This paper presents conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia. Increasing industrialization and population growth around the world demands higher electricity supply. Power generation has yet to decline but transmitting sufficient electricity to consumers is worrisome due to scarce land space occupied by rapid urbanization. Hence reconductoring method was chosen to improve existing 132 kV overhead transmission line in Malaysia. A group of selected conductors were chosen for comparison where the high temperature low sag conductor stood out the most producing up to 40% sag reduction. This paper focuses on providing conductor alternatives to improve maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground for 132 kV transmission line in Malaysia in accordance to her climate and geographical factor.
Design of Earthing in Underground Substation using ETAP with ConstraintsYogeshIJTSRD
This paper describes the earthing design of a distribution substation 33kV 415V, 50Hz system. in this type of substation equipment’s are 33kV HV panel, transformer, battery, battery charger and Low voltage panels. The earth mat is below substation which is almost 15 18 Meter deep from ground level. The main considerable factors for earth mat design are soil resistivity which is higher due to basalt rock and system fault current. Fault current level of the system considered as 70kA derived from calculations. Earthing is essential for proper functioning of substation equipment’s and in the absence of proper designing affects in many ways like electric shock to personnel’s and malfunctions and damage to the equipment’s. The basic purpose of earthing is to ensure personnel safety, safe and reliable operation of equipment’s, prevent stray current, protection against interferences and keeps steps and touch potential within safe limit. This paper also discussed constraint in design due to below ground level. Result of manual calculation compared with design simulated through ETAP software version 19. The data used in design considered from a substation in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Daud Ahmad | Dr. Javed Ashraf "Design of Earthing in Underground Substation using ETAP with Constraints" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43787/design-of-earthing-in-underground-substation-using-etap-with-constraints/daud-ahmad
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
- The document discusses the factors to consider when deciding whether to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) or high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) for electric power transmission.
- HVDC has advantages over HVAC for long distance transmission, as it has lower transmission losses. However, HVDC converters are more expensive than HVAC equipment.
- Key factors that influence the decision include the transmission distance and power level, as well as technical considerations like reactive power requirements, reliability, and environmental impacts.
- HVDC may be preferable for transmissions over 800km or 3,500MW, due to lower costs and reactive power needs. Shorter distances or lower powers may favor HVAC.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
Reduced Dielectric Losses for Underground Cable Distribution SystemsIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper describes the process to reduce dielectric losses for underground cable distribution system. As already known, that system is an alternative solution to energy distribution systems in urban areas. Influence of large capacitance is a separate issue that needs to be resolved.
Large capacitance effect on Express Feeder of 10 miles long has resulted in power losses more than 100 MW per month. In the no-load condition, current dispatch has recorded 10 Amperes, and has increased the voltage at receiving end by 200-500 Volts, with leading power factors.
Installation of the inductor to reduce cable loss dielectrics is done by changing the power factor (pf) to 0.85 lagging. After installation of the inductor, which is 5 mH/700 kVAR, dielectric losses is reduced to 3.57%, which is from 105,983 kW to 102,195 kWh per month. The capacitive leakage current has also been reduced from 249.61 Ampere to 245.17 Ampere.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Two-Stage Power Conversion Architecture Suitable for Wide Range Input VoltageProjectsatbangalore
This paper proposes a two-stage power conversion architecture suitable for wide input voltage ranges. The architecture combines a soft-charging switched-capacitor pre-regulator stage to compress a wide input voltage range into a narrower intermediate range, with a high-frequency magnetic regulator stage. This merged two-stage topology enables high efficiency, power density, and power factor for applications up to 30W requiring wide input voltage regulation, such as LED drivers. The approach is demonstrated through implementations of a 25-200V dc-dc converter achieving 88-96% efficiency at 30W, and an ac-dc converter with 88% efficiency and 0.93 power factor at 8.4W from an AC line.
This document discusses predictive direct power control (PDPC) of a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter (DABMI) for renewable energy integration. A DABMI topology is proposed that uses two cascaded inverters to generate multilevel output voltages. A PDPC control strategy is adopted to control the real and reactive power injected into the grid. Simulation results show that the proposed DABMI produces lower power ripple and achieves currents with low total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards using PDPC control.
Design of Earthing in Underground Substation using ETAP with ConstraintsYogeshIJTSRD
This paper describes the earthing design of a distribution substation 33kV 415V, 50Hz system. in this type of substation equipment’s are 33kV HV panel, transformer, battery, battery charger and Low voltage panels. The earth mat is below substation which is almost 15 18 Meter deep from ground level. The main considerable factors for earth mat design are soil resistivity which is higher due to basalt rock and system fault current. Fault current level of the system considered as 70kA derived from calculations. Earthing is essential for proper functioning of substation equipment’s and in the absence of proper designing affects in many ways like electric shock to personnel’s and malfunctions and damage to the equipment’s. The basic purpose of earthing is to ensure personnel safety, safe and reliable operation of equipment’s, prevent stray current, protection against interferences and keeps steps and touch potential within safe limit. This paper also discussed constraint in design due to below ground level. Result of manual calculation compared with design simulated through ETAP software version 19. The data used in design considered from a substation in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Daud Ahmad | Dr. Javed Ashraf "Design of Earthing in Underground Substation using ETAP with Constraints" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43787.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43787/design-of-earthing-in-underground-substation-using-etap-with-constraints/daud-ahmad
Techno Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter State InterconnectionYogeshIJTSRD
The design of an interregional high voltage transmission system in the US is a revolutionary technological concept that will likely play a significant role in the planning and operation of future electric power systems. This paper presents techno economics analysis of HVDC link for interstate inter connected system. there are two type transmission system used for large power supply to long distance transmission 1 HVDC high voltage dc transmission system 2 HVAC high voltage ac transmission system in which HVDC is preferable due less power loss in transmissions but it need high installing charge at the starting moment. It need two type of installation block 1 rectifier block at the sending end 2 inverter block at receiving end these both block deal with high reactive VAR. In this paper we are going to analyze technology of HVDC installation, there control, how HVDC link deal with reactive VAR reactive power compensation , how its economical if it need high installing charge .In this paper we are using 2500 MVA, 230 volt, 60 grid after rectifying power transmitted to 100 km by 100 km cable then it invert at receiving end for distribution. Here we are calculating reactive power demand for both inverter and converter both, we comparing HVDC transmutation system with HVAC transmission system economically we also coverings the environmental advantages for HVDC system. My focus in this paper is, how to minimize installing charge of HVDC link, how to increase power carrying capacity of HVDC system and how to make it environment friendly. Muhammad Shahid | MD Asif "Techno-Economic Analysis of HVDC Links for Inter-State Interconnection" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43760.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43760/technoeconomic-analysis-of-hvdc-links-for-interstate-interconnection/muhammad-shahid
- The document discusses the factors to consider when deciding whether to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) or high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) for electric power transmission.
- HVDC has advantages over HVAC for long distance transmission, as it has lower transmission losses. However, HVDC converters are more expensive than HVAC equipment.
