This document outlines standards for confined space entry at Aditya Birla Group cement sites. It defines permit-required confined spaces and establishes a permit system to control entry. Key responsibilities are defined for permit issuers, authorized entrants, and attendants to ensure safety precautions are followed and emergency response is available. Annexes provide guidance on atmospheric testing, permit information requirements, and typical permit workflows. The standard aims to provide a structured confined space entry program to protect workers and achieve zero harm.
What is JSA?
A Job Safety Analysis is a task-oriented risk assessment used to review the hazards associated with a particular work task, and to verify that adequate safeguards are in place to control those hazards.
JSAs are known by a variety of terms, including Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Job Risk Assessment (JRA), Task Risk Assessment (TRA), Safe Job Analysis (SJA).
Job Safety Analysis and its Implementation
INVOLVE employees in the development
KEEP written JSA short and simple
ILLUSTRATE safe practices
ASSIGN responsibility of JSA
TRAIN all employees and supervisors
EXPLAIN the use of JSA to employees
IMPLEMENT safe work practices
REVIEW JSA when equipment or process changes or new information becomes available regarding potential hazards associated with the job.
20 use of suspended access cradles and platforms (temporary works) risk asses...Dwarika Bhushan Sharma
20 Use of Suspended Access cradles and Platforms (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Cradle checks on arrival to site
PRIOR TO USE • Use of Access equipment • Failure due to use of un-certificated plant;
Pre-use checks of suspended access cradle or platform • Work at Height; • Collapse of cradle through damage or failure of equipment;
• Falling materials;
Cradle operation ; • Work at Height; • Fall from height;
• Material fall from height;
• Machine malfunction at height;
• Workers trapped at height;
Project Information
Project Name: Office No.
Location: Contact Person:
Company Name: Date:
Sr. Description Yes No N/A Comments
1. Emergency exit signs are available in right locations
2. Fire alarms and fire extinguishers are visible and accessible.
3. Fire doors (e.g. in stairways) are kept closed unless equipped with automatic closing device
4. Fire extinguishers are serviced regularly
5. Corridors and stairways are kept free of obstruction
6. Fire escape/ evacuation plan available and posted
7. First aid box available
8. Floor surfaces are kept dry and free of slip hazards
9. Electrical cords and plugs are in good condition with proper Grounding
10. Kitchen equipment checked
11. Fire blanket available in the pantry
12. Heat detector available in the pantry
13. Toilets floor clean and dry
14. Are staff trained to use Fire Extinguishers
15. Hand wash/ soap solution available in the toilet
16. Civil Defense or Authority approval
17. Others if any:
Remarks:
Inspected By: Signature:
Reviewed By Project Manager/HSE Manager Signature:
Temporary electric supply for temporary lighting • Correct installation of lighting; • Electric shock or electrocution from incorrect installation;
• Work undertaken by incompetent workers;
• Burns from halogen lights;
• Injury from broken glass from halogen lights;
Works undertaken in areas of low light or night works • Work in areas of low light levels;
• Slips and Trips;
• Incident due to insufficient lighting;
• Workers blinded by direct light source when moving around work area;
Emergency lighting • Power failure • Workers unable to locate emergency exits in the event of an incident;
What is JSA?
A Job Safety Analysis is a task-oriented risk assessment used to review the hazards associated with a particular work task, and to verify that adequate safeguards are in place to control those hazards.
JSAs are known by a variety of terms, including Job Hazard Analysis (JHA), Job Risk Assessment (JRA), Task Risk Assessment (TRA), Safe Job Analysis (SJA).
Job Safety Analysis and its Implementation
INVOLVE employees in the development
KEEP written JSA short and simple
ILLUSTRATE safe practices
ASSIGN responsibility of JSA
TRAIN all employees and supervisors
EXPLAIN the use of JSA to employees
IMPLEMENT safe work practices
REVIEW JSA when equipment or process changes or new information becomes available regarding potential hazards associated with the job.
20 use of suspended access cradles and platforms (temporary works) risk asses...Dwarika Bhushan Sharma
20 Use of Suspended Access cradles and Platforms (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Cradle checks on arrival to site
PRIOR TO USE • Use of Access equipment • Failure due to use of un-certificated plant;
Pre-use checks of suspended access cradle or platform • Work at Height; • Collapse of cradle through damage or failure of equipment;
• Falling materials;
Cradle operation ; • Work at Height; • Fall from height;
• Material fall from height;
• Machine malfunction at height;
• Workers trapped at height;
Project Information
Project Name: Office No.
Location: Contact Person:
Company Name: Date:
Sr. Description Yes No N/A Comments
1. Emergency exit signs are available in right locations
2. Fire alarms and fire extinguishers are visible and accessible.
3. Fire doors (e.g. in stairways) are kept closed unless equipped with automatic closing device
4. Fire extinguishers are serviced regularly
5. Corridors and stairways are kept free of obstruction
6. Fire escape/ evacuation plan available and posted
7. First aid box available
8. Floor surfaces are kept dry and free of slip hazards
9. Electrical cords and plugs are in good condition with proper Grounding
10. Kitchen equipment checked
11. Fire blanket available in the pantry
12. Heat detector available in the pantry
13. Toilets floor clean and dry
14. Are staff trained to use Fire Extinguishers
15. Hand wash/ soap solution available in the toilet
16. Civil Defense or Authority approval
17. Others if any:
Remarks:
Inspected By: Signature:
Reviewed By Project Manager/HSE Manager Signature:
Temporary electric supply for temporary lighting • Correct installation of lighting; • Electric shock or electrocution from incorrect installation;
• Work undertaken by incompetent workers;
• Burns from halogen lights;
• Injury from broken glass from halogen lights;
Works undertaken in areas of low light or night works • Work in areas of low light levels;
• Slips and Trips;
• Incident due to insufficient lighting;
• Workers blinded by direct light source when moving around work area;
Emergency lighting • Power failure • Workers unable to locate emergency exits in the event of an incident;
2 Fire Risk Assessment Template Risk Assessment Templates
1. Site set up of temporary offices and cabins
Incl. Fire risk assessment;
2. Use of Portable gas heating or cutting equipment.
(all areas)
3. Electrical equipment (portable and fixed installation)
4. Smoking prevention, controls and arrangements within the Project
5. Hot Works activity controls
(Grinding, Welding, Cutting etc.)
6. Waste disposal: Combustible materials controlled and disposed of correctly.
(E.g. paper, cardboard plastics or wood.)
7. Storage of Flammable Gas within the project
(Acetylene, propane, butane, LPG etc.)
8. Flammable or highly flammable materials or substances on site and point of use.
(e.g. solvents, paints, adhesives, aerosols etc.)
9. Steps to reduce the potential sources of oxygen to a fire.
10. Any operations (or proposed) that may affect the Fire risk assessment
11. Clear access to electrical components and equipment.
12. Suspended ceilings within temporary buildings
(Offices, cabins etc.)
13. Alterations to structure and installations designed to prevent fire spread
14. Arson Prevention
(including security)
15. Smoke/heat detectors installed in high risk areas
16. Fire call points (break glass) installation.
17. Audible/visual fire alarms.
12 Sheet Piling Operations (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Sheet piling Rig checks on arrival to site
PRIOR TO USE
Access of rig and sheet pile delivery vehicles to work areas
Siting and setting up of sheet piling rig
Sheet piling operation
(Mobile rig Operator)
Sheet piling operation
5 Trial Trenches (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Planned shallow Excavation (Trial Trench) in areas where live services may be present including:
• Electrical;
• Water;
• Sewerage;
• Gas;
• Telecoms;
PRIOR TO WORKS
Use of Excavator for trial trenches and backfilling
Note:
Wherever practicable trial trenches shall be hand dug to expose services.
Trench (shallow excavation) open in site area
Maintenance of Trenches
Worker exposure to direct sun
(as applicable)
Forklifts are extremely useful workplace vehicles, as long as they are used safely and properly by operators who have been trained and are deemed competent to use them. Forklifts are dangerous: they account for 25% of injuries at work. Many workplace accidents involve people being hit or run over by forklift trucks (typically when the forklift is reversing). Forklift accidents can cause serious injury, death, property and product damage. Accidents can be prevented if risk assessment are conducted, safe work procedures are followed, regular Tool Box Talks are conducted and HSE continuous surveillance observations of work tasks are performed periodically.
Common Forklift Hazards:
• Overloading
• Unsafe Stacking
• Speeding
• Unauthorized operation of forklift
• Untrained forklift operators.
• Pedestrians and forklifts moving in the same place.
• Obstruction in the path e.g. overhead, uneven ground surfaces, blind corners etc.
• Reversing
Common Safe Practices:
• Prior to use, forklifts must be inspected by a competent person, & inspection sticker should be posted on it.
• Only trained and authorized operators can operate a forklift.
• Carry out daily forklift pre-operation checks using checklist.
• Report to supervisor any forklift damage or problem.
• Don’t use a forklift to lift a worker.
• Check the load loads carefully before moving them for stability and damage.
• Slow down and sound the horn at crossings, and locations where view is blocked.
• Do not authorize anyone to stand or walk under the load or forklift machinery.
• Be aware of the height of the load, mast and overhead guard of the forklift when entering or existing buildings.
• Don’t handle loads that are above the weight capacity of the forklift.
• Follow the speed limit.
• Flagmen must be available while forklift is in operation.
• Focus on the travelling path and keep a clear view of it.
• When leaving a forklift, pull the parking brake, lower the forks and neutralize the controls.
• Don’t drive and raise load at the same time
• Don’t make sudden sharp turns
• Don’t brake suddenly when the forklift is loaded.
• Watch out for overhead structures (e.g. pipes & beams)
• Follow traffic management.
• Use rear view mirrors and camera while reversing.
Arrangements for management of the different conditions brought about by night works or what assessments will be undertaken to ensure this can be conducted safely. Detail should also include shift patterns and management of worker fatigue.
