The document provides an overview of the oil and gas industry, with a focus on the upstream sector. It discusses the key roles in upstream operations, including geoscientists, drilling engineers, production engineers, and reservoir engineers. Reservoir engineers work to characterize reservoirs and predict their future performance in order to maximize oil and gas recovery. The document outlines various recovery processes, including primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery methods. Primary recovery relies on natural reservoir energy, secondary uses water or gas injection, and tertiary involves specialized fluids to further increase recovery rates.
This is an in-depth course that is designed to provide the participants with a solid understanding of reservoir engineering and associated modern theories in order to manage and maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Hands-on examples and exercises are used throughout the course to help participants with understanding key performance concepts. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptop computer to class.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
This is an in-depth course that is designed to provide the participants with a solid understanding of reservoir engineering and associated modern theories in order to manage and maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Hands-on examples and exercises are used throughout the course to help participants with understanding key performance concepts. Participants are encouraged to bring their own laptop computer to class.
Reservoir engineering is the field to evaluate field performance by performing reservoir modeling studies and explore opportunities to maximize the value of both exploration and production properties to enhance hydrocarbon production.
This Training include several parts of Oil & Gas Engineering:
Petroleum Geology
Process Presentation
Utilities in an Oil & Gas Field
Process Engineering
Safety Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Control & Instrumentation Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Design Engineering - 3D Model
Field Engineering
Commissioning & Startup
For more détails, please contact: Ramzi Fathallah
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramzi-fathallah-a3762b85?trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) was introduced in 2000 as an adative drilling technology for pricely controlling the pressure profile in the wellbore. Utilizing applied surface pressure, MPD provides an addition degree of freedom in the design and drilling of wells. MPD has been utilized successfully in drilling projects to mitigate or eliminate problems associated with conventional drilling operations. MPD has been used for early kick detection, driling through narrow pore pressure/fracture pressure windows, reduction of the probability of lost returns, identifying and eliminating issues of wellbore breathing (ballooning), and pore pressure/fracture gradient mapping. An area that has great potential, but has gainned little attention, is the ability to utilize MPD for dynamic influx control. MPD changes the primary barrier envelope to well control, allowing small influxes to be managed through the MPD system. This lecture describes the current state of dynamic influx control and its limitations. It shows how conventional well control practices actually increase the probability of secondary well control problems, and thus risk. The basis for and practical applications of dynamic influx control are presented. Conditions under which dynamic influx control is practicable, and when conventional well control should be invoked, are discussed. Adoption of Dynamic Influx Control eliminates many problems associated with the current conventional methods of well control, allowing the control of the well to be regained safer, quicker and with less risk of secondary problems, including underground blowouts, stuck pipe, lost returns and secondary kicks.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
Unconventional development propelled the United States to produce more oil than it imports for the first time in 20 years. Increased production of domestic oil and gas profoundly impacted economic growth and job creation for the U.S. During this evolution, there was a need to address environmental regulations and infrastructure requirements in order to access the sheer volume of resources. Combined with today’s horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology, a strategic development plan can be constructed for any country to create an unconventional energy opportunity. In this lecture, the experience from U.S development is utilized to provide a fully-integrated workflow for developing shale oil and gas reservoirs from exploitation to production. Starting at the nano-scale, we will zoom into the pore structure to understand the storage and flow paths. Transitioning to the reservoir-scale, well testing and microseismic are utilized to define the flow capacity and estimate the stimulated volume. Learnings from this subsurface characterization is used to guide well completion, flowback, and production operations. The diagnostic methodology specific to each operation can be applied to identify geologically favorable areas and the best completion practice. As development progresses, opportunities to improve recovery can be magnified through optimum well spacing and refracturing. As a final step in the development, determining an appropriate enhanced recovery method is essential to access the remaining resources. Finally, example development scenarios are provided to demonstrate how a technically driven strategy is more effective to maximize value and make the unconventional revolution a global one.
Industry studies show that mature fields currently account for over 70% of the world’s oil and gas production. Increasing production rates and ultimate recovery in these fields in order to maintain profitable operations, without increasing costs, is a common challenge.
This lecture addresses techniques to extract maximum value from historical production data using quick workflows based on common sense. Extensive in-depth reservoir studies are obviously very valuable, but not all situations require these, particularly in the case of brown fields where the cost of the study may outweigh the benefits of the resulting recommendations.
