This document summarizes a research paper about conflict over water in Genesis 26:12-33 and its implications for achieving the Millennium Development Goals in sub-Saharan Africa. The paper analyzes the biblical passage about Isaac's conflicts with local tribes over access to wells. It discusses water scarcity situations in biblical times and identifies several wells mentioned. It also examines water scarcity challenges currently facing sub-Saharan Africa and how this threatens achievement of the MDGs. The paper argues the church in Africa must help reduce conflict and support achieving the goals to positively impact its ministry.
This short presentation introduces; what is the Sewage/Wastewater treatment briefly. I recommend you to observe this file in Powerpoint software environment.
Kevin Gumienny, MicroAssist's eLearning Team Lead's presentation at eLearning Symposium 2014 in Austin, Texas. Kevin discussed what makes eLearning crappy, how to make it better with blowing the budget. He recommends resources such as the Serious eLearning Manifesto, Jesse Schell’s Art of Game Design.David Michael’s Serious Games: Games That Educate, Train, and Inform, The Non-Designer Design Book, Presentation Zen, Slide:ology, Thinking with Type,
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
This document provides a summary of a research paper on the environmental impacts of consumerism during the Christmas season. It discusses how the high levels of spending and consumption during the holidays leads to increased waste and pollution. Specifically, it notes that the roughly $600 billion spent in the US in 2013 on winter holidays resulted in a similar amount of solid waste being sent to landfills. It then discusses some of the negative environmental and health impacts of landfill leachate, including toxicity to plants and aquatic organisms. The document concludes by arguing that reducing overconsumption during the holidays could help mitigate these problems.
Between January 11-12, 2011, torrential rains in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro state caused devastating floods and mudslides that killed over 900 people and left over 17,000 homeless. The city of Teresopolis was hit hardest by the floods and mudslides, which were worsened by deforestation and a lack of drainage infrastructure. While rains are common during the Brazilian summer, experts noted that the scale of the disaster was exacerbated by a lack of preventative measures and urban planning in poorer mountainous regions prone to flooding.
Tree rings have been used to reconstruct streamflow in the Colorado River basin over centuries. This revealed that severe multi-year droughts were more common than shown in the instrumental record. A 1,000-year drought reconstruction for western North America also indicated droughts could last decades. Tree rings have additionally helped develop the North American Drought Atlas which provides drought context for historical events and shows Asian monsoon variability over centuries.
Water in North America: Past, Present and FutureScott St. George
1. We need to be realistic that our ability to predict future hydrological systems is limited, especially over long time periods.
2. Making decisions solely based on recent history fails to account for potential water-related surprises, like flooding or drought.
3. While some regions may be more vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources, changes could still indirectly affect other areas.
This short presentation introduces; what is the Sewage/Wastewater treatment briefly. I recommend you to observe this file in Powerpoint software environment.
Kevin Gumienny, MicroAssist's eLearning Team Lead's presentation at eLearning Symposium 2014 in Austin, Texas. Kevin discussed what makes eLearning crappy, how to make it better with blowing the budget. He recommends resources such as the Serious eLearning Manifesto, Jesse Schell’s Art of Game Design.David Michael’s Serious Games: Games That Educate, Train, and Inform, The Non-Designer Design Book, Presentation Zen, Slide:ology, Thinking with Type,
En todos los rincones del mundo las personas se enfrentan a las oportunidades y la tragedias relacionada con el agua. A veces, el exceso de agua, a veces la escasez. Hoy, cada vez más, la presencia o ausencia de agua es caótica, con los patrones menos predecibles que producen desastres locales de todo tipo.
El agua es el lazo que une a todas las cosas, tanto animadas como inanimadas. No es una exageración señalar que el agua refleja el río de la vida y la memoria de cada país o área. El agua es mística, religiosa, de gran alcance.........
This document provides a summary of a research paper on the environmental impacts of consumerism during the Christmas season. It discusses how the high levels of spending and consumption during the holidays leads to increased waste and pollution. Specifically, it notes that the roughly $600 billion spent in the US in 2013 on winter holidays resulted in a similar amount of solid waste being sent to landfills. It then discusses some of the negative environmental and health impacts of landfill leachate, including toxicity to plants and aquatic organisms. The document concludes by arguing that reducing overconsumption during the holidays could help mitigate these problems.
Between January 11-12, 2011, torrential rains in Brazil's Rio de Janeiro state caused devastating floods and mudslides that killed over 900 people and left over 17,000 homeless. The city of Teresopolis was hit hardest by the floods and mudslides, which were worsened by deforestation and a lack of drainage infrastructure. While rains are common during the Brazilian summer, experts noted that the scale of the disaster was exacerbated by a lack of preventative measures and urban planning in poorer mountainous regions prone to flooding.
Tree rings have been used to reconstruct streamflow in the Colorado River basin over centuries. This revealed that severe multi-year droughts were more common than shown in the instrumental record. A 1,000-year drought reconstruction for western North America also indicated droughts could last decades. Tree rings have additionally helped develop the North American Drought Atlas which provides drought context for historical events and shows Asian monsoon variability over centuries.
Water in North America: Past, Present and FutureScott St. George
1. We need to be realistic that our ability to predict future hydrological systems is limited, especially over long time periods.
2. Making decisions solely based on recent history fails to account for potential water-related surprises, like flooding or drought.
3. While some regions may be more vulnerable to climate change impacts on water resources, changes could still indirectly affect other areas.
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's waterScott St. George
Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
The document discusses trends in global water usage and scarcity. Population growth is expected to increase demand for fresh water by 60-100% by 2050. Agricultural production already uses 70% of fresh water and demands are rising. China controls the Himalayan headwaters that supply water to India and Southeast Asia, creating political tensions. Most international laws focus on surface water and fail to adequately govern trans-boundary aquifers. The trends indicate increasing risks of scarcity due to factors like pollution, over-irrigation, and higher livestock demands.
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazardsScott St. George
How long do we need to watch a river before its behavior holds no more surprises? In this country, instrumental measurements of river stage and discharge stretch back a century or more, but this observed history still provides only a rough guide to the risks of future extreme floods. In this lecture, I’ll outline how paleoflood hydrology expands our perspective on river history by combining historical, botanical, and geological evidence of earlier (and ofttimes unknown) floods. And I’ll explain how we can interpret those physical clues left behind by ancient floods to improve hazard assessments for at-risk communities, support decisions about flood infrastructure, and investigate the long-term effects of climate or land-use changes on flooding. Because what has happened before can happen again, most everyone near a river would profit by keeping a longer memory of old floods.
A shortage of water as a cause of internal and international conflicts in the...Fernando Alcoforado
Water scarcity is increasing and poses risks of conflicts. Only 2.5% of the planet's water is freshwater, yet demand is rising due to population growth. By 2050, over 2 billion more people may lack access to water. Diseases from unsafe water kill over a million people annually. As water resources decline due to climate change, internal and international disputes over water are expected to increase in the 21st century.
This document discusses paleoflood research along the Red River. It provides evidence that past floods along the river were larger than any observed in recorded history. Tree ring analysis reveals details about 3 extremely large floods that occurred in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The tallest scars on trees from these events indicate water levels exceeded any modern floods by 1-3 meters. Studying past flood sizes and frequencies provides important information about the full range of Red River flood risk.
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, CanadaScott St. George
1) Shared knowledge of past natural disasters has a major impact on preparation for future hazards. The document discusses the historical floods along the Red River in Manitoba, Canada.
2) Winnipeg built a large flood diversion channel in the 1960s after experiencing major floods, including in 1826 and 1950, to protect the city from future flooding of the Red River.
3) American communities like Grand Forks and Fargo were more vulnerable to Red River flooding until recently because they did not have the same long historical memory of floods that informed Winnipeg's early investment in flood protection infrastructure.
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...Scott St. George
In the Biblical story of Joseph, following seven years of abundance, the Kingdom of Egypt was confronted by seven years of drought and famine. In the parlance of modern climate science, intervals with several consecutive extremely dry years are described as ‘“megadroughts”. In this short talk, I’ll describe how climate scientists combine clues from natural weather archives (including corals, tree rings, lake sediments, and many other sources) to reveal the history of ancient megadroughts across our planet. And I’ll highlight new research that combines these surrogate drought records with simulations from state-of-the-art climate models to help us better anticipate the risks of unusually persistent droughts during the coming century.