- Key factors that influence the decision include the transmission distance and power level, as well as technical considerations like reactive power requirements, reliability, and environmental impacts.
- HVDC may be preferable for transmissions over 800km or 3,500MW, due to lower costs and reactive power needs. Shorter distances or lower powers may favor HVAC.
Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV SystemYogeshIJTSRD
In today’s scenario, renewable energy based applications are increasing due to the global warming issue and increase in the prices of fossil fuels. Renewable energy sources RES like sun, biomass, air, water etc. are environmental friendly and have plenty of potential that can be utilized in power generation. However, RES have a problem of intermittent in nature that can be conquered presently by combining RES known as hybrid system that can provide the reliable, economic and environment friendly electricity. The increased penetration of grid connected renewable energy sources has an impact on the grid power quality in particular weak grids. Voltage fluctuation, frequency fluctuation and harmonics are major power quality issues. Muhammad Shahid | MD Ejaz Ali "Modeling and Simulation of Grid Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43761.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/43761/modeling-and-simulation-of-grid-connected-pv-system/muhammad-shahid
Reduced Dielectric Losses for Underground Cable Distribution SystemsIJAPEJOURNAL
This paper describes the process to reduce dielectric losses for underground cable distribution system. As already known, that system is an alternative solution to energy distribution systems in urban areas. Influence of large capacitance is a separate issue that needs to be resolved.
Large capacitance effect on Express Feeder of 10 miles long has resulted in power losses more than 100 MW per month. In the no-load condition, current dispatch has recorded 10 Amperes, and has increased the voltage at receiving end by 200-500 Volts, with leading power factors.
Installation of the inductor to reduce cable loss dielectrics is done by changing the power factor (pf) to 0.85 lagging. After installation of the inductor, which is 5 mH/700 kVAR, dielectric losses is reduced to 3.57%, which is from 105,983 kW to 102,195 kWh per month. The capacitive leakage current has also been reduced from 249.61 Ampere to 245.17 Ampere.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Two-Stage Power Conversion Architecture Suitable for Wide Range Input VoltageProjectsatbangalore
This paper proposes a two-stage power conversion architecture suitable for wide input voltage ranges. The architecture combines a soft-charging switched-capacitor pre-regulator stage to compress a wide input voltage range into a narrower intermediate range, with a high-frequency magnetic regulator stage. This merged two-stage topology enables high efficiency, power density, and power factor for applications up to 30W requiring wide input voltage regulation, such as LED drivers. The approach is demonstrated through implementations of a 25-200V dc-dc converter achieving 88-96% efficiency at 30W, and an ac-dc converter with 88% efficiency and 0.93 power factor at 8.4W from an AC line.
This document discusses predictive direct power control (PDPC) of a grid-connected dual-active bridge multilevel inverter (DABMI) for renewable energy integration. A DABMI topology is proposed that uses two cascaded inverters to generate multilevel output voltages. A PDPC control strategy is adopted to control the real and reactive power injected into the grid. Simulation results show that the proposed DABMI produces lower power ripple and achieves currents with low total harmonic distortion within IEEE standards using PDPC control.
IRJET- Review on Various Topologis used for Decoupling of Fluctuating Power i...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various topologies used for decoupling fluctuating power in single-phase AC circuits. It discusses how active power decoupling techniques can help mitigate issues caused by power fluctuations, such as distorted power factor correction and reduced maximum power point tracking efficiency in applications like solar inverters. Specifically, it analyzes a symmetrical half-bridge circuit topology that uses minimal passive components to absorb power surges. The document also reviews several past studies on active power decoupling methods, capacitive energy storage approaches, and the benefits of film capacitors over electrolytic capacitors for power decoupling applications.
IRJET- Renewable Energy Hybrid Power System with Improvement of Power Quality...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a dual voltage source inverter (DVSI) scheme to improve power quality in microgrids. The proposed system uses two inverters, with the main inverter injecting real power from renewable energy sources into the grid, and an auxiliary inverter compensating for unbalanced and nonlinear local loads. Control algorithms based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory are developed to operate the inverters in grid sharing and grid injection modes. Simulation and experimental results validate that the DVSI scheme increases reliability, lowers costs, and better utilizes microgrid power compared to a single inverter system.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
Voltage Control of Dual Active Bridge Converter for CO-Amorphous Core Materia...kuldeep12555
Solid-State Transformer (SST) provides versatile power system operation. In the smart world, there are technologies where everything is incorporated that reduce the size and eventually save time in delivering a fast process. It has been seen that solid-state transformer voltage begins to decrease during operation that needs to be regulated through some control strategy. In this paper, a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has been used to control the voltage of SST that employs the Single-Phase Shift (SPS) technique. For further efficiency improvement Co73(Si, B)27 co-amorphous material has been used for the core of SST because co-amorphous alloy has much lower loss compared with Fe-amorphous cores and have limited saturation flux density. Real-time parameters of core have been used in the analysis. It has been evident from the results that DAB dc-dc converter-based SST with SPS control technique is simple and offers better performance compared to stand-alone SST. It improves the overall performance and efficiency of the system. This paper has been accomplished in Matlab® / Simulink environment.
Keywords: Co73 (Si, B)27 Amorphous Core Material; Solid-State transformer (SST); Dual Active Bridge (DAB); High
voltage (HV) Application.
An algorithm for selection and design of hybrid power supplies for MEMS with ...Kimberly Cook-Chennault
The document presents an algorithm for selecting and designing hybrid power supplies for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It evaluates three strategies for powering the Wireless Integrated Microsystems environmental monitor testbed (WIMS-EMT), a MEMS device: 1) a single power supply, 2) multiple power supplies divided by power range, and 3) flexible "power bundles" based on device space. Strategy 2 provided the best mass (0.032 kg) and volume (0.028 L) results. Strategies 2 and 3 provided the best battery lifetimes in excess of 2,000 hours. Future work will incorporate operational amplifier technologies to accommodate large voltage fluctuations and implement the algorithm into user-friendly software.
Power electronic control of induction generator used in small hydro power systemIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a paper that examines power electronic control techniques for induction generators used in small hydro power systems. It discusses how induction generators are commonly used for their low cost and maintenance. Various power electronic control methods are described, including electronic load control, decoupled voltage and frequency control, and STATCOM-based control, which aim to maintain a constant output voltage and frequency under changing load conditions. The paper also presents simulation results using MATLAB that analyze the performance of an induction generator connected to both linear and non-linear loads under different load values. The results demonstrate variations in output voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion based on the load.