This lecture presents workflows based on Continuous Improvement/LEAN methodology which are flexible enough to apply to any mature asset for short and long term planning. A well published, low permeability brown oil field was selected to retroactively demonstrate the workflows, as it had an evident workover campaign in late 2010 with subsequent production increase. Using data as of mid-2010, approximately 40 wells were identified as under-performing due to formation damage or water production problems, based on three days of analyses. The actual performance of the field three years later was then revealed along with the actual interventions performed. The selection of wells is compared to the selection suggested by the workflow, and the results of the interventions are shown. The field's projected recovery factor was increased by 5%, representing a gain of 1.4 million barrels of oil.
PENNGLEN FIELD Development Plan (GULF of MEXICO)PaulOkafor6
A FDP designed with the goal to define the development scheme that allows the optimization of the hydrocarbon recovery at a minimal cost for project sanction
This was designed by MSc Students from the Institute of Petroleum Studies, UNIPORT/ IFP School, France
The lifecycle of developed fields, onshore and offshore will go through different stages of production up to the decline into late field life. Effective reservoir engineering management will lead to prolonging the life of field if a cost effective processing surface facilities strategy is put in place. Factors that lead to the decline in oil production or increase in OPEX may include increased water production, solids handling and the need for relatively higher compression requirements for gas lift. In order to maintain productivity and profitability, an effective holistic engineering approach to optimizing the process surface facilities must be utilized. The challenges of Optimizing Mature Field Production are: 1. Reservoir understanding with potential definition of additional reserves 2. Complete re-appraisal of the operability issues in the production facilities 3. Develop confidence to invest to optimize the process handling capabilities and capacity 4. Low CAPEX simplification of the surface facilities infrastructure to meet challenges 5. An implementation plan that recognizes the ‘Brownfield’ complexities 6. Selection of suitable optimum technology, configuration and training 7. Optimum upgrade plan of the facilities with minimum production losses Successful operation of mature fields and their surface facilities requires successful change management to the new operating strategy. Using a holistic approach can maximize the full potential of mature processing facilities at a manageable CAPEX and OPEX.
Dr. Wally Georgie Dr. Wally Georgie has a B.Sc degree in Chemistry, M.Sc in Polymer Technology, M.Sc in Safety Engineering and PhD in Applied Chemistry with training courses in oil and gas process engineering, production, reservoir and corrosion engineering. He has worked for over 37 years in different areas of oil and gas production facilities, including corrosion control, flow assurance, fluid separation, separator design, gas handling and produced water. He started his career in oil and gas services sector in 1978 based in the UK and working globally with different production issues then joined Statoil as senior staff engineer and later as technical advisor in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Working as part of operation team on oil and gas production facilities key focus areas included optimization, operation trouble-shooting, de-bottlenecking, oil water separation, slug handling, process verification, and myriad other fluid and gas handling issues. He then started working in March 1999 as a consultant globally both offshore and onshore, conventional and unconventional in the area of separation trouble shooting, operation assurance, produced water management, gas handling problems, flow assurance, system integrities and production chemistry, with emphasis in dealing with mature facilities worldwide.
