difference in perception-The difference in perception that can cause inter-group conflicts arises due to the difference sources of information of different members, different techniques adopted for processing the information and the difference in goals.
  • 11. ORGANISATION CONFLICT • Inter-organisational conflicts take place between the organisations that are dependent on each other in some way. The conflicts that take place at the individual level or the group level are all inherent in the organisation level conflict. Such a conflict could be between the buyer and the seller organisation, between the government agencies that regulate certain organisations and the organisation that the affected by them or between the unions of workers and their organisation.
  • 12. CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS • Avoidance - Repress emotions - Look the other way - Run, quit, etc • DEFUSION - Downplay - Cool off • CONFRONTATION - Power and force - Negotiation
  • 13. CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS • COMPROMISE – Neither part gets everything he or she want,but gets something – Each gives up something. Often quite satisfactory to each CAPITUALATION – One partner gives in to what the other wants. This works well when the issue is relatively unimportant to one partner
  • 14. Conflict is resolved in three ways • Lose-Lose: everyone loses when people try to work out their disagreements. • Win-Lose: someone wins and someone loses; the best that can be hoped for in disagreements. • Win-Win: everyone can win.

Editor's Notes

  1. (i) Analytical thinking: During a conflict the members of a group display analytical thinking in identifying various alternatives. In absence of conflict, they might not have been creative or even might have been lethargic. The conflicts may include challenge to such views, rules, policies, purpose and plans which entail a significant analysis so as to justify these groups as they are or make other alterations that may be necessary. (ii) Diffusing tension among the members of the group: When conflict is allowed to express openly it can help in reducing the tension among the members of the group which would otherwise remain suppressed. Suppression of tension can lead to imaginative distortion of truth, sense of frustration and tension, high mental exaggerations and biased opinions resulting in fear and distrust. When members express themselves, they get some psychological satisfaction. This also leads to reduction of stress among the involved members. (iii) Promote Competition: Conflicts results in increase competition and this increased competition in turn results in more efforts. Some persons are highly motivated by conflict and service competition. Such conflict and competition can result in increased effort and output. (iv.) Promote group cohesiveness: Some experts believe that conflict creates solidarity among the members of the group it also increases loyalty in the members of the group and inculcates a feeling of group identity as the members of a group compete with outsiders. This increased group cohesiveness can help the management in achieving the organisational goals effectively. (v) Facing challenges: The abilities of individuals as well as groups can be tested during conflict. Conflict creates challenges for them and to face these challenges individual and group to need to be creative and dynamic. When they are able overcome these challenges successfully it leads to a search for the alternatives to the present methods which results in organisational development. (vi.) organisational change: It has been seen that some times conflict stimulates change among the members of a group. Whenever people are faced with conflict, there is a change in their attitudes and they become ready for the change to meet the requirements of the situation (vii) Increased awareness: Conflict creates an increased awareness about the problems faced by the group. The group members also become aware of the members involved in the problem and the methods adopted to solve the problem. (viii) Quality of decision: Conflict result s in high quality decisions taken by the members of a group. During the conflict, the members express the opposing views and perspective which results in some high quality decisions. The members share the information and examine the reasoning of other members to develop new decisions. (ix) Identification of weakness: The weaknesses of a group and its members can be identified easily during the conflict. It becomes easier for the management to remove these weaknesses once it becomes aware of these.
  2. Increased tension: a dysfunctional conflict can cause high level of tension among the members of a group and in some cases it becomes difficult for the management to resolve such a conflict. This increased tension may result in anxiety uncertainty, hostility and frustration among the members of a group. (ii) High rate of employee turn over: Dysfunctional conflicts can cause some employees to leave the organisation if they are not able to resolve the conflict in their favor. In such a case it is the organisation that has to suffer to loss of its valuable employees. (iii) Increased dissatisfaction: Dissatisfaction can be increased among the members of the party that looses in conflict. This struggle during conflict also results in decreased concentration on the job and in this way it can also adversely affect the productivity of the whole group. (iv) Distrust: Conflict can result in a climate of distrust among the members of a group and also in the organisation. It can decrease the level of cohesiveness among the group members who will have negative feelings towards other members of the group and avoid interaction with them. (v) Distraction from organisational goals : Conflicts can distract the members of a group from the organisational goals they are supposed to achieved but during a conflict the members may waste their time and energy in making efforts for emerging as winners in the on-going conflict in the group and their attention from the organisational goals may be diverted. Personal victory becomes more important for the members involved in the conflict and the organisational goals take a back seat. Conflicts may cost dearly The cost for a conflict is not only paid by individuals but they can weaken the organisation also. In case the management fails to handle conflicts efficiently and tries to suppress them, conflicts can acquire huge proportions later on. Thus it is important that the management should interfere in the conflicts at an earlier stage otherwise unnecessary troubles can be created at a later stage. The organisation may have to suffer as some of its valuable employees may leave the organisation or a feeling of distrust that is generated among the employees could have a negative impact on the productivity.
  3. As managers spend a consideration amount of time in dealing with conflict situations, it is important for them to understand the types of conflict so that they can find the appropriate techniques to deal with these conflicts. The different categories of conflict are discussed in detail in the coming slides.