Review Paper on MIMO-OFDM System Using Wimax Modelijtsrd
Nowadays, thanks to the remarkable progress in wireless technology, affordable wireless communication service has become a reality. Wireless communication systems can be found all around the world today. WiMAX which represents (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a major part of broad band wireless network having IEEE 802.16 standard provides innovative fixed as well as mobile platform for broad-band internet access anywhere in anytime. IEEE 802.16 standard has bandwidth of 2GHz-11GHz for fixed applications and 2-6GHz for mobile applications. It is considered the most interesting opportunity which is able to provide data throughput up to 70 Mbps and radio coverage distances of almost 50 kilometres, and to complete wired network architectures, ensuring a cheap flexible solution for the last-mile. WiMAX can be seen as the fourth generation (4G) of mobile communications systems, In this paper study on MIMO-OFDM System and review different paper on the based of WiMAX technology. Anokchand Rathod | Megha Gupta"Review Paper on MIMO-OFDM System Using Wimax Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14604.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14604/review-paper-on-mimo-ofdm-system-using-wimax-model/anokchand-rathod
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of integrating solar farms into Jordan's national power grid. The study considers connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems at varying penetration levels to different locations on the distribution network. Calculations are performed using modeling software and actual grid data from Jordan. The effects on short circuit level, voltage profile, and power losses in the distribution system are analyzed. The most suitable method for connecting a solar farm to the national grid is recommended based on the results.
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This document describes a microgrid system with distributed generation units like a wind turbine and proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a distribution grid. An adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller is used for energy management and power distribution between the distributed generation units. Previously, a model predictive control algorithm was used but it had high computational complexity. The ANFIS controller reduces complexity by using logical operations instead of complex mathematical calculations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the ANFIS controller provides better power quality and harmonic compensation compared to the previous model predictive control approach.
Snubberless current fed half bridge isolated converter for fuel cell applicat...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new zero-current-switching current fed half-bridge isolated DC/DC converter for fuel cell applications. The proposed converter provides advantages over existing current fed converters, including simple design without an active clamp or passive snubber. This leads to reduced size, lower cost, and improved efficiency. Simulation results using PSIM 9.0 software show the proposed 250W converter design achieves an efficiency of 95%.
Need for alternative energy sources to satisfy the rising demand in energy consumption elicited the research in the area of power converters/inverters. An increasing interest of using Z source inverter/converter in power generation involving renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy for both off grid and grid tied schemes were originated from 2003. This paper surveys the literature of Z source inverters/converter topologies that were developed over the years.
This work highlights a modular power conditioning system (PCS) in photovoltaic (PV) applications which consists with a DC-DC converter. The converter is able to regulate and amplify the input DC voltage produced by the PV panal. The implementation of Mosfet as bidirectional switch on the converter yields greater conversion ratio and better voltage regulation than a conventional DC-DC step up converter and PWM resonant converter. It also reduces the switching losses on the output DC voltage of the converter, as the MOSFET switches on primary winding of converter switch on under ZVS conditions. The proposed resonant converter has been designed, with the modification of series resonant converter and PWM boost converter that utilizes the high frequency of AC bidirectional switch to eliminate the weaknesses of used converters. The topology of the proposed converter includes the mode of operations, designing procedure and components selection of the new converter elements. This topology provides a DC output voltage to the inverter at range of about 120Vac-208 Vac.
This document discusses a proposed liquid power supply (LPS) system as an alternative to traditional pole line systems for electricity transmission. Some key points:
- LPS would transmit electricity through liquid-filled pipes buried underground, avoiding many issues with overhead pole lines like high installation costs, vulnerability to weather damage, and safety risks.
- The design of the LPS system includes conducting, insulating, and shielding layers in the pipes to efficiently transmit power through ionized liquid while preventing leaks and losses.
- LPS installation would be cheaper and safer than pole lines, enable easier maintenance, and support urbanization by reducing space needs on the ground. It could help develop and rural areas that traditional fiber optics are too expensive for.
IRJET-Design of Capacitor Less LDO Regulator by using Cascode Compensation Te...IRJET Journal
The document discusses two approaches to designing low dropout voltage regulators (LDOs). The first approach uses a basic LDO design with a compensation capacitor to achieve stability. This design has a dropout voltage of 200mV and provides an output voltage of 1.4V with a bandwidth of 475.67 KHz and phase margin of 43.85 degrees. The second approach aims to design a capacitor-less LDO using cascode compensation technique. This design achieves a lower dropout voltage of 100mV and higher bandwidth of 2.55 MHz and phase margin of 63 degrees through the use of an 80pF miller compensation capacitor and 50 kOhm series resistor to shift the right half plane zero and improve stability without requiring an
The concept of injecting photovoltaic power into the utility grid has earned widespread acceptance in these days of renewable energy generation & distribution. Grid-connected inverters have evolved significantly with high diversity. Efficiency, size, weight, reliability etc. have all improved significantly with the development of modern and innovative inverter configurations and these factors have influenced the cost of producing inverters. This paper presents a literature review of the recent technological developments and trends in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause unwanted stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transform-less inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Anjali | Gourav Sharma"A Review on Grid-Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2195.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2195/a-review-on-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
IRJET- High Efficiency Bridge-Less Battery Charger for Light Electric Veh...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed high-efficiency bridge-less battery charger for light electric vehicles. The proposed charger uses MOSFET switches instead of bridge rectifier diodes to reduce conduction losses. It employs an isolated step-up AC-DC converter with a series-resonance circuit to provide zero current switching and reduce switching losses. Experimental results showed the proposed converter achieved 92.02% peak efficiency at 255 kHz with a 12V input and 50V output.
This document provides details on calculating various losses that occur in high voltage underground power cables, including dielectric losses, conductor losses, and sheath losses. It presents formulas to calculate voltage-dependent and current-dependent dielectric losses, as well as ohmic conductor losses and sheath eddy current and circulating current losses. The document also provides methods to calculate cable parameters like inductance, impedance, and mutual impedances between conductors and screen. It describes using these calculations and ETAP modeling to analyze losses in an existing 33kV cable network and determine that installing VAR compensators could reduce total daily power losses by approximately 2471 kW.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Application of static synchronous compensator and energy storage system for p...journalBEEI
The major drivers of the quest for optimal placement of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are the quest for smart grids and economic indicators. The demand for energy and power stability will continue much as the astronomic growth in industries and increase in global population remains. The aim of this paper is to deliver a panoramic view of the use of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in combination with energy storage system (ESS) in order to enhance power stability. In this paper, it was observed that application of ESS is an important factor in attaining power stability and mitigating the effect of dynamics associated with the power supply system. The miniaturization of batteries and adequate placement of STATCOMs will be a challenge much as new power system are built or existing ones are expanded. The future of ESS is towards the adoption of renewable energy sources as against batteries.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
IRJET- Review on Various Topologis used for Decoupling of Fluctuating Power i...IRJET Journal
This document reviews various topologies used for decoupling fluctuating power in single-phase AC circuits. It discusses how active power decoupling techniques can help mitigate issues caused by power fluctuations, such as distorted power factor correction and reduced maximum power point tracking efficiency in applications like solar inverters. Specifically, it analyzes a symmetrical half-bridge circuit topology that uses minimal passive components to absorb power surges. The document also reviews several past studies on active power decoupling methods, capacitive energy storage approaches, and the benefits of film capacitors over electrolytic capacitors for power decoupling applications.