Field development plan, rate of production,SYED NAWAZ
It gives you an idea about an impact of reservoir damage on production rate
Hello Everyone,
Follow my youtube channel "PETROLEUM UNIVERSE" https://lnkd.in/gjZgb7E
For weekly brushing of basics follow me on linkedin
https://lnkd.in/dqPYkwa
Follow and Subscribe only if you like and try to circulate among your friends
This Training include several parts of Oil & Gas Engineering:
Petroleum Geology
Process Presentation
Utilities in an Oil & Gas Field
Process Engineering
Safety Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Engineering
Control & Instrumentation Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Design Engineering - 3D Model
Field Engineering
Commissioning & Startup
For more détails, please contact: Ramzi Fathallah
https://www.linkedin.com/in/ramzi-fathallah-a3762b85?trk=nav_responsive_tab_profile
Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) was introduced in 2000 as an adative drilling technology for pricely controlling the pressure profile in the wellbore. Utilizing applied surface pressure, MPD provides an addition degree of freedom in the design and drilling of wells. MPD has been utilized successfully in drilling projects to mitigate or eliminate problems associated with conventional drilling operations. MPD has been used for early kick detection, driling through narrow pore pressure/fracture pressure windows, reduction of the probability of lost returns, identifying and eliminating issues of wellbore breathing (ballooning), and pore pressure/fracture gradient mapping. An area that has great potential, but has gainned little attention, is the ability to utilize MPD for dynamic influx control. MPD changes the primary barrier envelope to well control, allowing small influxes to be managed through the MPD system. This lecture describes the current state of dynamic influx control and its limitations. It shows how conventional well control practices actually increase the probability of secondary well control problems, and thus risk. The basis for and practical applications of dynamic influx control are presented. Conditions under which dynamic influx control is practicable, and when conventional well control should be invoked, are discussed. Adoption of Dynamic Influx Control eliminates many problems associated with the current conventional methods of well control, allowing the control of the well to be regained safer, quicker and with less risk of secondary problems, including underground blowouts, stuck pipe, lost returns and secondary kicks.
UntitledExcessive Water Production Diagnostic and Control - Case Study Jake O...Mohanned Mahjoup
For mature fields, Excessive water production is a complex subject in the oil and gas industries and has a serious economic and environmental impact. Some argue that oil industry is effectively water industry producing oil as a secondary output. Therefore, it is important to realize the different mechanisms that causing water production to better evaluate existing situation and design the optimum solution for the problem. This paper presents the water production and management situation in Jake oilfield in the southeast of Sudan; a cumulative of 14 MMBbl of water was produced till the end of 2014, without actual plan for water management in the field, only conventional shut-off methods have been tested with no success. Based on field production data and the previously applied techniques, this work identified the sources of water problems and attempts to initialize a strategy for controlling the excessive water production in the field. The production data were analyzed and a series of diagnostic plots were presented and compared with Chan’s standard diagnostic plot. As a result, distinction between channeling and conning for each well was identified; the work shows that channeling is the main reason for water production in wells with high permeability sandstone zone while conning appears only in two wells. Finally, the wells were classified according to a risk factor and selections of the candidate wells for water shut off were presented.
Unconventional development propelled the United States to produce more oil than it imports for the first time in 20 years. Increased production of domestic oil and gas profoundly impacted economic growth and job creation for the U.S. During this evolution, there was a need to address environmental regulations and infrastructure requirements in order to access the sheer volume of resources. Combined with today’s horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing technology, a strategic development plan can be constructed for any country to create an unconventional energy opportunity. In this lecture, the experience from U.S development is utilized to provide a fully-integrated workflow for developing shale oil and gas reservoirs from exploitation to production. Starting at the nano-scale, we will zoom into the pore structure to understand the storage and flow paths. Transitioning to the reservoir-scale, well testing and microseismic are utilized to define the flow capacity and estimate the stimulated volume. Learnings from this subsurface characterization is used to guide well completion, flowback, and production operations. The diagnostic methodology specific to each operation can be applied to identify geologically favorable areas and the best completion practice. As development progresses, opportunities to improve recovery can be magnified through optimum well spacing and refracturing. As a final step in the development, determining an appropriate enhanced recovery method is essential to access the remaining resources. Finally, example development scenarios are provided to demonstrate how a technically driven strategy is more effective to maximize value and make the unconventional revolution a global one.
Industry studies show that mature fields currently account for over 70% of the world’s oil and gas production. Increasing production rates and ultimate recovery in these fields in order to maintain profitable operations, without increasing costs, is a common challenge.
This lecture addresses techniques to extract maximum value from historical production data using quick workflows based on common sense. Extensive in-depth reservoir studies are obviously very valuable, but not all situations require these, particularly in the case of brown fields where the cost of the study may outweigh the benefits of the resulting recommendations.
This lecture presents workflows based on Continuous Improvement/LEAN methodology which are flexible enough to apply to any mature asset for short and long term planning. A well published, low permeability brown oil field was selected to retroactively demonstrate the workflows, as it had an evident workover campaign in late 2010 with subsequent production increase. Using data as of mid-2010, approximately 40 wells were identified as under-performing due to formation damage or water production problems, based on three days of analyses. The actual performance of the field three years later was then revealed along with the actual interventions performed. The selection of wells is compared to the selection suggested by the workflow, and the results of the interventions are shown. The field's projected recovery factor was increased by 5%, representing a gain of 1.4 million barrels of oil.