Tourism is an important industry for India's economy and employment, however it can also damage the environment through pollution, overcrowding at sites, and commercialization of cultures. While tourism brings income, taxes, and jobs, the document discusses how overtourism can degrade the natural environment and cultural heritage of destinations if not properly managed. Balancing the economic benefits of tourism with environmental sustainability and cultural preservation is an ongoing challenge faced by many countries, including India.
Social-ecological typologies to climate variability among pastoralists in Nam...Premier Publishers
Agriculture in Zambia has the potential to enhance economic growth and reduce poverty. Despite its huge potential, the development of the livestock sector has been stifled by a number of barriers, among them climate variability. The case of Namwala District in Southern Zambia illustrates how pastoralists have developed multiple resilience strategies to climate variability, livestock diseases and altered flooding of the Kafue River between two dams. The study was exploratory in nature and used both qualitative and quantitative data to allow for descriptions of given geographical phenomena. Results showed that population in cattle have increased resulting into reduced area available for grazing per cow with respect to access to water and pasture regimes. This implies that the Kafue Flats is prone to overgrazing in view of combined increased floodplain agriculture, successive droughts and increase in the number of cattle. Thus, climate variability and ecological dynamics have continued to threaten the resilience of pastoralists. However, despite vulnerability to climatic variability (droughts and floods) and cattle diseases, poor nutrition and husbandry practices, the pastoral typologies in Namwala have survived, demonstrating resilience, dynamic and self-organizing adaptive behaviour in a rural society. It was concluded that pastoralists have built up sufficient adaptive capacity to live with change and uncertainties. Therefore, resilience building in pastoral social-ecological typology and management of common property resources like the Kafue Flood Plain in Namwala, demands preserving and nurturing existing social, economic and ecological components that enable pastoralists to renew and reorganize livelihoods.
Ancient reverse colonization of Central America from the Caribbean in weevils...Guanyang Zhang
The document summarizes a study on the biogeography of the weevil genus Exophthalmus in the Caribbean and Central America. The study found that:
1) Species of Exophthalmus were distributed across the Caribbean islands and Central America, with high endemism in the Caribbean.
2) Molecular dating and phylogenetic analysis found the genus originated in the Caribbean in the late Oligocene and later colonized Central America through a single founder event around 18 million years ago.
3) Reconstructions found the genus underwent episodic dispersal between islands, with Cuba and Puerto Rico being major sources of colonists, through 14 inferred founder events prior to 13 million years ago.
1) Climate change is exacerbating vulnerabilities and changing resource distribution in the Sahel region of Africa, impacting livelihoods and potentially leading to increased migration, conflict and instability. 2) Regional climate trends show rising temperatures, more frequent/intense droughts and floods, though rainfall remains below historical averages. 3) Changes are reducing natural resource availability, increasing competition and potential for tensions between communities over scarce land and water. Addressing climate impacts and the underlying problems is needed to break cycles of crisis in the Sahel region.
Effects of steel mill scale on the strength characteristics of expansive clay...Alexander Decker
Steel mill scale was added to expansive black cotton clay soil at various percentages to evaluate its effect on soil strength properties. The following results were found:
1. Steel mill scale increased the maximum dry density of the soil by about 19% and reduced the optimum moisture content by about 28%.
2. The unsoaked CBR of the soil increased by about 16% with steel mill scale addition, while the soaked CBR decreased by about 75%. Swelling potential was reduced by about 60%.
3. The unconfined compressive strength increased by about 53% with 5% steel mill scale content but decreased with further additions, possibly due to poor adhesion between soil and steel particles.
In
Conflict of interest and university administratorsAlexander Decker
This document discusses conflict of interest and how it affects university administrators. It defines conflict of interest as a situation where a public officer's personal interests conflict or could conflict with their official duties. University administrators qualify as public officers. The document outlines five principles for dealing with conflict of interest and identifies several common areas where conflicts may arise for administrators, such as procurement processes. It emphasizes the importance of administrators identifying and removing themselves from conflict of interest situations, as this promotes fairness, reduces corruption, and benefits the institution. Overall, the document argues that properly managing conflicts of interest should be a priority for university administrators.
Méier+ - Uma plataforma colaborativa para construção de bairros.Erik Rodrigues
O Méier+ é uma plataforma de construção coletiva do bairro e é aberta para qualquer pessoa poder participar. Qualquer pessoa que usa a plataforma e colabora com seus usuários faz parte da Rede Méier+.
O Méier+ não é uma empresa, ONG ou outro tipo de instituição, é uma plataforma gerida horizontalmente pelas pessoas que a utilizam para melhorar o seu bairro. A própria rede decide como a plataforma funciona.
A forma como o Méier+ opera é entendendo os problemas do bairro pelas pessoas que vivem ou o frequentam, e conectando esses problemas com pessoas que podem e querem resolve-los.
A plataforma do Méier+ funciona através do envio de demandas (problemas ou ideias) da rede pelos nossos formulários e na criação de grupos de trabalho (GT’s) para criar e implementar soluções para esses problemas.
Todas as decisões da rede, criações de grupos de trabalho e acompanhamento das missões são feitas nos encontros presenciais.
Como participar?
- Demandas - Você pode enviar ou ver as demandas do bairro.
Demandas do bairro podem ser ENVIADAS aqui:http://goo.gl/Ndt1jt
Demandas do bairro podem ser VISTAS aqui: http://goo.gl/GUJMJg
- Encontros - Você pode participar dos encontros presenciais do Méier+.
Encontros presenciais ocorrem aos domingos, no Terraço do Imperator, às 17h da tarde: https://goo.gl/OOUvoR
As pautas (itens a serem discutidos nos encontros) são realizadas através de enquetes no evento do encontro e qualquer um pode adicionar itens a pauta.
Qualquer pessoa pode inserir uma demanda do bairro na pauta de algum encontro.
Duas pessoas são responsáveis por anotar o que foi discutido no encontro e postar na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook.
Na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook você pode ver o que foi discutido em todas as reuniões da rede.
- Missões - Você pode criar um grupo de trabalho para criar uma solução para uma demanda do bairro.
Demandas do bairro são inseridas nas pautas de encontros presenciais, através de enquetes nos eventos dos encontros.
Se houver 3~6 interessados em resolver a demanda inclusa na pauta de algum encontro, esse grupo constitui um GT (grupo de trabalho) encarregado de resolver a missão.
Qualquer pessoa pode colaborar com uma missão (mesmo não participando de um GT) através dos formulários de colaboração das missões: https://goo.gl/HDl5ex
Os GT's ativos são responsáveis por atualizar a rede com o acompanhamento das missões durante os encontros semanais e nesse documento: https://goo.gl/o83G6b
Design and fabriction of an interlocking tiles crusherAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and fabrication of an interlocking tiles crusher that uses a reciprocating mechanism. It is capable of crushing 300 tiles per hour with a crushing pressure of about 3 MN/m. The crusher is powered by a 3.71KW electric motor running at 980 RPM. It was designed to reduce environmental pollution and provide a cheaper alternative to industrial crushers. The crusher's reciprocating mechanism uses a rotating crank connected to a ram by a connecting rod to convert rotational motion into linear motion for crushing. Design considerations included strength, power requirements, and withstanding impact forces during crushing.
Chronic consumption of abelmoschus esculentus and piper guineense induce test...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of chronic consumption of Abelmoschus esculentus and Piper guineense on the testes of rats. Rats were divided into groups that received Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, a combination of both, or a control. After 28 days, the testes were examined. The control group showed normal testes histology. Groups receiving Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, or both showed numerous atrophied and damaged seminiferous tubules, degenerated cells, and interstitial fibrosis compared to controls, indicating cellular alterations and toxicity from chronic consumption of these plants. In conclusion, Abelmoschus esculent
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
This document summarizes three dissertations related to technology use in English classrooms. The first dissertation from 1997 examined factors preventing technology implementation in rural Tennessee schools, finding issues like lack of access, funding, training and fear of change. The second from 2012 explored how new teachers teach digital storytelling to tech-savvy students. It calls for better teacher training in technology use. The third from 2013 compared teacher perceptions of traditional vs technology-assisted teaching, finding technology can improve communication and prepare students for a global society, though some teachers resist change. The reviewer found themes around the need for improved teacher training and technology access in classrooms.