IRJET- Renewable Energy Hybrid Power System with Improvement of Power Quality...IRJET Journal
This document discusses a dual voltage source inverter (DVSI) scheme to improve power quality in microgrids. The proposed system uses two inverters, with the main inverter injecting real power from renewable energy sources into the grid, and an auxiliary inverter compensating for unbalanced and nonlinear local loads. Control algorithms based on instantaneous symmetrical component theory are developed to operate the inverters in grid sharing and grid injection modes. Simulation and experimental results validate that the DVSI scheme increases reliability, lowers costs, and better utilizes microgrid power compared to a single inverter system.
Analysis and optimization of wireless power transfer linkAjay Kumar Sah
In this paper, a high efficiency Gallium nitride (GaN), HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) class-E power amplifier for the wireless power transfer link is designed and simulated on PSpice. A four-coil wireless power transfer link is modeled for maximum power transfer efficiency on ADS (Advanced Design System) and frequency splitting phenomenon is demonstrated, explained and analyzed. Two resonant coupling structures, series & mixed, are presented and compared. The efficiency performance of the link is studied using spiral and helical antennas of different wire make. In addition, techniques for improving efficiency of the wireless power transfer systems with changing coupling coefficient viz. frequency splitting phenomenon of the coils are proposed.
Voltage Control of Dual Active Bridge Converter for CO-Amorphous Core Materia...kuldeep12555
Solid-State Transformer (SST) provides versatile power system operation. In the smart world, there are technologies where everything is incorporated that reduce the size and eventually save time in delivering a fast process. It has been seen that solid-state transformer voltage begins to decrease during operation that needs to be regulated through some control strategy. In this paper, a Dual Active Bridge (DAB) converter has been used to control the voltage of SST that employs the Single-Phase Shift (SPS) technique. For further efficiency improvement Co73(Si, B)27 co-amorphous material has been used for the core of SST because co-amorphous alloy has much lower loss compared with Fe-amorphous cores and have limited saturation flux density. Real-time parameters of core have been used in the analysis. It has been evident from the results that DAB dc-dc converter-based SST with SPS control technique is simple and offers better performance compared to stand-alone SST. It improves the overall performance and efficiency of the system. This paper has been accomplished in Matlab® / Simulink environment.
Keywords: Co73 (Si, B)27 Amorphous Core Material; Solid-State transformer (SST); Dual Active Bridge (DAB); High
voltage (HV) Application.
An algorithm for selection and design of hybrid power supplies for MEMS with ...Kimberly Cook-Chennault
The document presents an algorithm for selecting and designing hybrid power supplies for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). It evaluates three strategies for powering the Wireless Integrated Microsystems environmental monitor testbed (WIMS-EMT), a MEMS device: 1) a single power supply, 2) multiple power supplies divided by power range, and 3) flexible "power bundles" based on device space. Strategy 2 provided the best mass (0.032 kg) and volume (0.028 L) results. Strategies 2 and 3 provided the best battery lifetimes in excess of 2,000 hours. Future work will incorporate operational amplifier technologies to accommodate large voltage fluctuations and implement the algorithm into user-friendly software.
Power electronic control of induction generator used in small hydro power systemIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a paper that examines power electronic control techniques for induction generators used in small hydro power systems. It discusses how induction generators are commonly used for their low cost and maintenance. Various power electronic control methods are described, including electronic load control, decoupled voltage and frequency control, and STATCOM-based control, which aim to maintain a constant output voltage and frequency under changing load conditions. The paper also presents simulation results using MATLAB that analyze the performance of an induction generator connected to both linear and non-linear loads under different load values. The results demonstrate variations in output voltage, power factor, and harmonic distortion based on the load.
Review Paper on MIMO-OFDM System Using Wimax Modelijtsrd
Nowadays, thanks to the remarkable progress in wireless technology, affordable wireless communication service has become a reality. Wireless communication systems can be found all around the world today. WiMAX which represents (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a major part of broad band wireless network having IEEE 802.16 standard provides innovative fixed as well as mobile platform for broad-band internet access anywhere in anytime. IEEE 802.16 standard has bandwidth of 2GHz-11GHz for fixed applications and 2-6GHz for mobile applications. It is considered the most interesting opportunity which is able to provide data throughput up to 70 Mbps and radio coverage distances of almost 50 kilometres, and to complete wired network architectures, ensuring a cheap flexible solution for the last-mile. WiMAX can be seen as the fourth generation (4G) of mobile communications systems, In this paper study on MIMO-OFDM System and review different paper on the based of WiMAX technology. Anokchand Rathod | Megha Gupta"Review Paper on MIMO-OFDM System Using Wimax Model" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd14604.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/14604/review-paper-on-mimo-ofdm-system-using-wimax-model/anokchand-rathod
The impact of integration of solar farms on the power losses, voltage profile...journalBEEI
This document discusses a study analyzing the impact of integrating solar farms into Jordan's national power grid. The study considers connecting photovoltaic (PV) systems at varying penetration levels to different locations on the distribution network. Calculations are performed using modeling software and actual grid data from Jordan. The effects on short circuit level, voltage profile, and power losses in the distribution system are analyzed. The most suitable method for connecting a solar farm to the national grid is recommended based on the results.
GM Distributed Generation Inverters in a Micro grid by Controlling Energy Man...IOSRJEEE
This document describes a microgrid system with distributed generation units like a wind turbine and proton exchange membrane fuel cell connected to a distribution grid. An adaptive neural fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller is used for energy management and power distribution between the distributed generation units. Previously, a model predictive control algorithm was used but it had high computational complexity. The ANFIS controller reduces complexity by using logical operations instead of complex mathematical calculations. Simulation results in MATLAB/Simulink show the ANFIS controller provides better power quality and harmonic compensation compared to the previous model predictive control approach.
Snubberless current fed half bridge isolated converter for fuel cell applicat...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new zero-current-switching current fed half-bridge isolated DC/DC converter for fuel cell applications. The proposed converter provides advantages over existing current fed converters, including simple design without an active clamp or passive snubber. This leads to reduced size, lower cost, and improved efficiency. Simulation results using PSIM 9.0 software show the proposed 250W converter design achieves an efficiency of 95%.
Need for alternative energy sources to satisfy the rising demand in energy consumption elicited the research in the area of power converters/inverters. An increasing interest of using Z source inverter/converter in power generation involving renewable energy sources like wind and solar energy for both off grid and grid tied schemes were originated from 2003. This paper surveys the literature of Z source inverters/converter topologies that were developed over the years.
This work highlights a modular power conditioning system (PCS) in photovoltaic (PV) applications which consists with a DC-DC converter. The converter is able to regulate and amplify the input DC voltage produced by the PV panal. The implementation of Mosfet as bidirectional switch on the converter yields greater conversion ratio and better voltage regulation than a conventional DC-DC step up converter and PWM resonant converter. It also reduces the switching losses on the output DC voltage of the converter, as the MOSFET switches on primary winding of converter switch on under ZVS conditions. The proposed resonant converter has been designed, with the modification of series resonant converter and PWM boost converter that utilizes the high frequency of AC bidirectional switch to eliminate the weaknesses of used converters. The topology of the proposed converter includes the mode of operations, designing procedure and components selection of the new converter elements. This topology provides a DC output voltage to the inverter at range of about 120Vac-208 Vac.