Working at night poses a serious safety risk for
highway & construction workers. Those who work
at night are at a higher risk for injury because of:
• Reduced visibility for Equipment and other
vehicle drivers.
• Reduced visibility for workers.
• Lack of communication between shifts
• Increased number of impaired or drowsy drivers
• Sleep deprivation for workers
CONTENTS:
I. What is a Hot Work ?
II. Training
III. PPE`s
IV. Hot Work Permit
V. Electric Welding
VI. Fire Prevention
VII. Fire Watch
VIII. Generator Sets
IX. Welding Equipment Checks
X. Oxy Cutting Equipment
XI. Fire Safety Precautions
XII. Compressed Gas Cylinders
XIII. Safe Practices
XIV. Heat Stress
1. Project Information: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
Project Name: Permit No.:
Project Location:
Requesting Contractor/Company
2. Permit Issuance Details: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
THIS PERMIT IS ONLY FOR ONE SHIFT AND NOT EXTENDABLE
Description of Task:
Detail of Surroundings:
Permit Validity:
Time (from): __________Hrs.
Time (To): __________Hrs.
Date:
Weight of Load : Max Height of Lift:
Max. Radius of Lift: Lifting Equipment ID/Registration No.:
Crane Capacity (SWL) Lift shall not be carried out if the load chart capacity exceeds 80% (Capacity …………)
Lifting Point Defined: ☐ Yes ☐ No
Road Closure/ Isolation required: ☐ Yes ☐ No
Underground services identified (if applicable):
☐ Yes ☐ No
Load Centre of Gravity Calculated: ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Lifting Operation Details: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
Crane Operator Contact:
Rigger-1 Contact:
Rigger-2 Contact:
Type of Lifting Crane: ☐ Mobile Crane
☐ Wheel crane ☐ Crawler Crane
☐ All Terrain
☐ Loader/Hiab Crane
☐ Excavator
☐ Elevated working Platform
☐ Mobile Concrete Pump
☐ All Winch
☐ Other :
Lifting Crane Specification: ☐ Year of make (<25 years): __________
☐ Lifting Capacity: __________
☐ No. of rope fall wraps: ___________
☐ SWL: ______________
☐ Boom Reach: __________
☐ Fly Jib Reach: ___________
☐ Other(s): _____________
Type of lifting Gear(s): ☐ Chain Sling,
No. Of Legs: ___________
Each Leg Capacity: ____________
SWL: ______________
☐ Webbing Sling, SWL: ____________
☐ Wire Rope, SWL: _____________
☐ Lifting Beam, SWL: ___________
☐ Shackle, SWL: _____________
☐ Chain Blocks, SWL: ____________
☐ Hook with latch, SWL: ___________
☐ Eye Bolt/Nut, SWL: ____________
☐ Other(s): _________________
4. Prerequisites: (To be filled by initiator/originator and verified by Evaluator)
Checks Yes-No-NA Checks Yes-No-NA
Risk assessment/ method statement and Lifting Plan developed, approved and communicated? ☐ ☐ ☐
Crane outriggers fully extended and spreading pads in place ☐ ☐ ☐
Operatives are consulted and trained? ☐ ☐ ☐
All wheels are off the ground. ☐ ☐ ☐
Provision of vigilance supervision? ☐ ☐ ☐
SWL and radius indicators in working order with visual and audible warning ☐ ☐ ☐
Has the crane valid certification ☐ ☐ ☐
Wind indicator is fitted & in working order ☐ ☐ ☐
Has the lifting gears valid certification ☐ ☐ ☐
load(s) slung correctly by a competent rigger ☐ ☐ ☐
Riggers/slinger competent and certified ☐ ☐ ☐
Tag-line(s) are connected with the load ☐ ☐ ☐
Correct crane selected for the load(s) and radius ☐ ☐ ☐
Suspended Load slewing path is cleared from people and barricaded ☐ ☐ ☐
Ground suitable, even, firm and prepared ☐ ☐ ☐
Destination of load(s) is cleared and prepared sufficiently ☐ ☐ ☐
Safe means of access/egress provided
2 Fire Risk Assessment Template Risk Assessment Templates
1. Site set up of temporary offices and cabins
Incl. Fire risk assessment;
2. Use of Portable gas heating or cutting equipment.
(all areas)
3. Electrical equipment (portable and fixed installation)
4. Smoking prevention, controls and arrangements within the Project
5. Hot Works activity controls
(Grinding, Welding, Cutting etc.)
6. Waste disposal: Combustible materials controlled and disposed of correctly.
(E.g. paper, cardboard plastics or wood.)
7. Storage of Flammable Gas within the project
(Acetylene, propane, butane, LPG etc.)
8. Flammable or highly flammable materials or substances on site and point of use.
(e.g. solvents, paints, adhesives, aerosols etc.)
9. Steps to reduce the potential sources of oxygen to a fire.
10. Any operations (or proposed) that may affect the Fire risk assessment
11. Clear access to electrical components and equipment.
12. Suspended ceilings within temporary buildings
(Offices, cabins etc.)
13. Alterations to structure and installations designed to prevent fire spread
14. Arson Prevention
(including security)
15. Smoke/heat detectors installed in high risk areas
16. Fire call points (break glass) installation.
17. Audible/visual fire alarms.
12 Sheet Piling Operations (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Sheet piling Rig checks on arrival to site
PRIOR TO USE
Access of rig and sheet pile delivery vehicles to work areas
Siting and setting up of sheet piling rig
Sheet piling operation
(Mobile rig Operator)
Sheet piling operation
5 Trial Trenches (Temporary Works) Risk Assessment Templates
Planned shallow Excavation (Trial Trench) in areas where live services may be present including:
• Electrical;
• Water;
• Sewerage;
• Gas;
• Telecoms;
PRIOR TO WORKS
Use of Excavator for trial trenches and backfilling
Note:
Wherever practicable trial trenches shall be hand dug to expose services.
Trench (shallow excavation) open in site area
Maintenance of Trenches
Worker exposure to direct sun
(as applicable)
Forklifts are extremely useful workplace vehicles, as long as they are used safely and properly by operators who have been trained and are deemed competent to use them. Forklifts are dangerous: they account for 25% of injuries at work. Many workplace accidents involve people being hit or run over by forklift trucks (typically when the forklift is reversing). Forklift accidents can cause serious injury, death, property and product damage. Accidents can be prevented if risk assessment are conducted, safe work procedures are followed, regular Tool Box Talks are conducted and HSE continuous surveillance observations of work tasks are performed periodically.
Common Forklift Hazards:
• Overloading
• Unsafe Stacking
• Speeding
• Unauthorized operation of forklift
• Untrained forklift operators.
• Pedestrians and forklifts moving in the same place.
• Obstruction in the path e.g. overhead, uneven ground surfaces, blind corners etc.
• Reversing
Common Safe Practices:
• Prior to use, forklifts must be inspected by a competent person, & inspection sticker should be posted on it.
• Only trained and authorized operators can operate a forklift.
• Carry out daily forklift pre-operation checks using checklist.
• Report to supervisor any forklift damage or problem.
• Don’t use a forklift to lift a worker.
• Check the load loads carefully before moving them for stability and damage.
• Slow down and sound the horn at crossings, and locations where view is blocked.
• Do not authorize anyone to stand or walk under the load or forklift machinery.
• Be aware of the height of the load, mast and overhead guard of the forklift when entering or existing buildings.
• Don’t handle loads that are above the weight capacity of the forklift.
• Follow the speed limit.
• Flagmen must be available while forklift is in operation.
• Focus on the travelling path and keep a clear view of it.
• When leaving a forklift, pull the parking brake, lower the forks and neutralize the controls.
• Don’t drive and raise load at the same time
• Don’t make sudden sharp turns
• Don’t brake suddenly when the forklift is loaded.
• Watch out for overhead structures (e.g. pipes & beams)
• Follow traffic management.
• Use rear view mirrors and camera while reversing.
Arrangements for management of the different conditions brought about by night works or what assessments will be undertaken to ensure this can be conducted safely. Detail should also include shift patterns and management of worker fatigue.
Working at night poses a serious safety risk for
highway & construction workers. Those who work
at night are at a higher risk for injury because of:
• Reduced visibility for Equipment and other
vehicle drivers.
• Reduced visibility for workers.
• Lack of communication between shifts
• Increased number of impaired or drowsy drivers
• Sleep deprivation for workers
CONTENTS:
I. What is a Hot Work ?
II. Training
III. PPE`s
IV. Hot Work Permit
V. Electric Welding
VI. Fire Prevention
VII. Fire Watch
VIII. Generator Sets
IX. Welding Equipment Checks
X. Oxy Cutting Equipment
XI. Fire Safety Precautions
XII. Compressed Gas Cylinders
XIII. Safe Practices
XIV. Heat Stress
1. Project Information: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
Project Name: Permit No.:
Project Location:
Requesting Contractor/Company
2. Permit Issuance Details: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
THIS PERMIT IS ONLY FOR ONE SHIFT AND NOT EXTENDABLE
Description of Task:
Detail of Surroundings:
Permit Validity:
Time (from): __________Hrs.
Time (To): __________Hrs.