PENNGLEN FIELD Development Plan (GULF of MEXICO)PaulOkafor6
A FDP designed with the goal to define the development scheme that allows the optimization of the hydrocarbon recovery at a minimal cost for project sanction
This was designed by MSc Students from the Institute of Petroleum Studies, UNIPORT/ IFP School, France
The lifecycle of developed fields, onshore and offshore will go through different stages of production up to the decline into late field life. Effective reservoir engineering management will lead to prolonging the life of field if a cost effective processing surface facilities strategy is put in place. Factors that lead to the decline in oil production or increase in OPEX may include increased water production, solids handling and the need for relatively higher compression requirements for gas lift. In order to maintain productivity and profitability, an effective holistic engineering approach to optimizing the process surface facilities must be utilized. The challenges of Optimizing Mature Field Production are: 1. Reservoir understanding with potential definition of additional reserves 2. Complete re-appraisal of the operability issues in the production facilities 3. Develop confidence to invest to optimize the process handling capabilities and capacity 4. Low CAPEX simplification of the surface facilities infrastructure to meet challenges 5. An implementation plan that recognizes the ‘Brownfield’ complexities 6. Selection of suitable optimum technology, configuration and training 7. Optimum upgrade plan of the facilities with minimum production losses Successful operation of mature fields and their surface facilities requires successful change management to the new operating strategy. Using a holistic approach can maximize the full potential of mature processing facilities at a manageable CAPEX and OPEX.
Dr. Wally Georgie Dr. Wally Georgie has a B.Sc degree in Chemistry, M.Sc in Polymer Technology, M.Sc in Safety Engineering and PhD in Applied Chemistry with training courses in oil and gas process engineering, production, reservoir and corrosion engineering. He has worked for over 37 years in different areas of oil and gas production facilities, including corrosion control, flow assurance, fluid separation, separator design, gas handling and produced water. He started his career in oil and gas services sector in 1978 based in the UK and working globally with different production issues then joined Statoil as senior staff engineer and later as technical advisor in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea. Working as part of operation team on oil and gas production facilities key focus areas included optimization, operation trouble-shooting, de-bottlenecking, oil water separation, slug handling, process verification, and myriad other fluid and gas handling issues. He then started working in March 1999 as a consultant globally both offshore and onshore, conventional and unconventional in the area of separation trouble shooting, operation assurance, produced water management, gas handling problems, flow assurance, system integrities and production chemistry, with emphasis in dealing with mature facilities worldwide.
Field development plan, rate of production,SYED NAWAZ
It gives you an idea about an impact of reservoir damage on production rate
Hello Everyone,
Follow my youtube channel "PETROLEUM UNIVERSE" https://lnkd.in/gjZgb7E
For weekly brushing of basics follow me on linkedin
https://lnkd.in/dqPYkwa
Follow and Subscribe only if you like and try to circulate among your friends
Petroleum Principles: definitions, chemistry, how oil & gas formed throughout history, formation, accumulation, traps, reservoir types, petroleum industry, Total E & P in two words
The Impact of Cleantech on Oil and Gas OperationsNow Dentons
This presentation deals with the impact of cleantech on the economics of oil and gas operations. It covers and in-depth look at the cleantech industry as it relates to oil and gas, shale gas, hydraulic fracturing, disposal of waste fracturing fluid, water use in the oil sands, as well as the future of water management in Alberta and the oil sands.
[Workshop en économie de développement:"Pertinence des politiques publiques d...Université de Dschang
[Workshop en économie de développement:"Pertinence des politiques publiques de développement dans les pays d'Afrique subsaharienne" ]Vb jcv dschang-atmw
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
1. Exploration et Exploitation
des Hydrocarbures:
Eléments Techniques et non Techniques
pour mieux comprendre et cerner ce
secteur de l'industrie Minière
Prepared & Presented by M.Sc. E. Atangana-Eloundou
Cameroonians GeoPetroMiners
in Germany
2. Structure
• Objectives
• About Myself
• Overview of the Oil & Gas Industry
• Focus on the Upstream
• Upstream: The workers…
• The Reservoir…
• Conclusions
• Discussions
3. Objectives:
• Needs of clarification in our minds
• Society, Students and Academicians
• Present and Discuss
• why we should build our petroleum (Reservoir) Engineers
• Opportunity to
• Make connections and
• Built a wordwide network of
• Geoscientists/Mining/Petroleum Engineers
4. About the Myself:
• Cameroonian...