This document discusses a proposed liquid power supply (LPS) system as an alternative to traditional pole line systems for electricity transmission. Some key points:
- LPS would transmit electricity through liquid-filled pipes buried underground, avoiding many issues with overhead pole lines like high installation costs, vulnerability to weather damage, and safety risks.
- The design of the LPS system includes conducting, insulating, and shielding layers in the pipes to efficiently transmit power through ionized liquid while preventing leaks and losses.
- LPS installation would be cheaper and safer than pole lines, enable easier maintenance, and support urbanization by reducing space needs on the ground. It could help develop and rural areas that traditional fiber optics are too expensive for.
IRJET-Design of Capacitor Less LDO Regulator by using Cascode Compensation Te...IRJET Journal
The document discusses two approaches to designing low dropout voltage regulators (LDOs). The first approach uses a basic LDO design with a compensation capacitor to achieve stability. This design has a dropout voltage of 200mV and provides an output voltage of 1.4V with a bandwidth of 475.67 KHz and phase margin of 43.85 degrees. The second approach aims to design a capacitor-less LDO using cascode compensation technique. This design achieves a lower dropout voltage of 100mV and higher bandwidth of 2.55 MHz and phase margin of 63 degrees through the use of an 80pF miller compensation capacitor and 50 kOhm series resistor to shift the right half plane zero and improve stability without requiring an
The concept of injecting photovoltaic power into the utility grid has earned widespread acceptance in these days of renewable energy generation & distribution. Grid-connected inverters have evolved significantly with high diversity. Efficiency, size, weight, reliability etc. have all improved significantly with the development of modern and innovative inverter configurations and these factors have influenced the cost of producing inverters. This paper presents a literature review of the recent technological developments and trends in the Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems (GCPVS). In countries with high penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) resources, GCPVS have been shown to cause unwanted stress on the electrical grid. A review of the existing and future standards that addresses the technical challenges associated with the growing number of GCPVS is presented. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Solar Tracking (ST) and the use of transform-less inverters can all lead to high efficiency gains of Photovoltaic (PV) systems while ensuring minimal interference with the grid. Inverters that support ancillary services like reactive power control, frequency regulation and energy storage are critical for mitigating the challenges caused by the growing adoption of GCPVS. Anjali | Gourav Sharma"A Review on Grid-Connected PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2195.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/2195/a-review-on-grid-connected-pv-system/anjali
Analysis of Electric Field and Current Density on XLPE Insulator IJECEIAES
Good condition and size of the insulator are important to ensure the excellent electric field and current density performance because of aging and degradation HVDC cable problem. At present, the existing insulator which is XLPE insulator that had been used does not meet the capabilities criteria of HVDC cable due to the problem in terms of the condition of the insulator which is the presence of a void in the insulator. A research had been made with Quickfield Software to calculate the electric field and current density in the XLPE insulator of HVDC cable. A void is created in the XLPE insulator by using Quickfield Software by varying diameter of void and distance of void from conductor. XLPE insulator is taken as main research object. The results show that largest diameter of void and nearest distance of void from conductor distorts highest electric field and lowest current density. Therefore, it is important to study both electric field and current density to ensure good capabilities and safety of HVDC cable.
IRJET- High Efficiency Bridge-Less Battery Charger for Light Electric Veh...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed high-efficiency bridge-less battery charger for light electric vehicles. The proposed charger uses MOSFET switches instead of bridge rectifier diodes to reduce conduction losses. It employs an isolated step-up AC-DC converter with a series-resonance circuit to provide zero current switching and reduce switching losses. Experimental results showed the proposed converter achieved 92.02% peak efficiency at 255 kHz with a 12V input and 50V output.
This document provides details on calculating various losses that occur in high voltage underground power cables, including dielectric losses, conductor losses, and sheath losses. It presents formulas to calculate voltage-dependent and current-dependent dielectric losses, as well as ohmic conductor losses and sheath eddy current and circulating current losses. The document also provides methods to calculate cable parameters like inductance, impedance, and mutual impedances between conductors and screen. It describes using these calculations and ETAP modeling to analyze losses in an existing 33kV cable network and determine that installing VAR compensators could reduce total daily power losses by approximately 2471 kW.
Minimization of Overall Losses of a Distribution System under Contingency Con...paperpublications3
Abstract: In this paper, a methodology has been proposed to minimize the losses of distribution systems (technical and non-technical losses) that is an absolutely necessary objective in the sound management of any electrical utility. The transmission & distribution losses in Indian power system are high. Most of the efforts of power planners concentrate on augmenting supply by building new power plants. But saving is possible by improving operating conditions for the distribution network. Due to inadequate planning and methods adopted for load shifting, some networks are under loaded while others are overloaded. Thus there is some scope for improvement in operating strategies. Network reconfiguration in distribution system is realized by changing the status of the sectionalizing switches and is usually done for loss reduction and avoids overloading. In primary distribution system (11KV), the need for reconfiguration occurs in emergency condition following the fault to isolate faulted section and in normal condition to reduce system losses or to avoid overloading of network. The main objective of the paper is to outline a methodology for management of distribution system for loss reduction by network reconfiguration. The possible techniques used for power loss reduction, which are network reconfiguration and capacitor addition. Case studies were simulated on an interconnected ring main distribution network.
Application of static synchronous compensator and energy storage system for p...journalBEEI
The major drivers of the quest for optimal placement of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are the quest for smart grids and economic indicators. The demand for energy and power stability will continue much as the astronomic growth in industries and increase in global population remains. The aim of this paper is to deliver a panoramic view of the use of static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) in combination with energy storage system (ESS) in order to enhance power stability. In this paper, it was observed that application of ESS is an important factor in attaining power stability and mitigating the effect of dynamics associated with the power supply system. The miniaturization of batteries and adequate placement of STATCOMs will be a challenge much as new power system are built or existing ones are expanded. The future of ESS is towards the adoption of renewable energy sources as against batteries.
TCSC AND SVC OPTIMAL LOCATION TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEM WITH...eeiej_journal
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this
effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location
of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies
are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind
penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus
39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
Assessment of Energy Efficiency of a Large Interconnected Distribution System...paperpublications3
Abstract: In a situation, where there is a shortage of power generation or the power stations are operating with a very low reserve margin, as is typically the current position in INDIA, there is a need to operate distribution network at the highest possible efficiency by utilizing network power loss reduction techniques. Such techniques are especially important when contingencies occur as they tend to increase loss, reduce efficiencies and cause power supplies to such networks to increase. This increase can cause the network or multiples of such networks to be load shed, as the power stations do not have the reserve margins to meet this increased demand. An efficiency schedule has been developed for a large ring network that reduces the loss so that its input power can be decreased. In this way, the available power existing due to the contingency can be more evenly spread, and the number of ring main networks to be load shed could be reduced. From the obtained results, the developed efficiency schedule for a large ring main network under contingency conditions was shown to be effective. The efficiency schedule is thus recommended for application in this important field as it will help to prevent load shedding, especially in the situation where power stations are operating with low reserve margins.