Date:
Weight of Load : Max Height of Lift:
Max. Radius of Lift: Lifting Equipment ID/Registration No.:
Crane Capacity (SWL) Lift shall not be carried out if the load chart capacity exceeds 80% (Capacity …………)
Lifting Point Defined: ☐ Yes ☐ No
Road Closure/ Isolation required: ☐ Yes ☐ No
Underground services identified (if applicable):
☐ Yes ☐ No
Load Centre of Gravity Calculated: ☐ Yes ☐ No
3. Lifting Operation Details: (To be filled by initiator/originator)
Crane Operator Contact:
Rigger-1 Contact:
Rigger-2 Contact:
Type of Lifting Crane: ☐ Mobile Crane
☐ Wheel crane ☐ Crawler Crane
☐ All Terrain
☐ Loader/Hiab Crane
☐ Excavator
☐ Elevated working Platform
☐ Mobile Concrete Pump
☐ All Winch
☐ Other :
Lifting Crane Specification: ☐ Year of make (<25 years): __________
☐ Lifting Capacity: __________
☐ No. of rope fall wraps: ___________
☐ SWL: ______________
☐ Boom Reach: __________
☐ Fly Jib Reach: ___________
☐ Other(s): _____________
Type of lifting Gear(s): ☐ Chain Sling,
No. Of Legs: ___________
Each Leg Capacity: ____________
SWL: ______________
☐ Webbing Sling, SWL: ____________
☐ Wire Rope, SWL: _____________
☐ Lifting Beam, SWL: ___________
☐ Shackle, SWL: _____________
☐ Chain Blocks, SWL: ____________
☐ Hook with latch, SWL: ___________
☐ Eye Bolt/Nut, SWL: ____________
☐ Other(s): _________________
4. Prerequisites: (To be filled by initiator/originator and verified by Evaluator)
Checks Yes-No-NA Checks Yes-No-NA
Risk assessment/ method statement and Lifting Plan developed, approved and communicated? ☐ ☐ ☐
Crane outriggers fully extended and spreading pads in place ☐ ☐ ☐
Operatives are consulted and trained? ☐ ☐ ☐
All wheels are off the ground. ☐ ☐ ☐
Provision of vigilance supervision? ☐ ☐ ☐
SWL and radius indicators in working order with visual and audible warning ☐ ☐ ☐
Has the crane valid certification ☐ ☐ ☐
Wind indicator is fitted & in working order ☐ ☐ ☐
Has the lifting gears valid certification ☐ ☐ ☐
load(s) slung correctly by a competent rigger ☐ ☐ ☐
Riggers/slinger competent and certified ☐ ☐ ☐
Tag-line(s) are connected with the load ☐ ☐ ☐
Correct crane selected for the load(s) and radius ☐ ☐ ☐
Suspended Load slewing path is cleared from people and barricaded ☐ ☐ ☐
Ground suitable, even, firm and prepared ☐ ☐ ☐
Destination of load(s) is cleared and prepared sufficiently ☐ ☐ ☐
Safe means of access/egress provided
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PLAN
1 PURPOSE 4
2 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 4
3 RESPONSIBILITIES 7
4 FITNESS TO WORK 8
5 SAFETY CRITICAL ROLES 8
6 MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE 8
7 WELL-BEING 9
8 HYGIENE 9
9 HEALTH SITE RULES 9
10 CONTROL THE OHS RISKS 10
11 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROBLEMS 11
11.1 Skin Diseases 11
11.2 Noise 11
11.3 Dust and Airborne contaminants 13
11.4 Manual Handling 13
11.5 Whole Body and Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) 14
11.6 Weather Working Plan 16
11.7 LEPTOSPIROSIS (Weil's Disease) 16
11.8 Pest Control 16
11.9 Control of Contagious diseases. (Viral, conjunctivitis etc.) 18
11.10 Mental Stress 18
11.11 Carcinogen (Identify if any, or declare that non-shall be used for construction). 18
11.12 Heat Stress management 19
11.13 Quarantine 20
11.14 Awareness Measures 20
12 RECORD KEEPING 20
13 CONTACT DETAILS 20
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
1. CORPORATE SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL
STANDARED
Title : Standard for Confined Space Entry
Document Number: ABG/CB/SHE 2002.20
Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
Name and Title Date
Written By: Standard, Rules and Procedure Sub committee
Owner: Corporate Safety
Approved By: OH&S Board May13, 2013
REVISION LOG
REVISION
NO
:
REASON FOR CHANGE(S): DATE:
0
0
New document July 15, 2010
1
0
To address issues raised during implementing this standard and bringing
clarity on role of entry supervisor criteria for hot
job in confined space rescue plant and permit requiring/ not requiring
confined space
July15, 2013
2
0
Revised to align with ABG guidance note Mar 12, 2018
3
0
4
0
DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT
SHE document released from Central SHE Function shall be numbered as XXXX.YY. The first “X” shall be a numeric
character and can vary from 1 to 4 indicating level of document .The first level document (starting from 1XXX) shall be
SHE Policy / Principles etc. The second level document (starting from 2XXX) shall be corporate SHE standards; third
level document (starting from 3XXX) shall be Corporate SHE procedure while forth level of document shall be
represented as “4XXX” indicating forms and formats. The other three X ( XXX) shall be numeric character and will
vary from 001 to 999 indicating document number.
The first “Y” after dot sign (.) shall represent current revision status of document while second “Y” shall represent
current page revision. Any changes in this document can be initiated from any individual as approved by SHE Board
Standards, Rules and Procedure Subcommittee Chairman and shall be issued from office of Business Safety Head
Office in consultation with SHE Board. The revised portion of the document shall be maintained in Italic and in red
colour. .
Distribution: OH&S Board Member & Safety Website
Document No: ABG/CB/SHE 2002.20
Prepared by: Standard, Rules and Procedure Subcommittee, Corporate safety
Approved by: OH&S Board
(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
2. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
Document. No. ABG/CB/SHE /2002.20 Page 2 of 31
Document No: ABG/CB/SHE/ 2002.20
(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Cement Business
Aditya Birla Group
Standard for Confined Space Entry
Table of Content
1.0 Introduction 03
2.0 Scope 03
3.0 References 03
4.0 Management Responsibilities 03
5.0 Permit Required Confined Space Entry Management Program 05
6.0 Program Implementation 07
7.0 RACI 19
8.0 Key Performance Indicator 20
9.0 Ownership 20
10.0 Training 20
11.0 Management of Records 21
12.0 Assurance 21
13.0 Review Frequency 21
14.0 Deviation Process 21
15.0 Annexures 22
Annexure A Hazards associated with Confined Space 22
Annexure B Guidance on Atmospheric Testing 25
Annexure C Checklist on Information for Permitting Entry to Confined Space 26
Annexure D Typical Permit to Work Process Flow for Permit Space 27
Appendix Definitions 28
3. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
Document. No. ABG/CB/SHE /2002.20 Page 3 of 31
Document No: ABG/CB/SHE/ 2002.10
(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
1.0 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to provide principles & methodology for safe entry and
working in confined spaces across UTCL sites.
The standard describes structured approach to establish, enhance and align existing safety
management processes and system to achieve the goal of “Zero Harm” along with other business
goal of zero defects, zero legal non-compliance etc. in a systematic and auditable manner.
This standard provides guidance on structured planning and execution for safe entry and working in
the Confined Space and ensures that all precautions necessary to avoid the hazards associated are
well taken. The purpose of this standard is to make available a documented Confined Space entry
program which should be used at all UTCL sites and help achieve goal of “Zero Harm”.
2.0 Scope
The standard is applicable across the UltraTech Cement Limited sites including Manufacturing,
Projects, RMC, Marketing go-down etc.
3.0 References
Safety Policy
Occupational Health Policy
Related OH&S Corporate Standards
Lock Out and Tag Out; Working at Height; Permit to Work; Hot Work; PPEs; Electrical Safety,
Safety Standard on Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment & Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and
others as applicable.
Applicable statutory requirement
4.0 Management Responsibilities
Line management across UTCL sites has the responsibility to implement this standard. It is the
responsibility of all persons involved in a confined space entry to adhere to their prescribed duties
as defined in Appendix A of this standard.
UTCL sites shall establish a Permit Required Confined Space Program (PRCSP) suitable to the
nature of Confined Space hazards they represent. The following requirements should be given
adequate consideration while developing a customized Confined Space program:
List of all identified permit required Confined Spaces (also known as permit space) with their
individual unique identification number and maintaining a Register of Confined Spaces;
Display of warning sign “Danger: Entry by Permit Only” near the manhole /entry point of a
Confined Space.
Appropriate Work Permits should be issued for all Confined Space entries, signed by all the
authorized personnel, assuring that all permit requirements and necessary precautions have been
taken prior to entry;
List of competent persons (permit issuers/ entry supervisors) authorizing entry into Confined
Spaces;
List of competent emergency rescue persons, in relation to Confined Spaces;
List of all associated equipment, including calibration requirements;
Record of all entry into a Confined Space, including persons undertaking the entry and/or
supervising the tasks;
Conduct specific risk assessment or job safety analysis for each Confined Space entry;
4. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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Develop and implement PRCSP, safe working procedures and work instructions; and establish
training, inspection and assurance requirements.
A PRCSP includes roles of various levels of trained and competent persons, such as permit issuer/ entry
supervisors; authorized attendant/ authorized entrants etc. UTCL sites may consider the following while
defining their responsibilities and duties.
4.1 Permit Issuer Authorizing Entry into Confined Spaces/ Entry Supervisor
The responsibilities of this role shall be as follows:
Ensure that a Confined Space Entry Permit has been issued before entry into Confined Space is
authorized;
Ensure the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode of exposure,
signs or symptoms, and consequences of the exposure are correctly identified;
Verify, by checking that the appropriate entries have been made on the permit, all tests specified by
the permit have been conducted and all procedures and equipment specified by the permit are in place
before endorsing the permit and allowing entry to begin;
Terminate the entry and cancel the permit as required in case of any deviations observed in permit
conditions;
Verify that the rescue services are available and the means for summoning them are operable;
Remove unauthorized individuals who enter or who attempt to enter the permit space during entry
operations; and
Determine, whenever responsibility for a permit to Confined Space entry operation is transferred and at
intervals dictated by the hazards and operations performed within the Confined Space, check that entry
operations and conditions remain consistent with terms of the entry permit and that acceptable entry
conditions are maintained.