Current trends in audiological practices and implications for developing coun...Alexander Decker
- Current audiological practices in developing countries still rely heavily on behavioral audiometric testing which requires active patient participation, while developed countries now emphasize electrophysiological testing that does not require active participation.
- Electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem response testing and otoacoustic emission testing provide objective measures of hearing. Developed countries also use advanced techniques like cochlear implants.
- To better diagnose and treat hearing loss early, some developed countries implement universal newborn hearing screening before 1 month of age to identify problems, with evaluation by 3 months and early intervention starting by 6 months if needed. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for language development.
External debt and economic growth case of jordan (1990 2011)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Jordan from 1990-2011. The study finds a positive relationship between external debt and economic growth, indicating that external debt has contributed to Jordan's economic development. However, debt servicing is found to have a negative relationship with economic growth, suggesting it hampers growth. The document provides background on Jordan's economic growth rates and trends in external debt levels over the period studied.
Expanding the window - the past, present, and future of Minnesota's waterScott St. George
Nearly all decisions about water in Minnesota relate either directly or indirectly to data collected by the state’s hydrological observing network. Because most gauges were installed in early 20th century, as a whole the network provides us with roughly a 100-year ‘window’ to estimate flood risks, develop worst-case scenarios for drought, and set maximum allowable withdrawals for aquifers. But when we rely exclusively on observations made during this relatively brief interval, we may inadvertently increase our exposure to hydrological ‘surprises’. In order to make sound decisions about water in Minnesota, we need to expand this window: into the past, drawing upon historical accounts and natural archives; and into the future, via projections from climate and hydrological models. By cultivating a broader perspective on hydrological variability and extremes across the state, we will be better prepared to ensure adequate water supplies and mitigate the impacts of future floods and droughts.
The document discusses trends in global water usage and scarcity. Population growth is expected to increase demand for fresh water by 60-100% by 2050. Agricultural production already uses 70% of fresh water and demands are rising. China controls the Himalayan headwaters that supply water to India and Southeast Asia, creating political tensions. Most international laws focus on surface water and fail to adequately govern trans-boundary aquifers. The trends indicate increasing risks of scarcity due to factors like pollution, over-irrigation, and higher livestock demands.
Don’t call it a comeback: Studying ancient floods to prepare for future hazardsScott St. George
How long do we need to watch a river before its behavior holds no more surprises? In this country, instrumental measurements of river stage and discharge stretch back a century or more, but this observed history still provides only a rough guide to the risks of future extreme floods. In this lecture, I’ll outline how paleoflood hydrology expands our perspective on river history by combining historical, botanical, and geological evidence of earlier (and ofttimes unknown) floods. And I’ll explain how we can interpret those physical clues left behind by ancient floods to improve hazard assessments for at-risk communities, support decisions about flood infrastructure, and investigate the long-term effects of climate or land-use changes on flooding. Because what has happened before can happen again, most everyone near a river would profit by keeping a longer memory of old floods.
A shortage of water as a cause of internal and international conflicts in the...Fernando Alcoforado
Water scarcity is increasing and poses risks of conflicts. Only 2.5% of the planet's water is freshwater, yet demand is rising due to population growth. By 2050, over 2 billion more people may lack access to water. Diseases from unsafe water kill over a million people annually. As water resources decline due to climate change, internal and international disputes over water are expected to increase in the 21st century.
This document discusses paleoflood research along the Red River. It provides evidence that past floods along the river were larger than any observed in recorded history. Tree ring analysis reveals details about 3 extremely large floods that occurred in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The tallest scars on trees from these events indicate water levels exceeded any modern floods by 1-3 meters. Studying past flood sizes and frequencies provides important information about the full range of Red River flood risk.
The societal value of historical and paleoflood research in Manitoba, CanadaScott St. George
1) Shared knowledge of past natural disasters has a major impact on preparation for future hazards. The document discusses the historical floods along the Red River in Manitoba, Canada.
2) Winnipeg built a large flood diversion channel in the 1960s after experiencing major floods, including in 1826 and 1950, to protect the city from future flooding of the Red River.
3) American communities like Grand Forks and Fargo were more vulnerable to Red River flooding until recently because they did not have the same long historical memory of floods that informed Winnipeg's early investment in flood protection infrastructure.
Long droughts: Using natural climate archives to gage the risks of future “me...Scott St. George
In the Biblical story of Joseph, following seven years of abundance, the Kingdom of Egypt was confronted by seven years of drought and famine. In the parlance of modern climate science, intervals with several consecutive extremely dry years are described as ‘“megadroughts”. In this short talk, I’ll describe how climate scientists combine clues from natural weather archives (including corals, tree rings, lake sediments, and many other sources) to reveal the history of ancient megadroughts across our planet. And I’ll highlight new research that combines these surrogate drought records with simulations from state-of-the-art climate models to help us better anticipate the risks of unusually persistent droughts during the coming century.
Tourism is an important industry for India's economy and employment, however it can also damage the environment through pollution, overcrowding at sites, and commercialization of cultures. While tourism brings income, taxes, and jobs, the document discusses how overtourism can degrade the natural environment and cultural heritage of destinations if not properly managed. Balancing the economic benefits of tourism with environmental sustainability and cultural preservation is an ongoing challenge faced by many countries, including India.
Social-ecological typologies to climate variability among pastoralists in Nam...Premier Publishers
Agriculture in Zambia has the potential to enhance economic growth and reduce poverty. Despite its huge potential, the development of the livestock sector has been stifled by a number of barriers, among them climate variability. The case of Namwala District in Southern Zambia illustrates how pastoralists have developed multiple resilience strategies to climate variability, livestock diseases and altered flooding of the Kafue River between two dams. The study was exploratory in nature and used both qualitative and quantitative data to allow for descriptions of given geographical phenomena. Results showed that population in cattle have increased resulting into reduced area available for grazing per cow with respect to access to water and pasture regimes. This implies that the Kafue Flats is prone to overgrazing in view of combined increased floodplain agriculture, successive droughts and increase in the number of cattle. Thus, climate variability and ecological dynamics have continued to threaten the resilience of pastoralists. However, despite vulnerability to climatic variability (droughts and floods) and cattle diseases, poor nutrition and husbandry practices, the pastoral typologies in Namwala have survived, demonstrating resilience, dynamic and self-organizing adaptive behaviour in a rural society. It was concluded that pastoralists have built up sufficient adaptive capacity to live with change and uncertainties. Therefore, resilience building in pastoral social-ecological typology and management of common property resources like the Kafue Flood Plain in Namwala, demands preserving and nurturing existing social, economic and ecological components that enable pastoralists to renew and reorganize livelihoods.
Ancient reverse colonization of Central America from the Caribbean in weevils...Guanyang Zhang
The document summarizes a study on the biogeography of the weevil genus Exophthalmus in the Caribbean and Central America. The study found that:
1) Species of Exophthalmus were distributed across the Caribbean islands and Central America, with high endemism in the Caribbean.
2) Molecular dating and phylogenetic analysis found the genus originated in the Caribbean in the late Oligocene and later colonized Central America through a single founder event around 18 million years ago.
3) Reconstructions found the genus underwent episodic dispersal between islands, with Cuba and Puerto Rico being major sources of colonists, through 14 inferred founder events prior to 13 million years ago.
1) Climate change is exacerbating vulnerabilities and changing resource distribution in the Sahel region of Africa, impacting livelihoods and potentially leading to increased migration, conflict and instability. 2) Regional climate trends show rising temperatures, more frequent/intense droughts and floods, though rainfall remains below historical averages. 3) Changes are reducing natural resource availability, increasing competition and potential for tensions between communities over scarce land and water. Addressing climate impacts and the underlying problems is needed to break cycles of crisis in the Sahel region.
Effects of steel mill scale on the strength characteristics of expansive clay...Alexander Decker
Steel mill scale was added to expansive black cotton clay soil at various percentages to evaluate its effect on soil strength properties. The following results were found:
1. Steel mill scale increased the maximum dry density of the soil by about 19% and reduced the optimum moisture content by about 28%.