  4. Individual level conflict :  A conflict arises within and individual when his motives or drives are block or he is unable to take decision due to being confronted with competing role and goals. There are some basic causes of conflict among individuals: (a) Incomparability: an individual may not be able to take decisions though he is aware of the probability distribution of the alternatives because the outcomes are incomparable. An individual can not take a decision when the results can not be compared. In same way an individual could also be unable to make a comparison between the different alternatives available. For making a comparison a technique of comparison is required which includes assigning weight to different components, rationality in behavior and attitude and the competence to perform the task. The process of comparison also depends on the clarity and the decisiveness of the individual regarding the minimum standard of achievement. An individual can not make a comparison if he lacks the clarity regarding the acceptance. (b) Unacceptability: Individuals have some acceptable alternatives in terms of their goals and perceptions and when the alternatives selected by the organisations are not satisfactory for him they become acceptable to that individual. This unacceptability is subjective as some alternatives unacceptable to one may be acceptable to others. When an individual finds the alternatives unacceptable, he searches for the alternatives that are acceptable to him. This search continues but some times repeated failure to find acceptable alternatives may lead to a redefinition of acceptable alternatives. (c) Uncertainty: There is some uncertainty among the individuals regarding the external and internal environment of the organisation. The behavior of the people regarding the acceptability of the alternative and effectiveness of the alternative could be determined with a certain level of certainty if the environment of the organisation could be depicted properly. In case of uncertainty, an individual may feel frustrated which could ultimately be reflected in a conflict. There are a number of competing roles and goals within an individual and usually there are three types of conflicts in an individual: Frustration, goal conflict and role conflict. (i) Frustration is the high level of dissatisfaction which generates conflicts in an individual whenever an individual is unable to do what he wants to do he becomes frustrated. In this way the motivated drives of individuals are blocked before he reaches his goal. These blocks could be physical, psychological or social. Frustration leads to a defense mechanism and this defense mechanism or outcome of frustration is broadly classify under four heads: Aggression, withdrawal, fixation and compromise (ii) Goal Conflict: The existence of two or more competing goals could be a cause of conflict in and individual. The conflict caused by competing goals could have both positive and negative features. It occurs when two or more motives block each other. This restricts an individual from taking a decision about the goal to be achieved either due to the positive or the negative features present in the goals. Three types of goal conflicts have been identified. These are: Approach-approach conflict, Approach avoidance conflict, Avoidance-avoidance approach. (iii) Role conflict: An individual plays a number of roles in social and organisational situation but for the study of organisational behavior, the roles which he brings to organisation are the most important. Every individual in the organisation is expected to behave in a particular manner while performing a specific role. When the expected role is different or opposite from the behavior anticipated by the individual in that role; conflict arises because there is no way to meet one expectation without rejecting the other. In organisational setting everyone plays the role of a superior and subordinate. Whenever there is a difference expectations in relation to him and others, conflict ought to arise. Similarly, conflict may also arise whenever there is overlapping of the two roles played simultaneously by the same person. For example a superior is reprimanding his subordinate for the lapses and during this course his boss communicates with him. As he was so surcharged with anger on his subordinate that he failed to leave his role as superior and adopt the role of subordinate with the result that he lost temper with his boss also. This overlapping more often causes conflict to the individual owing to role performance. The role conflict has been classified into four types. These are:
  5. Interpersonal conflict: The conflict at inter-personal level involves two or more individuals and is the most common and most recognized type of conflict. In a way all conflicts are interpersonal conflicts because most of them involve a conflict between a person in one organisation or a group and another person in some other organisation or a group. Every individual has a separate alternative course of action that is acceptable to him and different individuals prefer different alternatives. Sometimes the organisations also create such circumstances that two individuals find themselves in a situation of conflict. For example two mangers could be competing for the limited capital or man power resources. The other type of conflict is the disagreement over the goals and objectives of the organisation. Four primary sources of interpersonal conflict are: (i) Personal differences: This can be a major source of conflicts between individuals. Due to the difference in the up bringing, culture, education, experience, values and traditions and the family background of the individuals, an interpersonal conflict could arise. (ii) Lack of Information: Another cause of inter-personal conflict could be the lack of information. This information deficiency is often a result of the communication break down in an organisation. Role in compatibility: Role in compatibility could also be a source of conflict as in the present day inter-functional organisations many managers are assigned task which are inter dependent and the individual’s roles of these managers may be incompatible. Stress: Environmental stress in an organisation can also cause inter-personal conflict. Such a stress is caused by a lack of resources, down sizing, competitive pressures and the high level of uncertainty among the employees of organisation. The inter-personal conflicts usually get resolved by themselves because the parties at conflict are not in a position to remain in a conflict for a long time. Time itself becomes a healing factor for the inter-personal conflicts. In case of the persisting inter-personal conflicts, these can be resolved with the help of counseling, effective communication and win-win negotiation. The management should look for the basic reason behind conflict and try to resolve them quickly so that an atmosphere of mutual trust and openness could be created and maintained in the organisation.
  6. All the conflicts that have been discussed till now are related to the conflicts within the organisational setting.
  7. SINCE WE HAVE FINISHED DISCUSSING ABOUT THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF CONFLICTS NOW WE WILL DISCUSS ABOUT DIFFERENT CONFLICT RESOLUTIONS .
  8. Conclude your presentation here by saying - Conflicts are inevitable in one's personal life in organizations or even between nations. It does have some noteworthy advantages if handled correctly as it brings problems out into the open and compels interested parties to find solutions that are acceptable to all. However, conflicts that escalate out of control are detrimental to everybody in the equation, so conflict management becomes a necessity. Some basic skills, some knowledge, and having the best interest of the organization at heart, together with respect for its people, will go a long way in handling conflict admirably.