4.2 Authorized Entrants
Responsibilities of this role shall be:
Recognize the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs or
symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;
Properly use required personal protective equipment;
Communicate with the attendant as necessary to enable the attendant to monitor entrant status and
to alert the entrants of the need to evacuate the space, if required;
Alert the attendant whenever any warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation is
recognised or prohibited condition is detected; and
Exit from the permit space as quickly as possible whenever:
An order to evacuate is given by the attendant or the entry supervisor; any warning sign or symptom of
exposure to a dangerous situation is identified; and an evacuation alarm is activated.
4.3 Authorized Confined Space Attendant / Safety Watch Person
Responsibilities of this role shall be:
5. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Recognize the hazards that may be faced during entry, including information on the mode, signs or
symptoms, and consequences of the exposure;
Be aware of possible behavioral effects of hazard exposure in authorized entrants;
Continuously maintain an accurate count of authorized entrants in the permit space;
Remain outside the permit space during entry operations until relieved by another attendant;
NOTE: Attendants may enter a permit space to attempt a rescue if they have been trained and equipped for
rescue operations.
Communicate with authorized entrants as necessary to monitor their status and to alert them of the
need to evacuate the space;
Monitor activities inside and outside the space to determine if it is safe for entrants to remain in the
space and order the authorized entrants to evacuate the permit space immediately under any of the
following conditions if;
1. A prohibited condition is detected;
2. There is a behavioral effect of hazard exposure in an authorized entrant;
3. A situation outside the space that could endanger the authorized entrants is detected; or
4. If the attendant cannot effectively and safely perform all the duties mentioned above rescue
and other emergency services should be summonsed as soon as he/she determines that
authorized entrants may need assistance to escape from permit space hazards.
5.0 Permit Required Confined Space Entry Management Program
All UTCL sites should identify and assess probable Confined Spaces within their establishment, building,
manufacturing and project sites. Such an identification should be based on the set criteria. A list of permit
requiring and permit not requiring Confined Spaces shall be maintained. The probable Confined Spaces shall be
assigned a unique identification number, which shall be displayed along with the warning sign near the
manhole or the entry point. All permit requiring Confined Spaces shall meet the following minimum
requirements:
a. Conduct risk assessments to identify all hazards, evaluate risks and plan the mitigation measures;
b. Implementation of a Confined Space entry permit system;
c. Safe means of access to and egress from Confined Space;
d. Implement safe practices for opening of the entrance, manhole cover of a Confined Space;
e. Conduct gas testing of the Confined Space prior to entry;
f. Display of identification tags or badges for all entrants;
g. Sufficient and suitable lighting for entry into or work in a Confined Space;
h. Adequate ventilation to the space before entry and during work in a Confined Space;
i. Appropriate personal protective equipment to reduce exposure to any residual risks;
j. Maintain clear and proper communication between entrants, attendants and rescue personnel;
k. Adequate safety and health training fpr working in Confined Spaces to all the entrants and Confined
Space attendants;
l. Adequate training on rescue operations in Confined Spaces to rescue personnel;
m. Appointment of a Confined Space attendant for every Confined Space entry or work; and
n. Establish a rescue plan and provision of rescue equipment for the Confined Space.
An indicative process flow of Confined Space entry program is presented in Figure 5.1.
6. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Does the work
place contain
confined
space?
Does the work place
contain permit required
confined space?
Labels/ warning notices/
Identification Numbers/
Register of permit spaces?
Conduct Risk Assessment
Will permit spaces be
entered?
Prepare permit space for
entry
Obtain permit to work
Work execution/
Atmospheric testing
during entry, if required
Entry tasks completed,
permit returned and
cancelled
Audit permit program
and permit based on
evaluation of entry by
entrants, attendants,
testers and preparers
Authorised
Attendant
Monitoring
Inspection, barricading &
signboards
Energy isolation/ Lockout- tagout
Blanking/ Bleeding/ Isolation of
pipes
Sampling strategy
Gas test and result of atmospheric
testing of the permit space
Oxygen
Flammable gases
Other toxic gases
Ventilation/ purging/ cleaning
Personal protective equipment
Lighting & Electrical equipment
Entry and exit register
Permit space attendant
Communication/ Rescue
equipment
Evaluation by entry supervisor
Issue by permit issuer
Posting of entry permit
Emergency exits (prohibited
condition)
Occurrence of emergency is proof
of deficient program. No re-entry
until program (and permit) is
amended.
Safety
helmet
Safety shoes
Eye
protection
Hand
protection
Fall
protection
Respiratory
protection
Protective
clothing
Other
equipment
such as
personal gas
detector/
torchlight
7. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
6.0 Program Implementation
6.1 Designer Duties
Designers should avoid introducing Confined Space into any design for installation, however where it is not
possible, the designer should attempt to remove the need to enter the Confined Space. Where entry to a
Confined Space cannot be avoided, provision should be made for:
a) Safe entry – accessing tanks at ground level rather than height or depth, with suitable and safe means
of entry and exit provided;
b) Suitable and adequate ventilation in Confined Space. Details of mechanical system must be provided in
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Manuals;
c) Safe means to work in Confined Space e.g. sloping floors, slippery surface, etc. should be eliminated
wherever possible; and
d) An assessment should be made for the size and number of entry points, which will depend on process
requirements. The minimum basic entry sizes should be evaluated at design stage depending on the
equipment and process requirement and taking other operational and safety considerations.
6.2 Identification of Permit Required Confined Spaces and display of cautionary notice
Each site shall carry out survey to identify confined spaces and assign individual unique identification number.
The numbers assigned shall be in the form of XX/YY/ZZ/000; where X will denote Section name, Y will
denote Equipment, Z will denote Line number and 000 will indicate particular confined space for that
section).
All Confined spaces shall have clearly visible signs. Following sign alerts personnel and assist in avoiding
unauthorized entry to confined spaces.
CONFINED SPACE
NO ENTRY WITHOUT
PERMIT
This warning notice shall be displayed in English and the local language.
6.3 Register of Confined Spaces
A register of all permit-required Confined Spaces shall be maintained by each site which shall include listing of
permit-required Confined Spaces, identification number and hazard characteristics.
6.4 Risk Assessment
UTCL sites shall undertake an appropriate documented risk assessment for each identified Confined Space at
the site. This risk assessment shall consider:
Inventory of Confined Spaces;
Identification of foreseeable hazards related to the persons entering and/or working within the
Confined Space (Refer Annexure A: Hazards Associated with Confined Space);
Past incidences of Confined Space e entry;
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Existing control measures/ management practices and their adequacy (elimination / substitution/
engineering/ PTW practices/ PPE);
Arrangements for emergency rescue and response;
Determination of residual risk level and acceptability; and
Additional control measures, if required.
Based on the results of risk assessment, potential deficiencies in the Confined Space management program of
the site, improvement objectives with defined responsibilities, budget, resources and timelines to mitigate
these risks to acceptable levels shall be developed.
Considering the dynamic nature of Confined Space hazards, it is recommended that UTCL sites integrate an
appropriate documented risk assessment for each entry into a Confined Space as a part of permit to work
practice. This risk assessment shall be specific to the activity being undertaken and to the time and date of
entry.
6.5 Preparing Job Safety Analysis
Before preparing for permit space entry, jobs to be undertaken inside Confined Space should be listed. For each
such job, the site shall consider carrying out a detailed Job Safety Analysis including the risk control measures.
As a good practice Job Safety Analysis (JSA) is recommended as a part of the permit documentation. This
analysis should also include a relevant gas test sampling strategy for atmospheric testing (sampling locations,
equipment and method etc.).
6.6 Availability of Process Flow Diagram (PFD)
Each site shall prepare process flow diagram (PFD) indicating various energy sources, incoming and outgoing
lines, valves and controllers for individual identified confined spaces. It will facilitate isolation of incoming
energy sources.
It is recommended to display such PFD near concerned Confined Space to facilitate energy isolation and also to
help validation of isolation.
6.7 Preparing Confined Space for Entry
A few steps need to be taken for preparing the Confined Space prior to entering it. These steps are discussed in
the sections below.
6.7.1 Energy Isolation and Lockout-Tagout
Before allowing any person to enter a Confined Space, the permit issuer shall ensure that all potentially
hazardous services and energy sources normally connected to that space are isolated. The process flow
diagrams shall be used for this purpose. The permit issuer shall ensure that positive steps are taken to achieve
the following:
• Prevention of accidental introduction into the Confined Space of materials, through equipment
such as piping, ducts, vents, drains, conveyors, service pipes or fire protection equipment by
complete separation of the plant/ equipment from other parts of the system by means of
positive isolation i.e., spool piece removal, Intentional and physical disconnection of a pipe,
line, or duct, adequate blanking / blinding.
• De-energisation and lockout-tag out of machinery, mixers, agitators or other equipment
containing moving parts in the Confined Space. This may require additional isolation, blocking
or de-energizing of the machinery itself to guard against the release of stored energy (e.g.,
springs), and
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
• Isolation of all other energy sources which may be external to, but still capable of adversely
affecting the Confined Space (e.g., heating or refrigerating methods).
Note: A drawing of incoming and outgoing energy sources is recommended to assist in isolation of all sources.
Isolation measures, for example physically locking and tagging, blanking, bleeding and securing valve, or
disconnecting, shall be supervised or checked at each isolation point. Isolation measures shall be supported by
systems to ensure that the isolation measures are not removed until all work is complete and all workers have
left the space.
Physical disconnection (e.g. spool removal)
Open end of pipe capped. Nearest valve closed locked and tagged
Insertion of full pressure spade or blank. Nearest valve closed, locked and tagged. Spade is also
tagged to indicate its purpose
Example of isolation by inserting a spade (blank) in piping between the flanges
Equipment
Fluid (live
system)
10. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
6.7.2 Barricading
When entrance covers are removed, the opening shall be promptly barricaded/ guarded by a railing, temporary
cover, or other temporary barrier (including signs, rope, or tape). This will prevent an accidental fall through
the opening and protect each employee working in the space from foreign objects entering the space. Hazard
communication signage shall be placed at the worksite to warn people about the Confined Space and the
associated hazards.