2. The unsoaked CBR of the soil increased by about 16% with steel mill scale addition, while the soaked CBR decreased by about 75%. Swelling potential was reduced by about 60%.
3. The unconfined compressive strength increased by about 53% with 5% steel mill scale content but decreased with further additions, possibly due to poor adhesion between soil and steel particles.
In
Conflict of interest and university administratorsAlexander Decker
This document discusses conflict of interest and how it affects university administrators. It defines conflict of interest as a situation where a public officer's personal interests conflict or could conflict with their official duties. University administrators qualify as public officers. The document outlines five principles for dealing with conflict of interest and identifies several common areas where conflicts may arise for administrators, such as procurement processes. It emphasizes the importance of administrators identifying and removing themselves from conflict of interest situations, as this promotes fairness, reduces corruption, and benefits the institution. Overall, the document argues that properly managing conflicts of interest should be a priority for university administrators.
Méier+ - Uma plataforma colaborativa para construção de bairros.Erik Rodrigues
O Méier+ é uma plataforma de construção coletiva do bairro e é aberta para qualquer pessoa poder participar. Qualquer pessoa que usa a plataforma e colabora com seus usuários faz parte da Rede Méier+.
O Méier+ não é uma empresa, ONG ou outro tipo de instituição, é uma plataforma gerida horizontalmente pelas pessoas que a utilizam para melhorar o seu bairro. A própria rede decide como a plataforma funciona.
A forma como o Méier+ opera é entendendo os problemas do bairro pelas pessoas que vivem ou o frequentam, e conectando esses problemas com pessoas que podem e querem resolve-los.
A plataforma do Méier+ funciona através do envio de demandas (problemas ou ideias) da rede pelos nossos formulários e na criação de grupos de trabalho (GT’s) para criar e implementar soluções para esses problemas.
Todas as decisões da rede, criações de grupos de trabalho e acompanhamento das missões são feitas nos encontros presenciais.
Como participar?
- Demandas - Você pode enviar ou ver as demandas do bairro.
Demandas do bairro podem ser ENVIADAS aqui:http://goo.gl/Ndt1jt
Demandas do bairro podem ser VISTAS aqui: http://goo.gl/GUJMJg
- Encontros - Você pode participar dos encontros presenciais do Méier+.
Encontros presenciais ocorrem aos domingos, no Terraço do Imperator, às 17h da tarde: https://goo.gl/OOUvoR
As pautas (itens a serem discutidos nos encontros) são realizadas através de enquetes no evento do encontro e qualquer um pode adicionar itens a pauta.
Qualquer pessoa pode inserir uma demanda do bairro na pauta de algum encontro.
Duas pessoas são responsáveis por anotar o que foi discutido no encontro e postar na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook.
Na área “arquivos” do grupo do facebook você pode ver o que foi discutido em todas as reuniões da rede.
- Missões - Você pode criar um grupo de trabalho para criar uma solução para uma demanda do bairro.
Demandas do bairro são inseridas nas pautas de encontros presenciais, através de enquetes nos eventos dos encontros.
Se houver 3~6 interessados em resolver a demanda inclusa na pauta de algum encontro, esse grupo constitui um GT (grupo de trabalho) encarregado de resolver a missão.
Qualquer pessoa pode colaborar com uma missão (mesmo não participando de um GT) através dos formulários de colaboração das missões: https://goo.gl/HDl5ex
Os GT's ativos são responsáveis por atualizar a rede com o acompanhamento das missões durante os encontros semanais e nesse documento: https://goo.gl/o83G6b
Design and fabriction of an interlocking tiles crusherAlexander Decker
This document describes the design and fabrication of an interlocking tiles crusher that uses a reciprocating mechanism. It is capable of crushing 300 tiles per hour with a crushing pressure of about 3 MN/m. The crusher is powered by a 3.71KW electric motor running at 980 RPM. It was designed to reduce environmental pollution and provide a cheaper alternative to industrial crushers. The crusher's reciprocating mechanism uses a rotating crank connected to a ram by a connecting rod to convert rotational motion into linear motion for crushing. Design considerations included strength, power requirements, and withstanding impact forces during crushing.
Chronic consumption of abelmoschus esculentus and piper guineense induce test...Alexander Decker
This study examined the effects of chronic consumption of Abelmoschus esculentus and Piper guineense on the testes of rats. Rats were divided into groups that received Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, a combination of both, or a control. After 28 days, the testes were examined. The control group showed normal testes histology. Groups receiving Abelmoschus esculentus, Piper guineense, or both showed numerous atrophied and damaged seminiferous tubules, degenerated cells, and interstitial fibrosis compared to controls, indicating cellular alterations and toxicity from chronic consumption of these plants. In conclusion, Abelmoschus esculent
Coordination modes of a new ligand derived from pyrazoline with cr(iii), mn(i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that synthesized and characterized coordination complexes of Cr(III), Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions with a new ligand derived from pyrazoline. The complexes were analyzed using various techniques including elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility measurements, and electronic spectroscopy. The data indicated the ligand behaves as a neutral bidentate toward the metal ions. The biological activities of the ligand and its complexes were screened against bacteria and fungi, with some complexes showing higher antimicrobial activity than the free ligand.
This document summarizes three dissertations related to technology use in English classrooms. The first dissertation from 1997 examined factors preventing technology implementation in rural Tennessee schools, finding issues like lack of access, funding, training and fear of change. The second from 2012 explored how new teachers teach digital storytelling to tech-savvy students. It calls for better teacher training in technology use. The third from 2013 compared teacher perceptions of traditional vs technology-assisted teaching, finding technology can improve communication and prepare students for a global society, though some teachers resist change. The reviewer found themes around the need for improved teacher training and technology access in classrooms.
Current trends in audiological practices and implications for developing coun...Alexander Decker
- Current audiological practices in developing countries still rely heavily on behavioral audiometric testing which requires active patient participation, while developed countries now emphasize electrophysiological testing that does not require active participation.
- Electrophysiological tests like auditory brainstem response testing and otoacoustic emission testing provide objective measures of hearing. Developed countries also use advanced techniques like cochlear implants.
- To better diagnose and treat hearing loss early, some developed countries implement universal newborn hearing screening before 1 month of age to identify problems, with evaluation by 3 months and early intervention starting by 6 months if needed. Early diagnosis and treatment are important for language development.
External debt and economic growth case of jordan (1990 2011)Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between external debt and economic growth in Jordan from 1990-2011. The study finds a positive relationship between external debt and economic growth, indicating that external debt has contributed to Jordan's economic development. However, debt servicing is found to have a negative relationship with economic growth, suggesting it hampers growth. The document provides background on Jordan's economic growth rates and trends in external debt levels over the period studied.
This document summarizes a study on perceptions of primary school teachers in Jamaica regarding their ability to be promoted to leadership roles like vice principal or principal. The study found that teachers perceived four main factors that disadvantage those without connections: 1) religious affiliation, 2) political affiliation, 3) influence from regional education officials or existing school administrators, and 4) social connections. The study suggests these factors have led teachers to believe they must engage in corruption or cronyism to advance their careers. Overall, the document examines how perceptions of unfairness in the promotion system could undermine trust in Jamaica's education system and efforts to improve quality.
Changes in quality of life among jordanian colorectal cancer patients a quali...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a qualitative study that explored how a colorectal cancer diagnosis and treatment impacted patients' quality of life in Jordan. Ten Jordanian patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer participated in semi-structured interviews. Analysis of the interviews identified four main categories reflecting changes in patients' quality of life: 1) perceptions of quality of life such as diminished physical fitness and treatment side effects, 2) cancer as a source of distress through emotions, outlook on the future, and lost confidence, 3) changing roles like dependencies and altered responsibilities, and 4) changes in social life including isolation and disrupted family life. The study provides insight into how colorectal cancer affected patients' lives physically, psychologically, and socially.
Characterization of diesel hydrogen peroxide fuel blendAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that characterized blends of diesel fuel and hydrogen peroxide. Various blends ranging from 5-15% hydrogen peroxide by volume were tested and compared to standard diesel fuel using ASTM standard fuel tests. The results showed that hydrogen peroxide is capable of enhancing diesel fuel properties due to the additional oxygen that can improve combustion and reduce emissions. Physicochemical properties like density and viscosity of the blends increased with higher hydrogen peroxide content due to its higher density compared to diesel. Overall, the study found that hydrogen peroxide has potential as a diesel fuel additive to improve properties and reduce emissions.