• Clausthal University of Technology
• Lower Saxony/Germany
• Bachelor of Sciences Energy & Rohmaterials
• Focused on Petroleum Engineering
• Freiberg University of Technology & Mining Academy
• Saxony/Germany
• Master of Sciences Engineering & Industrial Management
• Focused on Petroleum Engineering/Reservoir Management
• Berlin university of Technology
• Research & Scienstist Worker
• PhD Student
• Focused on Mechanical Assisted Production Optimization & Reservoir
Simulation
5. Oil & Gas Industry: Overview
• Upstream :
• Explore (find new source),
• Drill, and Produce (lift oil & gas into surface)
into crude oil and/or natural gas form
• Midstream :
• Transport crude oil via pipeline, truck, or
crude oil tanker/Natural Gas Liquefication
into LNG/Transport natural gas via pipeline,
truck, or LNG carrier/LNG regasification
• Downstream :
• Process crude oil in a refinery/Process
natural gas into chemical products
in/petrochemical plant/Convert heat
energy from natural gas into electricity in a
power plant
Upstream
• Explore (find new source), Drill, and Produce
(lift oil & gas into surface) into crude oil
and/or natural gas form
Midstream
• Transport crude oil via pipeline, truck, or
crude oil tanker/Natural Gas Liquefication into
LNG/Transport natural gas via pipeline, truck,
or LNG carrier/LNG regasification
Downstream
• Process crude oil in a refinery/Process natural
gas into chemical products in petrochemical
plant/Convert heat energy from natural gas
into electricity in a power plant
6. Upstream Industry: Overview
• Exploration :
• Find a new oil & gas reservoir
• Appraisal :
• Ensure new finding is commercially feasible
• Development :
• Develop surface facilities to extract &
process oil & gas from the reservoir
• Production :
• Produce oil & gas and maintain the
facilities until end of field life / contract
period
• Abandonment :
• Close the production and return the field
into original condition
9. Persons Involved in the Upstream Industry...
Interdiciplinarity and Team Work!!!
• Geoscientists
• Drilling engineers
• Production Engineers
• Reservoir Engineers
• Others Scientists
• Informaticians/Computer Scientists
• Mathematicians
• ...
10. The Production Engineer
• „Production engineering is that part of petroleum engineering that
attempts to maximize production (or injection) in a cost-effective
manner.” after Economides & al. [1]
• Focused on the „Well“ but Involves two connected systems:
• The Reservoir
• Flow caracteristics (transport) and Storage capacities
• Artificial structures (Surface facilities)
• Well/Bottomhole & Wellhead assemblies
• Surface Gathering and Facilities (Separation & Storage)
• Directly related & interdependently with other major areas, such as
• Formation evaluation (Petroleum Geosciences)
• Drilling Engineering
• Reservoir Engineering
11. The Production Engineer: Typical Duties
• Production monitoring and
evaluation
• Asset management planning
• Workover design and execution
• Production equipment design
• Cost estimating and budgeting
• Interfacing with
• working interest partners,
• service companies
• and regulatory agencies
• Implementing safe and
environmentally sound practices in
field operations and maintenance
• Determining appropriate equipment
for facilities and construction
operations.
• Performing procedures in drilling,
workover, snubbing and coiled
tubing operations.
• Determining and applying electric
line, slickline, remedial and P&A
operations.
12. The Petroleum Production-System
• The Petroleum Production-Systems (a)Sources: Dr.-Ing. J. Holzmann [2] • The Petroleum Production-Systems (b)Sources: Dr.-Ing. J. Holzmann [2]
13. Reservoir Engineering: The Definition
• is a branch of petroleum engineering that applies scientific principles to the
drainage problems arising during the development and production of oil and
gas reservoirs so as to obtain a high economic recovery.
• Is the art of forecasting future performance of a geologic oil and gas reservoir
from which production is obtained according to probable and pre-assumed
condition .