Example of Warning Signs
6.7.3 Cleaning- Prior to Entry
All substances, which are likely to present a hazard to persons inside the permit space, shall be removed as far
as possible prior to the entry. Potentially dangerous material may be trapped in sludge, scale or other deposits,
behind loose linings, vessels, pipelines, etc.
General requirements for cleaning a permit space are:
a) The method chosen for cleaning shall depend upon the material in the permit space and the hazards
that may be created by the cleaning process itself.
b) Wherever practicable, initial cleaning shall be performed from outside the permit space. Such initial
cleaning, including drainage and scale removal shall continue until the hazard of atmospheric
contaminants has been reduced as far as practical.
c) Contaminants shall be disposed of in a manner that will not constitute a hazard to any person,
equipment or the environment.
d) Hoses and couplings shall be of such design and material that they are compatible with material and
are unable to loosen or accidentally dislodge during operation.
e) Precautions shall be observed for Hydro jetting / Steam/ chemical cleaning.
6.7.4 Ventilation
Where atmospheric monitoring results are not found within acceptable limits, contamination shall be removed
by ventilation, before entry into the permit space is considered. There are two main types of ventilation
techniques, these are:
a. Natural; and
b. Mechanical or forced.
Either means of ventilation shall be employed while permit space entry is taking place to establish and
maintain a safe breathing atmosphere. This ventilation shall be continued throughout the period of occupancy
as a safeguard against unexpected release of contaminants.
It should be noted that for natural ventilation to be effective, there must be two ventilation points, one at low
level and one at high level, each must be of similar square area in opening.
Mechanical ventilation equipment may not be adequate or sufficiently reliable to maintain a safe atmosphere
in the operators breathing zone, particularly during operations likely to generate toxic contaminant.
11. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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Note: The use of oxygen above concentrations of 21% shall not be used for ventilation. Sites shall develop
ventilation procedures as necessary based on risk assessment.
IMPORTANT: Ventilation alone cannot reduce some atmospheric hazards to safe levels. Use
atmospheric testing to confirm whether the ventilation system has been successful.
The following guidelines shall be adhered to for ventilating permit spaces:
Begin ventilation in time to assure that the permit space is safe before entry.
Test the atmosphere before entry to confirm that the ventilation system is working properly and that
the space is safe.
Continue ventilation as long as the space is occupied, or at least until the oxygen levels and hazardous
concentrations are within safe limits.
If work inside the space can make the air unsafe (e.g., hot work, painting, using solvents, sandblasting),
continue ventilation as long as the work is in progress.
IMPORTANT: Any time a limit is exceeded, no matter what the reason, all personnel shall
immediately exit the space and others shall not enter the space until atmospheric conditions are
returned to safe levels.
THERE IS NO EXCEPTION TO THIS RULE.
6.7.5 Gas Purging – Prior to Entry
Where the risk assessment has identified the presence or possible presence of flammable or toxic gases or
vapours, there may be a need to purge the gas or vapour from the permit space. Following safety precautions
shall be followed for purging:
1. Purging can be done with air or inert gas. Inert gas shall be used where toxic or flammable
contaminants are present, because purging with air could produce a flammable mixture within the
Confined Space.
Note: Pure oxygen or mixes of oxygen with greater than 21% shall not be used.
2. Care should be taken not to rupture/ collapse a confined space due to pressure differentials when
purging.
3. Where flammable contaminants are being purged all equipment used and the ventilation shall be
designed for hazardous locations.
4. All sources of ignition shall be eliminated
5. Purging shall take into account the location where contaminant are purged to ensure that they do not
present another hazard. The requirements also apply to atmospheric testing of purged spaces.
6. All equipment that normally operates under a nitrogen purge shall have a warning sign just above the
main way used for entry as follows:
DANGER
HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERE
NITROGEN PURGE
12. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
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Example of warning sign
7. After purging has been carried out with inert gases, the space must be re-purged with air. The
atmosphere in the permit space shall be tested to check that purging has been effective, there is
presence of adequate oxygen and absence of flammable /toxic gases, and it is safe to breathe before
allowing people to enter.
6.7.6 Atmospheric Testing and Monitoring Prior to Entry
Before entering any confined space, the internal atmosphere testing is required for two purposes:
To evaluate the hazards in the Confined Space; and
To verify that it is safe for entry.
No person shall enter a Confined Space until it is tested to be free from any gas hazards. If entry is absolutely
necessary, the authorised entrant must be equipped with an appropriate supplied air respirator, self-contained
breathing apparatus and other PPE as defined by the job hazards analysis. After entry into the Confined Space
it is important to continuously monitor the atmosphere inside the space to ensure it is maintained at the
acceptable/safe level.
The evaluation of the atmosphere and a survey of other hazards shall be performed outside the Confined Space
prior to the Confined Space entry is permitted (the results shall be recorded on the entry permit). It is crucial to
carry out the initial testing from outside the Confined Space by drawing the air from the atmosphere using
suitable sampling devices while performing the atmospheric hazards assessment.
The atmosphere tests shall be consistent with the hazards identified in the risk assessment and ensure the
following prior to entry:
Oxygen reading: ≥ 19.5 % Vol. to ≤ 23.5 % Vol.
Flammable gases and vapours reading: ≤ 5% LEL
Toxic gases and vapours reading: ≤ PEL values
Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL.
It is crucial to carry out the initial testing from outside the confined space by drawing the air from the
atmosphere using suitable sampling devices while performing the atmospheric hazards assessment.
It is also important that the gas testers understand and take into account the geometry of the Confined Space
and the physical properties of the gases to be monitored. These gases could be found stratified at different
levels or locations of the Confined Space.
Always test for oxygen first, followed by flammable gases and vapours and then for toxic gases and vapours.
Note: A safe atmosphere can be achieved within the Confined Space using methods such as
cleaning, purging and ventilation.
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Test air at 3 or more elevations: top, mid-point and bottom
Re-testing and continuous monitoring of the air may be necessary if the risk assessment indicates that
conditions may change due to the work being done or the disturbance of hazardous material in the Confined
Space.
The atmospheric hazards in the Confined Space shall be monitored using a calibrated, direct readout
instrument. The testing equipment shall be well maintained. External, independent calibration and preventive
maintenance is necessary on a quarterly basis (or other frequency if recommended by the manufacturer) to
ensure correct performance of the unit. All instruments that are not operating properly (or out of calibration)
must be tagged out and sent for necessary repairs.
Testing equipment shall be used in accordance with the instructions issued by the manufacturers providing
enough time for sampling and time for sensor to react.
Note: Sites shall develop appropriate gas testing & monitoring work procedures/instructions based on hazard
characteristics of gases and manufacturer's instructions. Only Authorized Gas Testers shall conduct the gas
test. Duration of test/measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be at least the minimum
response time of the test instrument specified by the manufacturer. The Gas indicators/analyzers shall conform
to applicable National legislation and Standards. Refer Annexure B: Guidance on Atmospheric Testing.
6.7.7. Emergency Procedures
All UTCL sites shall develop suitable and sufficient arrangements for rescue and resuscitation based on the risk
assessment including:
a) Raising the alarm and rescue;
b) Safeguarding the rescuers;
c) Fire safety;
d) Site Emergency Control System;
e) First aid;
f) Public emergency services; and
g) Training
Once an emergency has occurred in a permit space, the only personnel that can enter the space are the site
Emergency Response Team Members or external emergency services.
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The Authorized Safety Attendant and other workers outside the Confined Space shall attempt to hoist the
worker out of the Confined Space using a lifeline.
All employees must evacuate a Confined Space when one or more of the following conditions occur:
Authorized Safety Attendant orders evacuation;
Automatic atmospheric alarm sounds;
Authorized entrants believe they are in danger; and
There is an external emergency.
An adequate communication system shall be established between those inside the Permit Required Confined
Space (PRCS) and those outside the PRCS including emergency personnel. Whatever be the communication
methods such as speech, tugs on a rope, telephone, radio, alarms, etc., it is important that all the messages are
communicated easily, rapidly and without confusion between the relevant people
6.7.8 Rescue and Retrieval Equipment
In certain situations, there may be a need to rescue and retrieve personnel from the confined space. The Permit
issuer shall ensure that a written rescue operation plan is established for the purpose of rescuing persons in a
Confined Space before granting the permit. The rescue plan should include:
Names of the designated rescue personnel available;
Methods of rescue to retrieve persons from inside the Confined Space;
Types and availability of equipment necessary for rescue; and
Communication means to summon the designated rescue personnel in a timely manner.
Suitable and sufficient rescue equipment is needed to respond to an emergency in a timely and safe manner.
Rescue equipment shall include, but not limited to, the following:
Full body harness with retrieval line attached;
Hand-cranked mechanical winch and tripod (required when entrant is five feet or more below the
entrance);
Ladder;
Ropes;
Explosion-proof lighting;
Breathing apparatus;
Stretcher;
Approved head protection;
Resuscitating apparatus.
The removal of trapped, injured or unconscious people from Confined Spaces is extremely difficult, but
invariably involves the use of Rescue line techniques (or Single Line Rescue Techniques - SRT). The use of
mechanical lifting equipment shall be considered and a Confined Space Entry and Work Tripod shall be ensured
on site before entry to the Confined Space is permitted. It is also recommended to ensure availability of fast
metal cutter as in some extreme conditions, there may be a condition to use such equipment to rescue the
entrapped persons.
Sites shall train a sufficient number of rescue men to affect a safe and prompt rescue. It is recommended to
conduct a Confined Space drill at least once every 6 months. A suitably weighted dummy may be used to
simulate a casualty in a Confined Space. A Confined Space rescue drill should utilize all rescue equipment.
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Example of Rescue equipment and arrangements
6.7.9. General Guidelines for Selection of Respiratory Protective Equipment
It is recommended that respiratory protective equipment (RPE) be used as a last resort when all the other
control measures in the hierarchy of control are either inadequate or impractical, or in the event of an
emergency, where entry is required for rescue purposes.