The French and Indian War began in 1754 due to conflicting territorial claims between France, England, and Spain in North America. France wanted control of the Mississippi River and sent troops to push out the British from the Ohio River Valley, which England viewed as an act of war. Though the British colonies sent delegates to decide how to handle the war, they did not take united action as a country. As the war expanded to Europe, Britain began winning battles in the Americas. The 1763 Treaty of Paris ended the war, forcing France to cede lands east of the Mississippi to Britain and Spain. However, tensions rose again as colonists ignored the Proclamation of 1763 banning white settlement west of the Appalachians, and
This document summarizes a research journal article that examines the determinants of fiscal growth in Jordan. The study uses time series data from 1982-2010 to analyze the relationships between fiscal growth rates and several independent variables, including available liquidity in banking, private sector credit rates, stock market capitalization, and government fiscal policy. The study found positive statistical relationships between fiscal growth and the first three variables, but did not prove an impact of fiscal policy. It recommends policies to encourage bank mergers, intellectual property rights, and coordinating fiscal and monetary policies to link them with economic growth.
This document reviews the SMARTTM Volcano educational game. It summarizes the original games, which included definition matching, spelling practice, and picture identification activities targeted at 7th grade science lessons. It proposes changes to increase engagement and learning, such as placing definition matching questions on separate slides with text boxes for answers. It also recommends replacing the spelling activity with an educational video and increasing the number of images in the picture identification game while linking images to locations. The review emphasizes using multiple techniques like images, video and explanations to engage students and help them comprehend, retain and apply the lesson information.
Flood management in Malaysia relies on both structural and non-structural approaches. Structural approaches include dams and dykes to control flood flows, while non-structural approaches focus on flood forecasting systems, land use planning, and early warning systems. During floods, government agencies coordinate rescue efforts and provide aid to victims. After floods, the government helps rebuild damaged homes and infrastructure and provides relief payments to affected communities. Overall, Malaysia has developed robust flood management strategies aimed at minimizing risks and supporting victims of flooding.
Columbian Exchange Essay. Columbian Exchange Essay - Assignemnt 1 - 1 The Col...Heather Green
The Columbian Exchange: Shaping Nations Through Trade and Culture Free .... Writing Activity: The Columbian Exchange. Effects of the Columbian Exchange (500 Words) - PHDessay.com. The Columbian Exchange Explained – Marco Learning.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It discusses 8 pieces of evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide sediment currents, 4) unusually widespread sediment layers, 5) erosion rates too fast for gradual processes, 6) gaps in sediments without erosion, 7) incomplete fossil records, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global flood around 4,000 years ago as described in Genesis, rather than slow processes over billions of years.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by examining geological features and fossils. It outlines 8 pieces of scientific evidence including: 1) abundant marine sediments on continents, 2) underwater activity on continents, 3) continent-wide currents, 4) widespread sedimentary deposits, 5) erosion rates too fast, 6) gaps in sediments, 7) incomplete ecosystems, and 8) unusual coal deposits. The document argues these features are best explained by a global flood rather than slow, gradual processes over long periods of time.
The document provides evidence for the Genesis Flood described in the Bible by outlining 8 key points of scientific evidence: 1) Abundant marine sediments are found on continents, which is unusual given continents normally float above ocean sediments. 2) There is evidence of abundant underwater activity on continents. 3) Continent-wide current patterns are observed. 4) Sedimentary deposits are unusually widespread. 5) Rates of continental erosion are too fast for a gradual model. 6) Flat gaps or unconformities exist in sedimentary layers. 7) Incomplete ecological systems are found in the fossil record. 8) Unusual coal deposits have been discovered. The document argues this evidence is best explained by a global catastrophic flood like the Genesis
The document discusses the Gap Theory view of Genesis 1, which proposes that between Genesis 1:1 and 1:2, Satan rebelled and God's original creation was laid waste, requiring Him to remake the earth. It also summarizes views for and against a literal 6-day creation week based on textual evidence and Hebrew grammar. Finally, it outlines physical features of the pre-Flood world and provides arguments that the Genesis Flood was global in scope.
14. the astonishing genesis flood, part 1Ariel Roth
This document provides an introduction to a discussion on the Genesis Flood described in the Bible. It outlines key points that will be covered, including:
- The conflict between the scientific view of gradual evolution over billions of years versus the biblical view of a global Flood laying down sedimentary layers rapidly.
- Evidence that the Flood was a worldwide catastrophic event based on descriptions in Genesis and references in the New Testament, as well as flood legends found in folklore around the world.
- How the Flood reconciles the fossil record with the six-day creation described in the Bible, with most fossils being buried during this catastrophic event rather than gradually over millions of years.
Xu 1Xu 7The Sixth ExtinctionIn the book, The Sixt.docxericbrooks84875
Xu 1
Xu 7
The Sixth Extinction
In the book, The Sixth Extinction, Kolbert challenges the general unawareness of historic disbelief in mass extinction that has been talked about prior to the late 1700s, a period which the scientific communities failed to reason, let alone envision living in a planet with a powerful force capable of wiping out life in a massive scale. According to her, the unbelief fosters ideologies that no natural force can be powerful enough to trigger the extinction of species on a massive scale because of the threats that human post on Earth to the species. Therefore, she uses scientific research references to argue that the behavior of human species is disrupting the balanced and interconnected Earth's systems to the possibility of causing extinction not only of non-human species but to humans as well. Such behavior includes burning fossil fuels. Some of the significant areas likely to cause mass extinction due to unprecedented human behavior are the global atmosphere, the heat absorption by the sea, the water cycle, and the acidity of the ocean, effects on soil moisture and the extension of drought conditions.
The Sixth Extinction presumes that unless checked, there is eminent destruction of plant life by pests and unmanageable heat stress due to problems in heat regulation, among other related challenges. To be precise, Kolbert makes it clear that in the current century, manmade activities will lead to the elimination of up to 50% of species that currently live in the earth. In explicating the argument that Kolbert puts across in her book, The Sixth Extinction, this paper seeks to examine the organization of the chapters, as well as, how the information in these chapters explains the disruption of the Earth’s system, as a threat to creatures that live in sea and land. This is done when noting any strengths and weaknesses in the argument to determine the credibility of the stance that Kolbert takes in her book.
The book is generally arranged into 13 chapters. The chapters are topically denoted and begin with the first chapter laying ground for her belief in the possibility of mass extinction. The subsequent chapters give historical as well as scientific backing of her conviction. These include The Mastodon’s Molars in chapter two; The Original Penguin; The Luck of the Ammonites; and Welcome to the Anthropocene in chapters three to five respectively. The chapters following these backup chapters are used by the author to point at apparent areas directly or indirectly affected by human behavior threatening extinction. These include the sea (chapter six and seven), and land (chapters eight to twelve).
In the concluding chapter 13 (The Things with Feathers), focus is on the efforts taken to facilitation promotion of conservation and preservation of species on land and sea. However, she ends with a rather definite fact that whichever the actions taken by humanity, the evolutionary pathways are fully drawn on which sp.
A GREAT FLOOD- ATRAHASIS, GILGAMESH AND GENESIS 6Sean Emslie
This document examines and compares the flood accounts in Atrahasis, Gilgamesh, and Genesis. It finds that while the stories share similarities like a flood hero and ark, they differ in key details like the timing and cause of the flood. The Genesis account contrasts in portraying a monotheistic God directing Noah, while the Mesopotamian versions reflect polytheism. Comparing biblical texts to ancient Near Eastern literature provides cultural context and may corroborate the global scale of the Genesis flood by finding accounts in many cultures.
Environmental scarcities and violent conflict presentationSisty Basil
The document discusses how environmental scarcity, defined as scarcity of renewable resources like agriculture land, forests, water, and fish, can contribute to violence according to Homer Dixon's model. It identifies three main ways environmental scarcity can arise: demand-induced scarcity from population growth, supply-induced scarcity from degradation of resources, and structural scarcity from unequal access to resources. The document then analyzes case studies on conflicts related to resources scarcity, noting water and non-renewable resources like oil are more likely to spark conflicts between states. Specific cases involving Lesotho, South Africa, India, Bangladesh, and Rwanda are examined in more detail.