• Functions Of Reservoir Engineering
• To continuously monitor the reservoir and collect relevant data and interpret it to be
able to:
• Determine (present conditions)
• Estimate ( future conditions) and
• Control the movement of fluids through the reservoir
• so that we can
• enhance (increase recovery factor ) and
• accelerate (increase production rate) the oil recovery
14. Reservoir Engineering: The Workflow
• RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION
• Shape of the Reservoir- Length,
Width-
• Thickness Distribution
• GROSS ROCK VOLUME
• Fluids and Contacts
• Saturation Distribution
• Non- Reservoir Zones
• Porosity
• NET IN- PLACE HYDROCARBONS
• Permeability Distribution
• Capillary Pressure
• Relative Permeability
• FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
• Fluid Properties
• Rock Compressibility
• Aquifer Size
• Pressure Distribution
• RESERVOIR ENERGY
• Well Locations
• Production/Injection Constraints
• RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
• Prediction Scenarios
• Redevelopment Scenarios
• Cash Flow Predictions
15. Page 15
Reservoir Engineering
Geology (Maps)
Geophysics
(Seismic)
Fluid
property
Production
history
Well Testing
Petrophysics Saturation
function
Drive
mechanism
Reservoir Model
Prediction of Reservoir Performance
Reservoir Engineering:
Multidisciplinary approach
Reservoir Development Plan
16. The primary Functions of Reservoir Engineer
• To calculate the volume of the initial hydrocarbon present in the
reservoir
• To predict the derivability of the wells producing from the reservoir
(production versus time)
• To suggest strategies for increasing an individual or the productivity of
the entire reservoir .
• During the whole life cycle of the Field Development, he has to
answer the following question:
• How can we increase the HC recovery economically????
17. Reservoir Engineering: Most Used Terms
• Porosity: this is the ration of pore volume to bulk volume. It is expressed in fraction
• Permeability: this is the property of a reservoir that enables the movement of fluid
(Darcy)
• Effective Permeability: this is the permeability of a reservoir when 100% saturated with a
particular fluid
• Relative Permeability: this is the ration of effective permeability to absolute permeability
• Effective Porosity: this is the ratio interconnected pore volume to bulk volume
• Water Saturation: this is the ratio of the volume occupy by water to the pore volume
• Critical water saturation: critical water saturation defines the maximum water
saturation that a formation with a given permeability and porosity can retain without
producing water.
• Irreducible water saturation: This is the minimum water saturation at which water will
remain immobile
• Formation volume factor: this is the ration of the volume of fluid in the reservoir to the
volume at the surface
• Shrinkage factor: this is the inverse of formation volume factor
18. Calculating Original Oil in Place (OOIP)
• OOIP = 7,758*A*h* *(1-Sw)/Bo
• Where:
• OOIP = Original Oil In Place [STB]
• 7,758 = Factor Converting acre-Feet to Barrels
• A = Reservoir Area [acres]
• h = Average Reservoir Thickness [feet]
• = Average Reservoir Porosity /Fraction of Bulk Volume [%]
• Sw = Average Water saturation/Fraction of Pore Volume [%]
• Bo = Oil Formation Volume Factor, [RB/STB]
19. OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
• Primary Recovery
• Production using only natural reservoir energy (natural water drive, gas cap
expansion, solution gas drive and pressure depletion drive).
• Secondary Recovery Improved Oil Recovery (IOR)
• Water or gas injection to maintain reservoir pressure (water flooding and immiscible
gas injection to supplement natural reservoir energy).
• Tertiary Recovery Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR).
• An EOR process is any process which does a better job of recovering oil than
conventional technology (primary and secondary recovery processes).
• In an EOR process conventional water or gas is replaced by a more effective (more
expensive) recovery agent.