The entry supervisor and permit issuer shall always aim to achieve a safe atmosphere where respiratory
protective equipment would not be necessary. If this is not practicable, appropriate respiratory protective
equipment shall be considered depending on the likely concentration of contaminant and/or oxygen level in the
confined atmosphere.
Respirators are devices that allow workers to breathe safely without inhaling harmful levels of toxic gases or
particles. It is critical to have a competent person to determine the appropriate respiratory protective
equipment based upon conditions and test results of the atmosphere and the work activity to be performed.
The breathing apparatus should fit properly and should be safe to use. Care shall be taken in the selection of
the device and in its use. Any damaged or defective protective devices shall not be used.
Site may consider the following criterion to select suitable respiratory protective devices:
Type of air contaminants present (i.e., particles, vapours, gases);
Hazard of exposure (i.e., IDLH, eye irritant, Toxicity);
Warning properties of contaminants;
Level of exposure;
Exposure time;
Work activity;
Characteristics and limitations of the respirator equipment; and
Level of protection needed
Site should conduct qualitative or quantitative fit testing for all wearers of filtering respiratory protection
devices to ensure that the facial seal is good as per manufacturer's instructions and training.
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6.7.9.1 Safety Harness
Each person entering the Confined Space shall wear a Confined Space Entry safety harness with an attached
life-line, except in those rare cases where a life line would increase risk and prevent free movement of
personnel, hindering the work requirement. Such cases must be approved by the permit issuer. All harnesses
should be capable of attachment to a line by means of a “Karabiner” or similar device. Openings for entry and
exit shall be of an adequate size to permit rescue of all persons who may enter a Confined Space.
6.7.10 Safety Equipment
Personal protective equipment shall only be used as a last resort when all other control measures in the
hierarchy are either inadequate or impractical. Competent and well experienced persons shall decide on the
appropriate protective equipment to be used in the Confined Space. A typical list of safety equipment is as
given below:
a. Personal protection;
b. Rescue;
c. First Aid;
d. Fire suppression;
e. Hoses supplying gas operated equipment;
f. Portable ladder;
g. Atmospheric testing and sampling equipment, oxygen meters, explosion- meter, any special
ventilating equipment; and
h. Portable electrical equipment.
The equipment shall be appropriate to the work to be carried out in the Confined Space and shall be
maintained in a proper working condition. Personal protective equipment and rescue equipment shall, where
appropriate, be selected and fitted to suit the individual. Periodic examination and testing of these equipment
shall be conducted and documented information shall be maintained.
6.7.11 Communication and Safety Monitoring
A communication system is needed to enable communication between people inside and outside the Confined
Space and to summon help in case of an emergency. Depending on the conditions in the Confined Space,
communication can be achieved by voice, radio, hand signals or other suitable methods.
Before a worker enters a Confined Space, an authorized safety attendant/safety watch person shall be assigned
to continuously monitor the wellbeing of those inside the space. If it is practical, observe the work being carried
out and initiate appropriate emergency procedures when necessary.
The authorized safety attendant should:
Understand the nature of the hazards inside the particular Confined Space and be able to recognise
signs and symptoms that workers in the Confined Space may experience;
Remain outside the Confined Space and shall not engage with any other work which may interfere with
their primary role of monitoring the workers inside the Confined Space;
Have all required rescue equipment (for example, safety harnesses, lifting equipment, a lifeline)
immediately available; and
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Have the authority to order workers to exit the space if any hazardous situation arises but never enter
the space to attempt rescue.
6.7.11.1 Static Charge
Equipment shall be grounded where static charge is a potential hazard or could be created by the activities in
or around the Confined Space.
6.7.11.2 Supervision
The degree of supervision should be based on the findings of the risk assessment. Entry supervisors, safety
attendants or safety watch persons shall be designated to supervise the work and shall remain present while
the work is being undertaken. It shall be the supervisor’s role to ensure that the permit-to-work system with the
necessary safety precautions are complied with, and that anyone in the vicinity of the Confined Space is
informed of the work being done.
6.8 Permit to Work
If the site decides that its employees/workman will enter permit spaces, the site should develop and implement
a written permit spaces entry permit system.
A permit space entry permit provides a formal check to ensure all elements of a safe system of work are in
place before people are allowed to enter the Confined Space. It also provides a means of communication
between site management, supervisors and those carrying out the work and ensures that the person
conducting the business or undertaking the work, has checked and authorised the entry to the Confined Space
and it is safe to proceed.
The entry permit system shall follow the requirements of Permit to Work Systems/ procedures, refer Standard
on Permit to Work.
Each site shall develop a permit to work procedure, checklist and form based on nature of activities & nature of
risk assessment.
Note: The permit should be displayed in a prominent position at work site.
Refer Annexure C: Checklist on Information for Permitting Entry to Confined Space and
Annexure D: Typical Permit to Work Process Flow for Permit Space Entry.
6.9 Atmospheric Testing/Monitoring during Work
Where there is a potential for release of hazardous material during the work, arrangements shall be made to
continuously monitor or periodically re-test the atmosphere within the Confined Space as per recommendation
of authorized gas testers. This monitoring is controlled by the authorized gas testers and logged on the original
Confined Space Work Permit. Refer Annexure E: Guidance on Atmospheric Testing.
6.10 Additional Confined Space Entry Risks and Control Measures
6.10.1 Entry, Falls & Rescue
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The hazards of personnel falling during ascent or descent due to accidental tripping, falling or collapsing shall
be considered. Appropriate precautions shall be taken including fall restraint equipment where appropriate or
fall protection equipment as a second option.
The Confined Space method of entry and exit chosen shall minimize the risk of personal injury. Excessive
climbing, bending or stooping shall be avoided where possible and the impact of using an external retrieval
system shall be considered.
It is not always desirable to specify the use of a safety harness, safety lines or rescue line, as this may be
impracticable, may introduce a hazard or unnecessarily hinder free movement within a confined space. In the
event of free movement being hindered, alternative plans shall be arranged for fall prevention, fall protection
and rescue and retrieval.
Wherever possible all services (lighting, power, ventilation etc.) shall be run into the confined space through a
different point to that used for entry/ egress of personnel.
6.10.2 Electricity
Portable power tools shall preferably be battery-driven. Air-driven and/or Residual Current Device (RCD)
protected
Mains-powered (240 V) tools are permitted where battery driven tools are not a practical option. Portable
RCDs shall be sited outside of the Confined Space. Extension cords shall be suspended from the floor of the
space wherever possible.
All such electrical equipment, portable equipment must be fitted with 30mA Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers
(ELCB)/ Residual Current Circuit Breakers (RCCB) or equivalent protection device to eliminate possible
electrocution.
Portable lighting shall be 24-volts or less (with the transformer mounted outside the Confined Space) or RCD
protected 240-volts. Cable used for such equipment shall be an armoured cable to avoid unintentional damage
leading to short circuit.
Equipment must be grounded where static electricity is a potential hazard or could be created by the activities
in or around the Confined Space. Antistatic tools, anti-static footwear and clothing shall be used if inflammable
atmosphere is expected during the work.
Refer Standard on Electrical Safety.
6.10.3 Explosion or Fire
Before any ignition source is introduced, or hot work commenced in a Confined Space, a test for flammable
gases shall be carried out. Procedure for Hot Work shall be followed at all times (refer Standard on Hot Work. A
dry chemical powder portable fire extinguisher shall be placed at the entrance of the Confined Space.
6.10.4 Gas
Gas cylinders shall not be taken into a Confined Space. Care shall be taken to avoid damage to any gas cylinder
hose/line leading into a Confined Space.
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Welding and cutting equipment shall not be left unattended within the Confined Space. They shall be taken in
and out of the space with the personnel. The Safety Watch Person shall be able to isolate welding gas from
their position.
6.10.5 Heated Confined Spaces
Confined Space with an internal temperature above 45°C shall not be entered. Working times in temperatures
below 45°C shall be strictly regulated depending on the ambient condition.
6.11 Special Cases
Site shall identify confined spaces satisfying its conditions but may not have serious hazard or spaces may not
satisfy the condition but may have significant hazard. Unit Site Apex shall authorize applicability of this
standard.
Based on risk assessment site need to categorized confined spaces as category A & B. Category –A shall be
classified as Entry permit requiring confined space while category
–B shall be classified as non-Entry permit requiring confined space as approved by Site
Apex.
Category- A, confined spaces are critical confined spaces like coal bunkers, bins, fine coal bins, furnace oil
storage, chemical storage and water storage tanks etc.
Category-B type Non critical confined spaces are typically like tunnels, cable trenches; discharge chutes or
similar but does not possess risk of low oxygen content or poisonous gases, explosive gas mixture..
Site should document work control system to ensure adequate control measures for risk arising in category –
B confined space. It should have documents indicating basis and details of the space’s reclassification as a
non-permit confined space and the conditions to be met for it to remain in force.
Spaces not clearly defined as “confined”
Typical examples:
I. Putting one’s head inside a 12-in. (30-cm) diameter pipe or duct or into a nitrogen-purged
pot.
II. A dike that has vertical walls 4 ft (1.2 m) high or higher and does not have fixed steps from
within the dike to the top is deemed as restricting entry or exit.
III. T emporary nature of trenches and excavations.
7.0 RACI
Roles and responsibilities to implement this standard is outlined below:
Employee /
concerned
Supervisor
Line
Organization
Unit EHS
Corporate
EHS
Safety Experts
Internal/ External
Identifying confined space
A/R C I C
Preparing Safe Work
Procedure R A/R C C C
Preparation of confined space
entry
R A/R C C C
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Atmospheric
monitoring
R A/R C
Inspect tools and tackles
R A/R C
Obtaining a permit for
confined space entry
R A/R C/I C
Audit for compliance R A I C
R : Responsible
People who are expected to actively participate in the activity and contribute to the best of their
abilities.
A: Accountable
The person who is ultimately responsible for the results.