MA: WaterWise Landscaping to Fight the Water Crisis and DroughtSotirakou964
This document is the newsletter of the Ecological Landscaping Association. It focuses on the topic of water and sustainable water management. In 3 sentences:
Water is essential for life but freshwater resources are under threat from population growth and unsustainable practices. The natural water cycle and protecting watersheds are keys to sustainable water management. The document discusses water sources, problems caused by interfering with watersheds like flooding and drought, and calls for protecting water sources and conserving water usage.
This document discusses two contrasting views of the fossil record - the biblical view that life was created recently and most fossils are the result of a global flood, versus the evolutionary view that life evolved gradually over billions of years. It examines how the fossil record appears to show a progression from simple to complex organisms and explores creationist explanations for this pattern, including ecological zonation theory. This theory proposes that the order of fossils reflects the pre-Flood distribution of life across different ecological zones, which were destroyed sequentially by a rising flood.
Do nations go to war over waterWendy Barnaby was asked to wDustiBuckner14
Do nations go to war over water?
Wendy Barnaby was asked to write a book about water wars — then the facts got in the way of her story.
The United Nations warned as recently as last
week that climate change harbours the poten-
tial for serious conflicts over water. In its World
Water Development Report1 of March 2009, it
quotes UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
noting the risk of water scarcity “transforming
peaceful competition into violence”. It is state-
ments such as this that gave birth to popular
notions of ‘water wars’. It is time we dispelled
this myth. Countries do not go to war over
water, they solve their water shortages through
trade and international agreements.
Cooperation, in fact, is the dominant
response to shared water resources. There are
263 cross-boundary waterways in the world.
Between 1948 and 1999, cooperation over
water, including the signing of treaties, far out-
weighed conflict over water and violent conflict
in particular. Of 1,831 instances of interactions
over international freshwater
resources tallied over that time
period (including everything
from unofficial verbal exchanges
to economic agreements or mili-
tary action), 67% were coopera-
tive, only 28% were conflictive,
and the remaining 5% were neu-
tral or insignificant. In those five
decades, there were no formal declarations of
war over water2.
I learned this the hard way. A few years ago,
I had just written a book about biological war-
fare3 and the publishers were keen for me to
write another. “How about one on water wars?”
they asked. It seemed a good idea. The 1990s
had seen cataclysmic forecasts, such as former
World Bank vice-president Ismail Serageldin’s
often-quoted 1995 prophecy that, although
“the wars of this century were fought over
oil, the wars of the next century will be fought
over water”.
This and similar warnings entered the zeit-
geist. Tony Allan, a social scientist at King’s
College London and the School of Oriental
and African Studies (SOAS) in London, sum-
marized4 the not-so-subtle argument as “if you
run out of water you reach for a Kalashnikov or
summon the air strike”.
I had no difficulty finding sources to back up
this argument, and I set about writing chapters
on the Jordan, the Nile and the Tigris–Euphra-
tes river systems. My chapter choice relied on
what seemed a perfectly reasonable assump-
tion: that water scarcity was governed by the
presence or absence of flowing water.
Allan had made the same assumption a few
decades earlier when he set out to study the
water situation in Libya. By the mid-1980s,
water stress in North Africa and the Middle
East had worsened; but Allan began to ques-
tion his assumptions when he found no sign
of the widely predicted water wars. Instead, the
burgeoning populations of the Middle East-
ern economies had no apparent difficulties
in meeting their food and water needs. Allan
had been forced to grapple with a situation in
which people who ...
Similar to Conflict over water in genesis implications for the church in sub sahara africain relation to support for the millennium development goals (14)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
How to Interpret Trends in the Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart.pdfChart Kalyan
A Mix Chart displays historical data of numbers in a graphical or tabular form. The Kalyan Rajdhani Mix Chart specifically shows the results of a sequence of numbers over different periods.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
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Conflict over water in genesis implications for the church in sub sahara africain relation to support for the millennium development goals
1. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Conflict over Water in Genesis 26:12-33: Implications for the
Church in Sub-Sahara Africain Relation to Support for the
Millennium Development Goals.
Sunday DidamAudu,AfolarinOlutunde Ojewole
Department of Religious Studies, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, PMB 21244, Ikeja-Lagos, Nigeria.
E-mail of corresponding author: aududidam@yahoo.com
Abstract
This paper sees a similarity between the promise to provide a better life to Abraham’s descendants and the
promise of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to address the challenges facing the world. Drawing
from the patriarchal experiences in Biblical times with water scarcity situations and the attendant conflict
potential, this paper surveys welfare issues connected with water scarcity in the Old Testament with parallels in
Africa. Although water is the most abundant resource on earth, its diminishing state in usable form poses a
continuous challenge to large populations in the world, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, exposing those affected
to certain vulnerabilities. The paper argues that a careful examination of the Millennium Development Goals
shows the strategic importance of water in achieving them in varying capacities. Specifically, water is needed to
reduce poverty, reduce hunger, achieve food security (Goal 1), and to achieve environmental sustainability (Goal
7). The paper submits that the Church in Africa must contribute to the achievement of the MDGs, failure of
which will jeopardize the realization of the goals and by extension affect the ministry of the Church negatively.
Keywords: Water Scarcity, Conflict, Church, sub-Sahara Africa, Millennium Development Goals.
1. Introduction
At the turn of the millennium in the year 2000, the United Nations convened the Millennium Summit and
pledged to achieve eight specific goals for the world by the year 2015. The nations of the world then committed
themselves to: 1) eradicate extreme poverty and hunger; 2) achieve universal primary education; 3) promote
gender equality and empower women; 4) reduce child mortality; 5) improve maternal health; 6) reverse the
spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; 7) ensure environmental sustainability; 8) and develop a global
partnership for development. A careful examination of the Millennium Development Goals MDGs will show
the strategic importance of water in achieving them in varying capacities. Specifically, water is needed to reduce
poverty and achieve food security which will reduce hunger (Goal 1). Adequate water is also needed to achieve
environmental sustainability (Goal 7).In the opening scene of Mazrui’s (1986) documentary, The Africans: A
Triple Heritage,the following statement is recorded: “In the beginning was water, and the water was of God, and
the water was God.” This expression underscores a principle that water was, and still is an important element in
the creation of the world and its sustenance. Human activity on earth enhanced by the presence of water and a
dignified human existence is threatened when there is a lack of sufficient quantity of it. Could this provide a hint
on why there was so much contention over access to water between the patriarchal figures with their host
communities in the Biblical account of Genesis 26:12-33? In what ways can parallels be found with the situation
in contemporary sub-Sahara Africa? Are the threats diminishing or increasing? What effects will water scarcity
and conflict over it have on the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals in Africa? How can the
church in Africa help the situation? This paper attempts to find an explanation to these questions and address the
challenges that must be met in order to enhance access to water in sub- Sahara Africa. To achieve this, the paper
is presented in five parts. The first serves as the introduction. The second part discusses instances of water
scarcity in the Biblical times and how the people responded to it. The third part carries out an exegesis of the
passage Genesis 26:12-33 in relation to conflict relationships over water scarcity. The fourth part identifies
certain conflict situations over water scarcity in Africa. The fifth part discourses the MDGs as a promise to the
World, the fifth part highlights the role the church in Africa needs to play in helping to achieve the MDGs and
reduce conflict. The sixth and last part forms the conclusion.
2. Water Scarcity in Patriarchal Times
Water, is one of the most important and necessary elements in the physical universe. The earliest account of the
nature of the earth in the Bible reveals that water was the first thing the earth was made of (Gen.1:1). From the
biblical view, water was planned to play a central role for life and activity on earth thus the creation of the earth
out of water. In the first human dwelling place in the Garden of Eden, a river flowed out of it to water earth and
became the source of other great surface rivers that made water available in usable form in the earth (Gen 2:10).
15
2. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
2.1 Abraham Faces Water Scarcity
The first mention of water scarcity situation in the Bible was when the Patriarch Abraham experienced a severe
famine that occurred in Canaan, the land which God promised him. That led to his first sojourn into Egypt
which was watered by the Nile. Water was definitely a major part of the livestock support. After leaving Egypt,
scarcity of grazing land, directly related to inadequate water resources, caused skirmishes between Abraham’s
and Lot’s herdsmen which was settled by their separating after Lot chose the well-watered plains of the Jordan
(Genesis 12: 10,11: 13:5-11).