ANALYSIS OF SOLID STATE TRANSFORMER WITH PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOREditor IJMTER
In recent years the complexity of the grid systems has grown due to the increased
penetration of renewable energy and distributed generation sources. The increased complexity
requires new methods to quickly manage the changing sources and loads. This research focuses
on one of such technologies, called the SST. A SST uses power electronic devices to achieve
voltage conversion from one level to another. Several SST topologies have been proposed by
different research groups, without a clear idea on which is most suited for grid applications.To
ensure a proper choice of topology,a separate literature review is presented in this paper. The final
choice of topology is extremely modular. In this, conventional dc-dc converter of solid state transformer is replaced by SEPIC converter and the analysis is done using PMSG.
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - Wire & Cable Technology Inter...Leonardo ENERGY
http://www.bluetoad.com/publication/?i=217299&p=90
Overhead line conductors are traditionally a domain for aluminium, using either steel reinforced aluminium or aluminium alloys. Using copper for overhead lines might surprise some people because it is a substantially heavier material. Weight, however, is not the most crucial characteristic of the conductor. Its smaller section and hydrophobic coating reduces the wind and ice loads on the conductors, which makes the overhead line more resistant and resilient to weather conditions.
Also, the higher conductivity of copper reduces the losses and the life cycle cost of the overhead line.
The most important components of the distributed generation frameworks is the GTIs which is an interface amidst the utility and the source of energy. The recent years have seen an increased interest in the design and usage of GTIs due to its smaller weight and size, low cost and higher efficiency. But the problem of leakage currents in the transformerless inverter that is dependant on its topology and control scheme needs to be looked into carefully. Also, the high performance of the GTI requires a stringent control and various control systems are being developed and applied to the GTIs. This paper reviews the various topologies that are classified based on the attributes of the leakage current and the method of decoupling. Further it reviews and compares the different control techniques applied to the GTIs with respect to the frame of reference, controller, modulation technique and the control parameters considered.
Micro-alloyed copper overhead line conductors - PowerGrid International Augus...Leonardo ENERGY
This document discusses microalloyed copper overhead line conductors (CAC) as an alternative to traditional aluminum conductors. CAC has a smaller cross-section but higher conductivity than aluminum, allowing it to carry the same current load while reducing energy losses. Though CAC is more expensive initially, the lifetime costs are lower due to much higher maximum operating temperatures and reduced losses over the conductor's lifespan. CAC is particularly suitable for connecting remote renewable energy generation to the grid due to its ability to handle short-term overloads without damage.
The purpose of this paper is to study and design of 230 kV twin bundle double circuit overhead transmission line. In design consideration, the selection of economic voltage, choice of conductor size, number of insulators, maximum sag of conductor and minimum height of conductor are considered. The electrical transfer of energy from one place to another over long distance with standard regulations is one of the major problems in the field of electrical power engineering. The parameters of overhead transmission line are resistance, inductance and capacitance. The bundle conductors are used for reducing the reactance on the line, corona losses, radio interference and surge impedance. Daw Hnin Yu Lwin | U Hla Myo Htay "Design of 230 kV Twin Bundle Double Circuit Overhead Transmission Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27830.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27830/design-of-230-kv-twin-bundle-double-circuit-overhead-transmission-line/daw-hnin-yu-lwin
This document summarizes a student's three-week vocational training at the 132/33 kV Salt Lake substation owned by the West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Corporation Limited. The training took place from February 6th to 27th, 2017 under the guidance of Assistant Engineer Mr. Debayan Mandal. The student thanks all those involved for their guidance and for providing an insight into the practical applications of electrical systems and equipment. The document includes sections acknowledging those who supported the training and providing background on the organization and an introduction to electrical substations and power transmission systems.
Wireless power transfer (WPT) system has got significant attention in recent years due to its applications in consumer electronics, medical implants and electric vehicles etc. WPT is a promising choice in situations, where the physical connectors can be unreliable and susceptible to failure. The efficiency of WPT system decreasing rapidly with increasing air-gap. Many circuit topologies have been employed to enhance the efficiency of the WPT system. This paper presents the modelling and performance analysis of resonant wireless power transfer (RWPT) system using series-parallel-mixed topology. The power transfer efficiency analysis of the model is investigated via circuit theory. S-parameters have been used for measuring power transfer efficiency. Transient analysis is performed to realize the behavior of voltage and current waveforms using advanced design system (ADS) software. The proposed model is tested with two amplitudes i.e. 100 V peak-to-peak and 110 V peak-to-peak at the same frequency of 365.1 kHz. The overall result shows that the series-parallel-mixed topology model has higher efficiency at low coupling factor (K) for both voltage amplitudes.
FORMULATION AND EXECUTION OF A DC TO DC BOOST CONVERTER WITH NON-CONVENTIONAL...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the formulation and execution of a DC to DC boost converter to increase the voltage from a non-conventional energy source for powering an electrolyzer.
2) A boost converter using IGBT switches is designed and simulated in MATLAB to increase the voltage from 32.69V from a 200W solar panel to 226.5V required by the electrolyzer.
3) The simulation results show the converter can achieve over 92% efficiency at full load and maintain the output voltage between 180-226V with varying input voltage and load, making it suitable for powering the electrolyzer from a solar energy source.
Optimal placement and sizing of ht shunt capacitors for transmission loss min...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology that proposes a method for optimal placement and sizing of shunt capacitors in the RRVPNL Power Grid transmission network in India. The objectives are to minimize transmission losses and improve the voltage profile in a cost-effective manner. The method formulates the problem using an objective function that considers active power loss reduction and voltage deviation minimization. Power flow is solved iteratively using MATLAB to determine the optimal capacitor locations and sizes that meet the objectives while satisfying voltage constraints. Simulation results found the proposed method effectively restructures capacitor placement in the grid to optimize utilization of capacitors for loss reduction and voltage stability enhancement.
2005_A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters.pdfPKSahu6
This document provides a review of single-phase grid-connected inverters for photovoltaic modules. It begins by examining the demands placed on these inverters by utilities, photovoltaic modules, and operators. It then reviews the evolution of photovoltaic inverter technologies from centralized inverters of the past to today's string inverters and ac module technologies. The document categorizes inverter topologies and evaluates them to identify the most suitable for future use with single or multiple photovoltaic modules.
The document discusses different types of electrical loads and factors related to load assessment. It describes categories of loads such as domestic, commercial, industrial, municipal, agricultural and other loads. For each category, it provides the demand factor, diversity factor and load factor. It also discusses various factors related to load such as connected load, maximum demand, power factor. The document then describes different types of cables used in power systems and factors considered for cable selection such as current rating and voltage drop. It also discusses methods of laying underground cables and tests performed on cables.