C: Consulted
People who have a particular expertise and can contribute to specific decisions.
I : Informed
People who are affected by the activity/decision and therefore need to be kept informed, but do
not participate in the effort.
8.0 Key Performance Indicators
To ensure conformance to the requirements of this Guidance Note, the following Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs) shall be identified, communicated, monitored and reported.
Number of identified Confined Spaces with unique identification number
Number of identified spaces marked with unique identification number, PFD and displayed warning
signage
Availability of atmospheric gas analyser
Number of entry permit issued
Number of trained personnel
Number of rescue equipment
Depending on the type of Confined Space identified and activity carried out within it, each UTCL site shall
identify and monitor additional KPIs as appropriate.
9.0 Ownership
ABG Site Head and their authorized representatives shall demonstrate ownership on effective implementation
of this Standard.
10.0 Training
Confined space training shall be included in annual training plan of concerned the following group of personnel
who are having active role in confined-space entry management program:
Person authorizing entry (entry supervisor and permit issuer)
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Safety Attendants / Supervisor
Authorized entrants
Gas Testers
Rescue Team Members
The level of the training shall be decided based on their specific role as mentioned above. It is suggested that
the training modules shall be designed to include:
i. Regulatory requirements for work in Confined Space.
ii. Identification and recognition of Confined Spaces.
iii. Risk Assessment and Hazards associated with the Confined Space work.
iv. Duties and responsibilities of all personnel involved in Confined Space work.
v. Confined Space Programme and Entry Permit System.
vi. Control or preventive measures to eliminate, minimise or control Confined Space hazards.
vii. Selection, use, fit and maintenance of PPE use for work in Confined Space.
viii. Communication procedures with other personnel involved in Confined Space work, in particular the
standby attendants.
ix. Emergency response plan
x. Selection, maintenance, storage and usage of emergency rescue equipment and rescue methods
xi. First aid (Includes CPR)
xii. Gas monitoring instruments and equipment, gas testing methods and procedures
The training method shall contain both theory and hands-on training. Where hands-on exercises are provided,
it is important for such exercises to be realistic and reflective of the actual conditions which are likely to be
encountered at work.
Refresher training shall be provided at an interval of not more than two years from the previous training.
Documented information of all Confined Space training, including refresher and supplementary training shall
be maintained by the site as long as the persons continue to be involved in work within Confined Space.
11.0 Management of Records
Register of Confined Spaces
Record of permits and checklists used for Confined Space entry
Training records for entrants, authorised attendants, safety permit issuers, and safety watch person,
gas testers and site rescue team members.
Records of annual verification of compliances.
Rescue drill record.
12.0 Assurance
Each site shall conduct self- assurance program to ensure compliance with this Standard as part of its Safety
assurance program.
13.0 Review Frequency
This Standard shall be reviewed and revised as necessary and, at a minimum, not later than three years from
the date of the last revision.
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14.0 Deviation Process
Deviations from this standard must be authorized by the Corporate Safety Head after consultation with the
EHS board. Deviations must be documented, and documentation must indicate causes of deviation with
safety plan. Deviation authorization must be renewed periodically and no less frequently than every
three years.
15.0 Annexures
Annexure A: Hazards associated with Confined Space
Restricted entry or exit
Small entrances and exits make it difficult to rescue injured workers or to get equipment in or out of the
Confined Space. In some cases, entrances and exits may be very large but their location can make them difficult
to access. For example, accessing pits or openings high up in silos may require the use of ladders, hoists or
other devices, and escape and rescue from such spaces may be difficult in emergency situations.
Harmful airborne contaminants
The following table illustrates the kinds of harmful atmospheres that may be present in a Confined Space, and
how they may be created.
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Unsafe oxygen level
Air normally contains 21% oxygen by volume, although oxygen levels of 19.5% — 23.5% by volume are
considered to be safe. Some situations can cause the level of oxygen to dramatically decrease, leading to an
oxygen-deficient atmosphere and possible asphyxiation.
This may occur, for example, if oxygen in the atmosphere is:
Displaced by gases produced during biological processes, for example, methane in a sewer
Displaced during purging of a Confined Space with an inert gas to remove flammable or toxic fumes
Depleted inside metal tanks:
- Vessels through surface oxidation (for example, when rust forms)
- Consumed during combustion of flammable substances
- Absorbed or reacts with grains, wood chips, soil or chemicals in sealed silos.
Too much oxygen can increase the risk of fire or explosion. Oxygen-enriched atmospheres may occur if:
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Chemical reactions cause the production of oxygen, for example certain reactions with hydrogen
peroxide
There is a leak of oxygen from an oxygen tank or fitting while using oxy-acetylene equipment.
Fire and explosion
A fire or explosion requires the presence of three elements: an ignition source, air and a fuel (gas, vapour or
mist) capable of igniting. A flammable atmosphere is one in which the flammable gas, vapour or mist is likely to
exceed 5% of its lower explosive limit (LEL). Flammable atmospheres in Confined Spaces may result from the
evaporation of a flammable residue, flammable materials used in the space, a chemical reaction (such as the
formation of methane in sewers), or from the presence of combustible dust (such as that in flour silos).
If an ignition source, such as a sparking electrical tool or static charge through some carrier is introduced into a
Confined Space containing a flammable atmosphere, an explosion is likely to result.
Engulfment
Engulfment means to be swallowed up in or be immersed by material, which may result in asphyxiation.
Examples of materials that may pose a risk of engulfment include plastics, sand, liquids, fertilizer, grain, coal,
coal products, fly ash, animal feed and sewage.
Uncontrolled introduction of substances
The uncontrolled introduction of substances such as steam, water or other liquids, gases or solids may result in
drowning, being overcome by fumes or other harm depending on the nature of the substance.
Vehicles and LPG forklifts operating close to the opening of the Confined Space can cause a build-up of exhaust
gases, including carbon monoxide, in the space.
Biological hazards
Contact with micro-organisms, such as viruses, bacteria or fungi, may result in infectious diseases, dermatitis or
lung conditions such as hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Sewers, grain silos and manure pits are examples of
Confined Spaces where biological hazards may be present.
Mechanical hazards
Exposure to mechanical hazards associated with plant may result in entanglement, crushing, cutting, piercing
or shearing of parts of an entrant’s body. Sources of mechanical hazards include plant such as augers,
agitators, blenders, mixers and stirrers.
Electrical hazards
Electrical hazards may cause electrocution, shocks or burns, and can arise from cables, transformers,
capacitors, relays, exposed terminals and wet surfaces where electrical circuit and electrically powered plant
are used.
Skin contact with hazardous substances
The nature of a Confined Space could give rise to an increased likelihood of skin contact with surface
contaminants. Skin contact with hazardous substances may result in immediate health effects such as burns,
irritation or allergic dermatitis, or longer-term systemic effects.
Noise
Noise generated in a Confined Space from the use of plant, the work method or process may be amplified due
to reflections off hard surfaces. Exposure to hazardous noise may result in hearing loss, tinnitus and other non-
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auditory health effects. Hazardous noise may also prevent workers hearing warning signals and distract
workers from their work.
Manual tasks
Hazards arising from manual tasks may be exacerbated by physical constraints associated with working in a
Confined Space. Additional hazards may arise from the use of personal protective equipment that restricts
movement, grip and mobility.
Radiation
The health effects associated with radiation depend on the type of radiation involved. Sources of radiation
include radioactive sources, x-rays, lasers, welding flash, radio frequency and microwaves.
Environmental hazards
Environmental hazards associated with work in a Confined Space may cause or contribute to harm. Examples of
environmental hazards include:
Heat or cold stress arising from the work, process or conditions
Slips, trips and falls arising from slippery surfaces or obstacles
Inadequate lighting.
Hazards outside the Confined Space
Where the Confined Space has a vertical opening, there is a risk that people could fall in.
Traffic hazards are a concern where Confined Space entrances or exits are located on footpaths or roads. There
is the potential for workers entering or exiting the space to be struck and injured by vehicle traffic.
There is also a potential for contamination of the atmosphere inside Confined Space by work done outside the
space, but near openings to it. A common example is the exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine.
There may also be potential for fire or explosion where hot work is done in areas next to Confined Spaces that
contain flammable atmospheres.
Additional physiological and psychological demands
Working in a Confined Space may impose additional physiological and psychological demands over and above
those encountered in a normal working environment. Consideration should be given to a worker’s:
Physical ability
Ability to work in a restrictive space (for example claustrophobia)
Ability to wear the personal protective equipment required to do the work (for example respirators).
Annexure B: Guidance on Atmospheric Testing
Guidance on Atmospheric testing is required for two distinct purposes:
a. Evaluation of the hazards of the permit space and
b. Verification that acceptable entry conditions for entry into that space exist.
1) Evaluation testing: The atmosphere of a Confined Space should be analyzed using equipment of
sufficient sensitivity and specificity to identify and evaluate any hazardous atmospheres that may exist
or arise, so that appropriate permit entry procedures can be developed and acceptable entry conditions
stipulated for that space. Evaluation and interpretation of these data, and development of the entry
procedure, should be done by, or reviewed by, a technically qualified professional based on evaluation
of all serious hazards.
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2) Verification testing: The atmosphere of a permit space which may contain a hazardous atmosphere
should be tested for residues of all contaminants identified by evaluation testing using permit specified
equipment to determine that residual concentrations at the time of testing and entry are within the
range of acceptable entry conditions. Results of testing (i.e., actual concentration, etc.) should be
recorded on the permit in the space provided adjacent to the stipulated acceptable entry condition
.
3) Duration of testing: Measurement of values for each atmospheric parameter should be made for at
least the minimum response time of the test instrument specified by the manufacturer.
4) Testing stratified atmospheres: When monitoring for entries involving a descent into atmospheres that
may be stratified, the atmospheric envelope should be tested a distance of approximately 4 feet (1.22
m) in the direction of travel and to each side. If a sampling probe is used, the entrant's rate of progress
should be slowed to accommodate the sampling speed and detector response.