In Genesis 21:22-34, water rights was a major reason for a covenantal
relationship between Abimelech, Philistine King of Gerar and Abraham.
2.2 The Children of Israel Face Water Scarcity
In the first place, it was a water scarcity situation, a famine, which made the children of Isreal to migrate from
Canaan to Egypt where there was an abundance of grain. Years later when they left Egypt, they travelled to
Canaan through the wilderness. On several occasions they were overcome by thirst because there was no water.
The importance of water rights is further underscored when Israel needed to ask permission to pass through
Edom’s territory (Deut 5:5-6), promising not to drink from Edom’s wells (Num 20:17). The same privilege was
sought from Sihon, king of Heshbon (Num 21:21-22). In the life of the Israelites water became critical for their
settlements. People settled where a source of water was available for a sustainable period. Shortages of water,
inadequate access and inequitable allocation of water are usually described as “crisis” situations (Brown, 2001
pp 17-22; Gleick, 1993 pp 79-112). According to Nwaogazie (2006, pp 3-4), “…man’s encounter with
abundance, scarcity, poor quality and reticulation of water had been a recurring phenomenon since the creation
of the world.” Water shall feature prominently in the final restoration of the earth. (Rev 22:1-2; 17). The
emphasis cannot be clearer.
3. Exegesis of Genesis 26:12-33
The following is a study of the selected portion of study which examines specific encounters that ensued while
dealing with water scarcity. Isaac was at the center of it as he contended with his neighbors over rights to water
sources.
3.1 General Background
This analysis takes the scriptural text at face value, an approach that is close to the Canonical approach to
scripture stipulated by Childs (1995 pp 293-301) where the final form of the canon is accepted “as is.” The
literary and structural unity of the Pentateuch as a whole and of Genesis in particular, is accepted in the
consideration of this text (Archer, 1985 pp 89-189; Clines,1997 p 7; and Garret 1991, pp.51-54). The patriarchs
were real people who lived and moved in the early second millennium ΒC (Mendenhall, 1965, pp. 36-37). Some
have suggested that Gen 26:1-33 functions as a “flashback” on the story of Gen 12:10-20 and 21:22-34 (Nichol,
1996, pp 330-338). The structure of Gen 26:1-33 could be built around how Yahweh made certain promises to
Isaac (verses 2-5, 24). These promises are not easily fulfilled as they are followed by threats which then get
resolved. Genesis 26:2-5 promises the blessings of land, progeny, and the blessing of the nations, made to Isaac
(Nichol, 1996, p. 339).
3.2 The Identity of the Source of Conflict
The source of water that brought about conflict in this Isaac story isḇͤ ’ēr.It is a feminine noun which occurs with
the meaning “well, pit, natural spring” thirty-eight (38) times in the OT (Even-Shoshan, 1997, p. 146). It is
suggested to be a possible derivative from the verb ḇā’ar meaning “declare, make plain,” though connection is
uncertain (Lewis, 1980, p.87). “This verb occurs only in the Piel stem. It describes writing on tablets of stone
that is made clear and distinct (Deut 27:8) or some writing upon tablets which is legible at a hurried glance (Hab
2:2)” (Lewis, 1980, p. 87). This noun ḇā’ar is related as cognates and likely co-derivatives with masculine nouns
bō’rand bôrboth referring to “cistern, pit, well” even though they are often dug in rock for storing water in the
rainy season for use in the long dry seasons characteristic of the dry climate of Palestine. A flowing well was
called “living water” or “fresh water.” A dug well could be protected with a stone covering (Gen 29:2ff); and
could become a hiding place (2 Sam 17:18-21 ḇͤ’ēr. also refers to slime or bitumen pit (Gen 14:10) and the pit as
a place of destruction (Psalm 55:23, 24; 69:15,16).
3.3 The Location of the Water Sources
At least four geographical locations got their names based on the presence of wells ḇͤ’ēr. The first is a yet
unidentified particular site between Kadesh and Bered in Gen 16:14- bͤ ’ērlaHayrō’î called “Beer-lahai-roi”
meaning “well of the Living One who sees me!” The place takes its name from the encounter of Hagar with the
Angel of the Lord when she ran away from her mistress, exclaiming “You are the God who sees” (Gen 16:13).
Isaac was located there later (Gen 25:11). The second spot with a derivate name from b°ar “well” is bͤ °ēršeḇaͨ .
The two other place names from ḇͤ°ērare “Beer,” an oasis rest in desert during the Exodus, a city west of Hebron
(Num 21:16) and bͤ °ēr°êlîm, called Beer-elim, that is “well of God,” a well in the south of Moab (Isa 15:8).
Gerar and Beer-Sheba are the most important locations in Isaac’s movement in this narrative. The other places
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3. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
mentioned were mere “stopping places along the way between these two, except for a somewhat enigmatic
reference to ‘the land’ and a brief reference to Egypt, both found at the beginning of the story (Nichol, 1996,
p.353). Gerar was likely situated on the coastal plain, south of Gaza and some distance west of Beer-Sheba
(Simons, 1959, pp. 217-218; Aharoni, 1956, pp. 24-36). When Isaac arrived at Beer-Sheba, he had returned to
“the land” he had left at the beginning of the story.
Because pastoralism is an adaptation to environmental as well as political conditions the patriarchs were more
pastoralists than sedentary people whose relations and “pattern of behavior were shaped by a marginal
environment” (Matthews, 1986, p.119; Alon and Levy, 1983, pp. 105-107). The stories in Genesis 21 and 26
place great emphasis on continuity of water rights which are “of extreme importance to the pastoralist and held
as a tribal right to be issued only to other members of the tribe or to sworn allies” (Pastner, 1971, pp. 285-288).
Within the text of Gen 26:12-33, at least seven wells were referred to. The wells earlier dug by Abraham that
Isaac renovated were at least two in number. Perhaps, in Matthews’ (1983, p. 119) opinion, these older wells did
not contain enough water to meet the increased household, agricultural, and pastoral needs of Isaac. Five new
wells were dug by Isaac’s servants and were called Esek, Sitnah, Rehoboth, Beersheba, and Shebah (Genesis 26:
19-33).
3.4 The Cause of the Conflict
Water conflict commences in Gen 26: 15, 18 when Abraham’s wells were sealed up by the Gerar Philistines.
These wells are “plural” even though the context of Abraham’s story does not tell of the specific wells he built.
ͤ
In Gen 26:15 wkolhabͤ °¢rt which means “for all of the well.” And the verb which describes the action of the
Philistines is waymal°ûm which means “they had filled them.” This verb begins with a w> [w] which is a
particle conjunction, waw consecutive; and it is Piel imperfect 3rd person masculine plural from the rootml° “to
fill up.” This verb contains a 3rd person masculine plural suffix “them” which refers to the wells of Abraham
which they stopped. In Gen 26:18, reference is made to plural wells dug by Abraham with the use of the noun
common feminine plural construct bͤ °¢rōt. Hence, there must be at least two wells dug by Abraham which the
Philistines covered up!Matthews (1983, p.119) argues that the dispute with Isaac in Gen 26:20 were with the
“herdsmen of Gerar” showing that they were located in the “grazing areas rather than near the village fields.”
However, Isaac does both pastoral and agricultural farming according to Gen 26:12-14. He might have practiced
some form of irrigation for his farming, an engagement “in an economically integrated situation” (Matthews,
1983, p.123, and Frick, 1977, p. 239). His prosperity and privileged status (Gen 26:11) earned jealousy and envy
from the locals. Three different times, Isaac dug new wells which were seized by Gerar tribe as a way of
proving and protecting “their previously held title to the land. These seizures had then ceased when Isaac’s
group moved beyond the established boundaries of Abimelech’s sphere of influence” (Matthews, 1983, p.124).
This reflects the importance of water for food, security, and economic welfare.
4. Conflict over Water in Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa has the largest number of water-stressed countries of any region in the world (OECD, 2008).