POWER QUALITY AND THD MITIGATION IN ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING STATION BY THE ...IRJET Journal
This document discusses using an artificial neural network controller to mitigate power quality issues and reduce total harmonic distortion at an electric vehicle charging station. As more EVs charge from the electric grid, it can cause harmonics, affect the voltage profile, and impact power quality. The paper proposes an ANN controller that regulates the system's THD and enables two-way power delivery between the grid and vehicle. It also describes the components of inductive power transfer systems for wireless EV charging, including primary and secondary side power converters, compensation networks, and control strategies. The ANN controller is suggested to reduce power quality disturbances and improve grid current characteristics at the EV charging station.
- The document discusses the factors to consider when deciding whether to use high-voltage direct current (HVDC) or high-voltage alternating current (HVAC) for electric power transmission.
- HVDC has advantages over HVAC for long distance transmission, as it has lower transmission losses. However, HVDC converters are more expensive than HVAC equipment.
- Key factors that influence the decision include the transmission distance and power level, as well as technical considerations like reactive power requirements, reliability, and environmental impacts.
- HVDC may be preferable for transmissions over 800km or 3,500MW, due to lower costs and reactive power needs. Shorter distances or lower powers may favor HVAC.
New generation of copper alloy conductors for overhead electricity linesLeonardo ENERGY
This document summarizes the key advantages of micro-alloyed copper conductors for overhead power lines compared to traditional aluminium conductors. Micro-alloyed copper conductors have higher energy efficiency due to lower electrical resistance and losses. They allow for higher operating temperatures and temporary overloads which provides more flexibility for grid operators. Life cycle cost analyses found the total cost of new lines and upgrades of existing lines to be similar or lower for copper conductors despite their higher initial cost, due to lower energy losses over the line lifetime.
This document summarizes series compensation technology for enhancing power transmission capability over long distances. It discusses how series capacitors reduce transmission line reactance, allowing greater power transfer. Specific examples are provided of extensive series compensation use in Sweden and a new thyristor-controlled series capacitor installation in Brazil for damping power oscillations between interconnected systems. Key benefits of series compensation include improved stability, voltage regulation, losses, and load sharing between parallel lines.
Similar to Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia (20)
Square transposition: an approach to the transposition process in block cipherjournalBEEI
The transposition process is needed in cryptography to create a diffusion effect on data encryption standard (DES) and advanced encryption standard (AES) algorithms as standard information security algorithms by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. The problem with DES and AES algorithms is that their transposition index values form patterns and do not form random values. This condition will certainly make it easier for a cryptanalyst to look for a relationship between ciphertexts because some processes are predictable. This research designs a transposition algorithm called square transposition. Each process uses square 8 × 8 as a place to insert and retrieve 64-bits. The determination of the pairing of the input scheme and the retrieval scheme that have unequal flow is an important factor in producing a good transposition. The square transposition can generate random and non-pattern indices so that transposition can be done better than DES and AES.
Hyper-parameter optimization of convolutional neural network based on particl...journalBEEI
The document proposes using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to optimize the hyperparameters of a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification. The PSO algorithm is used to find optimal values for CNN hyperparameters like the number and size of convolutional filters. In experiments on the MNIST handwritten digit dataset, the optimized CNN achieved a testing error rate of 0.87%, which is competitive with state-of-the-art models. The proposed approach finds optimized CNN architectures automatically without requiring manual design or encoding strategies during training.
Supervised machine learning based liver disease prediction approach with LASS...journalBEEI
In this contemporary era, the uses of machine learning techniques are increasing rapidly in the field of medical science for detecting various diseases such as liver disease (LD). Around the globe, a large number of people die because of this deadly disease. By diagnosing the disease in a primary stage, early treatment can be helpful to cure the patient. In this research paper, a method is proposed to diagnose the LD using supervised machine learning classification algorithms, namely logistic regression, decision tree, random forest, AdaBoost, KNN, linear discriminant analysis, gradient boosting and support vector machine (SVM). We also deployed a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) feature selection technique on our taken dataset to suggest the most highly correlated attributes of LD. The predictions with 10 fold cross-validation (CV) made by the algorithms are tested in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, precision and f1-score values to forecast the disease. It is observed that the decision tree algorithm has the best performance score where accuracy, precision, sensitivity and f1-score values are 94.295%, 92%, 99% and 96% respectively with the inclusion of LASSO. Furthermore, a comparison with recent studies is shown to prove the significance of the proposed system.
A secure and energy saving protocol for wireless sensor networksjournalBEEI
The research domain for wireless sensor networks (WSN) has been extensively conducted due to innovative technologies and research directions that have come up addressing the usability of WSN under various schemes. This domain permits dependable tracking of a diversity of environments for both military and civil applications. The key management mechanism is a primary protocol for keeping the privacy and confidentiality of the data transmitted among different sensor nodes in WSNs. Since node's size is small; they are intrinsically limited by inadequate resources such as battery life-time and memory capacity. The proposed secure and energy saving protocol (SESP) for wireless sensor networks) has a significant impact on the overall network life-time and energy dissipation. To encrypt sent messsages, the SESP uses the public-key cryptography’s concept. It depends on sensor nodes' identities (IDs) to prevent the messages repeated; making security goals- authentication, confidentiality, integrity, availability, and freshness to be achieved. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed approach produced better energy consumption and network life-time compared to LEACH protocol; sensors are dead after 900 rounds in the proposed SESP protocol. While, in the low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) scheme, the sensors are dead after 750 rounds.
Plant leaf identification system using convolutional neural networkjournalBEEI
This paper proposes a leaf identification system using convolutional neural network (CNN). This proposed system can identify five types of local Malaysia leaf which were acacia, papaya, cherry, mango and rambutan. By using CNN from deep learning, the network is trained from the database that acquired from leaf images captured by mobile phone for image classification. ResNet-50 was the architecture has been used for neural networks image classification and training the network for leaf identification. The recognition of photographs leaves requested several numbers of steps, starting with image pre-processing, feature extraction, plant identification, matching and testing, and finally extracting the results achieved in MATLAB. Testing sets of the system consists of 3 types of images which were white background, and noise added and random background images. Finally, interfaces for the leaf identification system have developed as the end software product using MATLAB app designer. As a result, the accuracy achieved for each training sets on five leaf classes are recorded above 98%, thus recognition process was successfully implemented.
Customized moodle-based learning management system for socially disadvantaged...journalBEEI
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Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in Malaysia
1. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics
Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2020, pp. 39~47
ISSN: 2302-9285, DOI: 10.11591/eei.v9i1.1863 39
Journal homepage: http://beei.org
Conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission
line improvement in Malaysia
H. M. Luqman1, M. N. R. Baharom2, N. A. M. Jamail3, N. A. Othman4, R. Abd. Rahman5,
M. F. M. Yousof6, Irshad Ullah7
1,2,3,4,5,6
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Malaysia
7
CECOS University of IT & Emerging Sciences, Pakistan
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 18, 2019
Revised Oct 22, 2019
Accepted Nov 30, 2019
This paper presents conductor sag comparison for 132 kV overhead
transmission line improvement in Malaysia. Increasing industrialization and
population growth around the world demands higher electricity supply.