5) Order of testing: A test for oxygen is performed first because most combustible gas meters are oxygen
dependent and will not provide reliable readings in an oxygen deficient atmosphere. Combustible gases
are tested for next because the threat of fire or explosion is both more immediate and more life
threatening, in most cases, than exposure to toxic gases and vapours. If tests for toxic gases and
vapours are necessary, they are performed last.
Annexure C: Checklist on Information for Permitting Entry to Confined Space
Entry to a Confined Space must be authorized through entry permit only. The permit to work form to include
the following minimum information:
Names of the person(s) performing the work and name of the person(s) issuing the work permit.
Description of the task to be performed and all potential hazards (e.g. Combustible material present) in
the area;
Date and time;
Duration
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Necessary precautions to adequately mitigate the potential hazards
Removal of combustible material(s),
Oxygen and Flammable Gas Measurement
Personal Protective Equipment required (for instance fall protection via safety harness, breathing
protection via respirators)
LOTO is applied at both upstream and downstream energy sources in order to create zero energy in the
relevant part of the installation and verified through relevant PFD
All (additional) hazards are under control
Necessary tools are defined to perform the work safely
Necessary PPE is defined for all relevant persons on the permit
Gas testing, purging, ventilation (where necessary) is defined
Rescue plan and equipment that may be necessary in case of an emergency
Communication procedures to be used
Other as deemed necessary
Approvals
Name of Person authorizing entry
Name of Safety Attendants / Supervisor
Name of Authorized entrants
Annexure D: Typical Permit to Work Process Flow for Permit Space Entry.
Initiator inspects and prepares for the intended work
Initiator highlights and coordinates the preparation work in meeting
Entry supervisor conducts gas testing of the confined
space and recommends additional measures if needed
Initiator conducts JSA, raises entry permit and forwards to the entry supervisor
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No
Yes
No
Yes
Appendix: Definitions
Acceptable entry
conditions
Means the conditions that must exist in a permit space to allow entry and to ensure that
employees involved with a permit-required Confined Space entry can safely enter into and
work within the space.
Authorized Attendant A properly trained person outside the Confined Space who is assigned the role of
monitoring and communicating with the authorized entrants, controlling access to the
space, maintaining designated entry conditions as specified on the permit, and initiating
the rescue plan (also referred as Safety Watch Person).
Authorized Entrants A properly trained person who is authorized to enter a Confined Space; who understands
the potential hazards, the precautions to be taken, the scope and limits of the specified
work, and the evacuation and communication procedures; and who knows the other
Entry supervisor endorses and forwards to authorised permit issuer
Permit issuer verifies hazard identification, evaluates risk associated
with the intended work and ensures that it is safe for work
Approval of entry permit
Permit issuer endorses and forwards entry permit to applicant
Initiator displays the permit at the entrance of the confined space
Entry/ work commences
Upon work completion, initiator endorses and forwards to
issuer and also removes the display copy at the work site.
Confined space fit for entry
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people involved in the entry.
Blanking or Blinding Means the absolute closure of a pipe, line, or duct by the fastening of a solid plate (such
as a spectacle blind or a skillet blind) that completely covers the bore and that is capable
of withstanding the maximum pressure of the pipe, line, or duct with no leakage beyond
the plate.
Confined Spaces Confined space means a space that:
(1) Is large enough and so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform
assigned work; and
(2) Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit (for example, tanks,
vessels, silos, storage bins, hoppers, vaults, and pits are spaces that may
have limited means of entry.); and
(3) Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.
In addition, a Confined Space may have other hazards as well:
Deficient Oxygen Atmosphere (≤19.5% oxygen level)
Oxygen enriched environment (≥ 23.5 & oxygen level)
Flammable atmosphere (i.e. concentration is more than LEL Value)
Exposure to toxic gases and vapours (i.e. concentration is more than
permissible exposure values)
Uncontrolled introduction of steam, water or other gas or liquid
Physical hazards
Inadequate illumination
Fall/Slip/trips / mechanical hazards
Electrocution/ static charge
Engulfment/moving machinery
Other recognized hazards
Examples of Confined Spaces are: Pits, Dikes, Excavated Pits, Cable Tunnels, Sewers,
Vessels, Storage Tanks, Gas Holders, Cyclones, Dust Catchers, Electrostatic Precipitators,
Scrubbers, Silos, Vats, Boilers, Ducts, Pipe Lines, Furnaces, Conveyor tunnels, Manholes,
Hoppers, Bins etc.
(NOTE: this list is not intended to be fully inclusive. The list is evaluated to determine the
permit required Confined Spaces (PRCS) which are having one or more of the above
mentioned characteristics).
Competent Person A competent person is one who has, through a combination of training, education and
experience, acquired knowledge and skills enabling that person to correctly perform tasks
associated with Confined Spaces.
Note: In many case, there are specific legislative criteria with respect to qualification and
experience in declaring individual as competent persons for certifying Confined Space
atmosphere as suitable for entry and working with clear recommendations.
Contaminant Any dust, fume, mist, vapour, gas or other substance, in liquid or solid form, the presence
of which may be harmful to safety and health. Sources of atmospheric contamination
may include the manufacturing process itself, storage of materials (decomposition
products) or the tasks performed within the space such as welding, painting or grinding.
Emergency Means any occurrence (including any failure of hazard control or monitoring equipment)
or event internal or external to the permit space that could endanger entrants.
Engulfment Means the surrounding and effective capture of a person by a liquid or finely divided (flow
able) solid substance that can be aspirated to cause death by filling or plugging the
respiratory system or that can exert enough force on the body to cause death by
strangulation, constriction, or crushing.
30. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
Document. No. ABG/CB/SHE /2002.20 Page 30 of 31
Document No: ABG/CB/SHE/ 2002.10
(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Entry Means the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit-required
Confined Space. Entry includes ensuing work activities in that space and is considered to
have occurred as soon as any part of the entrant's body breaks the plane of an opening
into the space.
Entry Permit The written or printed document that is issued to control entry into a Confined Space by
program administrator.
Entry Supervisor Means the person (such as the employer, foreman, or crew chief) responsible for
determining if acceptable entry conditions are present at a permit space where entry is
planned, for authorizing entry and overseeing entry operations, and for terminating entry
as required.
Excavation A space created by moving or placing soil, earth, or similar material that meets the
parameters of the definition of a Confined Space. Generally, such excavations are 4 ft
(1.22 m) or more deep, are made from other than- clean materials, or involve work in
which the workers’ heads are below surface level.
Hazardous
Atmosphere
Means an atmosphere that may expose employees to the risk of death, capacitation,
impairment of ability to self-rescue (that is, escape unaided from a permit space), injury,
or acute illness from one or more of the following causes:
(1) Flammable gas, vapor, or mist in excess of 5 percent of its lower flammable limit (LFL);
(2) Airborne combustible dust at a concentration that meets or exceeds its LFL;
NOTE: This concentration may be approximated as a condition in which the dust obscures
vision at a distance of 5 feet (1.52 m) or less.
(3) Atmospheric oxygen concentration below 19.5 percent or above 23.5 percent.
Hot Work Operations that could provide a source of ignition, such as riveting, welding, cutting,
burning, or heating.
Inerting Means the displacement of the atmosphere in a permit space by a non-combustible gas
(such as nitrogen) to such an extent that the resulting atmosphere is non-combustible.
Isolation Means the process by which a permit space is removed from service and completely
protected against the release of energy and material into the space by such means as:
blanking or blinding; misaligning or removing sections of lines, pipes, or ducts; a double
block and bleed system; lockout or tag-out of all sources of energy; or blocking or
disconnecting all mechanical linkages.
Lower Explosive
Limit (LEL)
In relation to a flammable contaminate, this is the concentration of the contaminant in
air below which the spread of a flame does not occur on contact with an ignition source.
Non-Permit Confined
Space
Means a Confined Space that does not contain any particle, gas, vapour causing
atmospheric hazards, have no potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death
or serious physical harm.
Oxygen Deficient
Atmosphere
Means an atmosphere containing less than 19.5 percent oxygen by volume.
Oxygen Enriched
Atmosphere
Means an atmosphere containing more than 23.5 percent oxygen by volume.
Permit System Means the site's written procedure for preparing and issuing permits for entry and for
returning the permit space to service following termination of entry.
Permit Issuer Competent persons authorizing entry into confined spaces and who is authorized to verify
that all conditions for entry into a Confined Space have been met, to define ongoing
precautions to maintain safe working conditions during the entry, to authorize the entry
to occur, and to cancel the permit allowing entry when conditions become unfavourable.
Permit Initiator The Permit Initiator is responsible person on whose name permit has been issued. This
person is responsible for ensuring the performance of the work as per permit conditions.
31. Title: Standard for Confined Space Entry Issue Date: Mar 12, 2018
Document. No. ABG/CB/SHE /2002.20 Page 31 of 31
Document No: ABG/CB/SHE/ 2002.10
(ABG Cement Business – Company Confidential Document)
Permit-Required
Confined Spaces
(Permit Space)
Means a Confined Space that has one or more of the following characteristics:
(1) Contains or has a potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere;
(2) Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing an entrant;
(3) Has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by
inwardly converging walls or by a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller
cross-section; or (4) Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard.
Permit-required
Confined Space
Program
Means the employer's overall program for controlling, and, where appropriate, for
protecting employees from, permit space hazards and for regulating employee entry into
permit spaces.
Prohibited Condition Any condition in a permit space that is not allowed by the permit during the period when
entry is authorized.
Retrieval System Means the equipment (including a retrieval line, chest or full-body harness, wristlets, if
appropriate, and a lifting device or anchor) used for non-entry rescue of persons from
permit spaces.
Testing Means the process by which the hazards that may confront entrants of a permit space are
identified and evaluated. Testing includes specifying the tests that are to be performed in
the permit space.