A report by the UNICEF (2012) shows that, well in advance of the 2015 deadline, some regions of the world like
Latin America, the Caribbeans, Northern Africa, and large parts of Asia have met 90% or more of their target for
access to water. However, only 61 per cent of the people in sub-Saharan Africa have access to improved water
supply sources in comparison. It is quite discouraging furthermore, as the report reveals, that over 40 per cent of
all people globally who lack access to drinking water live in sub-Saharan African countries, many of whom
predominated in the list of the least developed countries and human development indicators. According to
Edjang (2003:5), these countries are now singled out as being among the MDG’s worst performers. Sub-Sahara
Africa is already plagued by decades of desertification. The challenges are worsening as the rains, areas suitable
for growing food, and crop yields shrink. The situation of water scarcity would likely exacerbate other latent
dissatisfactions that will trigger conflict.
Competition for access to scarce water resources has become a cause of regular conflict in many parts of Africa.
Cases of such disputes have been recorded in different parts of Africa. This paper outlines a few selected cases
that occurred since the 2000, the year that marks the beginning of the MDGs.
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4. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
Table1. Conflicts over Water in Africa since the Millennium Declaration in Year 2000 up to 2012.
Year
Country
Nature of the Conflict
2012
Kenya
Violence and deaths occur in disputes over access to water in the
poorest slums around Nairobi, Kenya.
2012
Sudan/South Sudan
Violence breaks out at water points in the Jamam refugee camp in
South Sudan. It is reported that as many as 10 refugees die every day
because of water shortages at refugee camps in South Sudan.
2012
Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt
Information is leaked about an alleged secret plan by Egypt to attack
the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) under construction
which would reduce flows into Egyptian territory.
2012
Mali, Burkina-Faso
Villagers from Mali and nomadic Fulani herders from Burkina Faso
kill at least 30 people, after an earlier agreement to share water and
pasture land was revoked.
2012
Mali/Mauritania
Protests and violence over water shortages occurred in the capital of
Mauritania due to pressure on supplies by over 70,000 Malian
refuges were seeking asylum in Mauritania.
2012
Somalia
Following a dispute over the ownership of new water wells between
two clans in the Lower Jubba region of south Somalia, at least three
people and some wounded.
2012
Uganda, Kenya
Violence ensued between Uganda and Kenya after Kenyan
herdsmen cross the border seeking water and pasture.
2012
South Africa
Protesters in poor communities of Cape Town, South Africa riot
over inadequate water and power.
2009
Ethiopia
Ethiopian Somalis attack over ownership of a new borehole being
drilled on the disputed border between them. Some were killed.
2008
Nigeria
A protest over the price of water in Nyanya, Abuja, Nigeria resulted
in violence, including the beating of water vendors.
2008
Kenya
Fighting over boreholes in drought-hit northern Kenya kills at least
four people as competition for water grows.
2007
Burkina-Faso, Ghana, and Declining rainfall has led to growing fights between animal herders
Cote d’Ivoire
and farmers with competing needs.
2006
Kenya
More than 20 people were killed in fighting in a violent dispute
between Kikuyu farmers and Maasai herders over grazing and water.
Maasai herdsmen accused a local Kikuyu politician of diverting a
river to irrigate his farm.
2006
Ethiopia
At least 12 people died and over 20 were wounded in clashes over
competition for water and pasture in the Somali border region.
2006
Ethiopia/Kenya
At least 40 people died in Kenya and Ethiopia in continuing clashes
over water, livestock, and grazing land.
2004
South Africa
Poor delivery of water and sanitation services in Phumelela
Township leads to several months of protests where some people
were injured.
2004
Ethiopia
At least 250 people were killed and many more injured in clashes
over water wells and pastoral lands as a result of a three year
drought. Villagers call it the “War of the Well” and describe “well
warlords, well widows, and well warriors.”
2001
Kenya
At least 130 people are killed in a string of clashes between Pokomo
farmers and Orma, semi-nomadic cattle herders over access to land
and river water.
2000
Ethiopia
One man stabbed to death during fight over clean water during
famine in Ethiopia
2000
Kenya
A clash between villagers and thirsty monkeys left eight apes dead
and ten villagers wounded. The duel started after water tankers
brought water to a drought-stricken area and monkeys desperate for
water attacked the villagers.
The Pacific Institute (2012). Water Conflict Chronology List.http://www.worldwater.org/conflict/list/
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5. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
5. The Promises of God and the Promise of the Millennium Development Goals
God’s promises in the Bible are the pillars on which faith rests. Commitment to His promises is driven by his
concern for the poor and vulnerable in the world. Faith communities like the church should be part of the
realization of God’s promises to humanity. The covenant God made with Abraham was based on a promise to
provide a better life for him and his descendants in the future (see Gen 9:11; 12:1-3).
5.1The Millennium Development Goals
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are an expression of the desire of the international community
since the year 2000 to address the challenges facing the world. According to the United Nations (UN, 2000:11),
the (MDGs) were articulated based on the values of the Millennium Declaration stated thus: “We will spare no
effort to free our fellow men, women and children from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of extreme
poverty, to which more than a billion of them are currently subjected. We are committed to making the right to
development a reality for everyone and to freeing the entire human race from want.” The MDGs, according to
Ban Ki-Moon (2010), may be regarded as a promise by the international community to make the world a better
place to live for everyone especially the poor and vulnerable. Failure to deliver that promise must not be an
option because, “billions of people are looking to the international community to realize the great vision
embodied in the Millennium Declaration. Let us keep that promise.”
5.2 Implications for the Church
The church in Africa must be interested in the MDGs because firstly, God Himself is after the wellbeing of His
creatures, a principle which the MDGs seem to subscribe to. Secondly, failure to achieve the MDGs will
adversely affect the ministry of the church. When poverty, sickness, and conflict devastate the people, the
church becomes threatened. Thirdly, when members spend more time looking for food and water, it affects
timely attendance of worship programs and affects the quality of contributions made by them to meet the needs
of others.
5.3 What Role the Church in sub-Sahara Africa Must Play
The church must recognize that she has a social responsibility to the communities within which she ministers and
must work towards actualizing that mandate in very practical ways. In view of the aforementioned, we give the
following recommendations for consideration to help in actualizing God’s promise to their communities. We
recommend thus:
i.
At the global and regional levels, the Church should not stand aloof but must identify and show keen
interest in those programs of international and regional organizations such as the United Nations and the
African Union which are tailored for the socio-economic wellbeing of the people so they can find areas
of partnering with them for the good of the people.
ii.
The church may also serve as a pressure or advocacy group by calling the attention of the various
governments to the plight of the people and encouraging them to carry out their responsibilities to the
people whom they govern by allocating more resources into fighting poverty and hunger in their
countries.
iii.
The church must provide succor to those who are already directly affected by water scarcity as they
provide wells or boreholes in some of the affected communities, provision that will reduce their
difficulties.
iv.
The church should provide immediate relief to those who have lost property, their means of livelihood,
or have been displaced by conflicts over water.
v.
The church should put up a mechanism for peace-building in communities that are most susceptible to
water scarcity and prone to conflict situations.
vi.
The church may court the goodwill of international humanitarian and welfare agencies so they can
construct sustainable water projects and provide training in the judicious use of water for both domestic
and agricultural purposes.
vii.
The church must teach members the importance of stewardship of the earth. Members should be
encouraged to desist from pollution of water sources and the indiscriminate destruction of the
vegetation, practices that may be harmful to the environment as they compromise the quantity and
quality of water available for use.
With all these, one little bit after the other, one life at a time, the church will be a part of the realization of the
Millennium Development Goals in sub-Sahara Africa by making water available and reducing conflict. By so
doing, the church will make the world a better place to live in.
6. Conclusion
This paper examined the importance of water for the sustenance of life generally. Water has an important
economic, health, agricultural, peace and security roles. The patriarchal stories helped to demonstrate the
conflict that water scarcity engenders in various communities. Human security, food security, and economic
19
6. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences
ISSN 2222-1719 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2863 (Online)
Vol.3, No.19, 2013
www.iiste.org
survival of Africa are tied to the availability of water for domestic and agricultural use. The eradication of
poverty and developmental progress toward the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
depends on fair and equitable access to water. This paper calls for the church in Africa to join in practical ways
the pursuit for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals by supporting water provision initiatives.
Adequate and safe water must be provided for all in order to ensure sufficient conditions for security,
environmental sustainability, and the eradication of poverty.
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20
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