21. PRIMARY RECOVERY
By: PRESSURE DEPLETION
Development wells are all producers
Normal for GAS but poor for
OIL (5-12% recovery)
SECONDARY RECOVERY
By: FLUID DISPLACEMENT
Some development wells inject water or gas
into the reservoir
Good for OIL (30-40%
recovery)
TERTIARY RECOVERY
(Enhanced Recovery)
By: DISPLACEMENT USING SPECIAL FLUIDS
injection of surfactants, carbon dioxide or
steam
Improves OIL recovery but
expensive to carry out
OIL RECOVERY PROCESSES
22. PRIMARY RECOVERY MECHANISMS
• The natural energy of the reservoir is used during the initial production of
hydrocarbons
Solution Gas Drive/Depletion Drive
Liberation and expansion of dissolved gas
Water Drive
Influx of aquifer water (Water Drive)
Compaction Drive
Contraction of reservoir rock skeleton
Gas Cap Drive
Expansion of original reservoir fluids
- Free gas, if present
- Interstitial water
- Oil, if present
• Gravity Drainage
• Gravitational forces (Gravity Drainage)
• Combination Drive
24. GAS CAP DRIVE MECHANISM
• Expansion of gas cap and solution gas as it is liberated!!!
Cross Section
Oil producing well
Oil
zone
Oil
zoneGas cap
25. Characteristic Trends
Oil Recovery 20% to 40% OOIP
Reservoir pressure Declines slowly and
constantly
Gas-Oil ratio Rises constantly
Water Production None
Well Behavior Reservoir pressure
maintained
GAS CAP DRIVE MECHANISM
26. NATURAL WATER DRIVE MECHANISM
An aquifer provides the energy for hydrocarbon production. Both water expansion, as
a result of pressure reduction, and inflow are involved.
27. Different Water Drive Mechanisms
Oil producing well
Water Water
Cross Section
Oil Zone
water leg underlies the entire reservoir
Oil producing well
Cross Section
Oil Zone
Water
Edge Water Drive
only part of the areal extent is
contacted by water,
Bottom Water Drive
28. CHARACTERISTIC TRENDS
Reservoir pressure Remains high
Gas-Oil ratio Remains low
Water Production Starts early and increases
to appreciable amounts
Well behavior Flows until water
production is excess
Oil recovery 35 to 70% OOIP
WATER DRIVE MECHANISMS
29. GRAVITY-DRAINAGE DRIVE MECHANISM
Initial fluids distribution in an oil reservoir
Gravity drainage secondary gas cap
Initially undersaturated
Difference in densities of the reservoir fluids.
Characteristic Trend
Secondary gas cap Initially Undersaturated
Reservoir pressure Rapid pressure decline without gas
cap
Gas-Oil ratio Low due to gravity segregation
Ultimate recovery
• High vertical
• Production rate similar to the gravity drainage rate
• Low viscosity
30. COMBINATION DRIVE
In combination-drive reservoirs,
• Depletion drive and a weak water drive,
• Depletion drive with a small gas cap
and a weak water drive.
The example shows a combination of natural water influx and gas cap drive.
Water production Increasing water
production rates
Reservoir pressure Increasing water
production
Gas-Oil ratio Continually increasing
Gas-Oil ratio
31. Secondary Recovery
• Over the lifetime of the well the pressure will fall, and at some point there
will be insufficient underground pressure to force the oil to the surface.
• If economical, as often is, the remaining oil in the well is extracted using
secondary oil recovery methods (see: energy balance and net energy gain).
• Secondary oil recovery uses various techniques to aid in recovering oil from
depleted or low-pressure reservoirs.
• Sometimes pumps, such as beam pumps and electrical submersible pumps
(ESPs), are used to bring the oil to the surface.
• Other secondary recovery techniques increase the reservoir's pressure by
water injection, natural gas reinjection and gas lift, which injects air, carbon
dioxide or some other gas into the reservoir.
• Together, primary and secondary recovery generally allow 25% to 35% of the
reservoir's oil to be recovered.
33. Tertiary Recovery
• In these processes the nature of the rock and HC have to be modified
in order to improve the displacement efficiency of oil
• For exemple: the Viscosity of the oil can be reduced so that it can
move faster...
• Some EOR Processes:
• Thermal Flooding
• Chimical Flooding
• Microbial EOR
• CO2 Sequestration
How much of that oil is recoverable? The Amount of Recoverable Oil Depends on the
Natural (Primary) Reservoir Drive Mechanism
Onshore USA, CO2 is frequently used for tertiary recovery. An additional 5 to 15% of reserves can be recovered. Offshore such as in the UK North Sea it is much more expensive to get CO2 offshore.
It is not impossible to do, but somebody needs to pay for the pipeline!