Power generation has yet to decline but transmitting sufficient electricity to
consumers is worrisome due to scarce land space occupied by rapid
urbanization. Hence reconductoring method was chosen to improve existing
132 kV overhead transmission line in Malaysia. A group of selected
conductors were chosen for comparison where the high temperature low sag
conductor stood out the most producing up to 40% sag reduction.
This paper focuses on providing conductor alternatives to improve maximum
sag of lowest conductor to ground for 132 kV transmission line in Malaysia
in accordance to her climate and geographical factor.
Keywords:
Conductor sag
HTLS conductor
Reconductoring
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Luqman Hakim Mahmod,
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,
86400 Parit Raja, Johor, Malaysia.
Email: luqman_h317@yahoo.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The importance of electricity heightened along rapid urbanization all around the world due to
industrialization development and increasing human population including Malaysia. Other than that,
most people could not avoid from consuming electricity in our daily routine either for necessity or to fulfil
unnecessary desires. Thus in order to ensure sufficient electricity is provided to every nook and cranny of
a country to continue its growth, development of power generation should not be neglected. Generated from
power substation, electricity is transmitted from one place to another through Overhead Transmission Line
(OTL). Although power generation has been steadily increasing and improved in Malaysia [1], the means to
transmit electricity has become worrisome. The reason behind this cause is due to scarce land space that had
been occupied by huge industrialization and population growth. This scenario limits new construction of
OTL that consumes wide land space in order to provide sufficient Right-Of-Way (ROW). Before the scenario
worsens, studies have to be taken to evaluate other means necessary of improving existing OTL to transmit
sufficient electricity to the consumers should the time arrives [2].
OTL systems are required in order to transmit electricity from one place to another where their size
greatly depends on its respective voltage ratings. The simplest idea of increasing electricity transmission
capabilities can be done by constructing new OTL systems which would be ideal to be constructed on new
terrain far from human population. Nevertheless, the cost for such development would be expensive and
it also requires huge land space to maintain its ROW. The same goes to the idea of replacing old OTL
2. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2020 : 39 – 47
40
systems to new ones of higher voltage rating [3]. Hence, the best solution to increase electricity transmission
capabilities to avoid unnecessary cost and land space consumption would be the modifications of existing
OTL systems. There are three types of OTL systems typically used in Malaysia known with voltage ratings
of 132 kV, 275 kV and 500 kV. The 132 kV OTL in Malaysia becomes the focus of this study because it has
the potential to be upgraded into 275 kV or even into 500 kV voltage systems. Figure 1 represents typical
132 kV OTL dimension used in Malaysia [4].
Figure 1. Typical 132 kV OTL dimension used in Malaysia [4]
OTL systems have four major parts namely the tower structure itself, cross -arms, insulators and
conductors. These four major parts of existing OTL systems can be modified to improve its capabilities.
The main objective of these modifications is to provide sufficient electrical clearances for the OTL to operate
at higher capabilities while maintaining its ROW. Electrical clearances that need to be achieved are between
the maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground, conductor phase-to-phase and conductor
phase-to-structure [5]. The tower structure itself can be modified through reinforcement of a leg member or
its foundation [6]. Such implementations are crucial when considering physical modifications of existing
OTL towers to provide sufficient mechanical strength and supports. Cross -arms and insulators can
both be modified into composite cross-arms that eliminates the use of insulator hence increasing electrical
clearances [7-9]. All of these modifications require phycisal alterations that would sums up a huge number of
expenses leaving conductormodification as an alternative.
3. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Conductorsag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in… (H. M. Luqman)
41
Modifying existing conductors can be done by either restringing or reconductoring where the first
is usually applied when faulty calculation existed while the latter is used to replace aged conductors with
better performance conductors. Normally, conventional conductors are used to its maximum life span
averaging between 40 to 50 years [10]. According to [11] there is the risk of sag exceedance and failure
possibility on aged conductors due to annealing of aluminium layers in conjunction with repeat thermal
cycling on the steel core of aged ACSR conductors. Thus by applying the reconductoring method, not only
that existing OTL system can be used for an additional 50 years or more, but it can also be operated at higher
capabilities when old conductors are replaced with better performance conductors. In addition to that,
minimal to zero tower structure modification are required while still providing sufficient electrical
clearances, maintaining ROW and cost effective when compared to building a new OTL system [12, 13].
In this paper, a group of conductors of different types were compared with existing conductor used
in 132 kV OTL system in Malaysia. Conductors of similar diameters and strandings were chosen to evaluate
the conductor sag that they will produce. The conductor sag calculation used in this paper accommodates
Malaysia’s climate specifically the wind speed and ambient temperature to further evaluate conductor
sag improvement by reconductoring method specifically in this country.
2. RECONDUCTORING METHOD
Generally reconductoring method is performed by replacing old conductors with new ones of better
characteristics depending on the objectives [14]. In this case, the objective of reconductoring is to provide
increased maximum sag of lowest conductor to ground clearances. This can be achieved by using conductors
that provides lesser sag when operated at the same operating current. In order to apply reconductoring
method, choosing proper conductor is vital in the process. There are varieties of conductor selection available
in the market commonly known as Aluminium Alloy Conductor (AAC), All Aluminium Alloy Conductor
(AAAC), Aluminium Conductor Steel Reinforced (ACSR), Aluminium Conductor Composite Reinforced
(ACCR) and others. Each group consists of numerous conductors which inherit different characteristic
parameters usually known by their codename, conductordiameter and conductorstranding.
Conductor replacement with approximately the same cross-sectional area of similar conductor
weight or by High Temperature Low Sag (HTLS) conductors can improve conductor sag without structure
modification [15]. In Thailand, a series of HTLS conductors were compared with 1272 MCM ACSR for
230 kV OTL system that provides up to 15% conductor sag improvement [16]. In the UK, AAAC conductor
is predicted to provide 20% increase in conductor system life compared to ACSR conductor [17]. A series of
HTLS conductors were also compared with ACSR 450/75 conductors that measures up to three times
increased thermal ratings while maintaining similar conductor sag [18]. HTLS conductors are currently in
favour when intended to be used for reconductoring due to its ability to produce low sag while being operated
at high temperature. In this study, conventional conductors including a type of HTLS conductor were chosen
to be compared with existing ACSR conductor used in 132 kV OTL system in Malaysia in terms
of conductorsag.
In Malaysia, the ACSR Batang conductor is commonly used for 132kV OTL system. Comparison
was made between selected few conductors within those commonly group of conductors available
in the market to determine which conductor is suitable to replace ACSR Batang. The conductors used for
comparison of each group are chosen based on similar characteristics of conductor diameter and stranding as
compared to ACSR Batang. Several conductors are also chosen with smaller and bigger conductor diameter
and stranding to further evaluate the effects of these characteristics.
A good conductor should be able to perform better in terms of conductor strength-to-weight ratio,
ampacity and sag. Strength-to-weight ratio of a conductor determines its ability to withstand gravitational and
wind force before reaching its breaking point. High value of strength-to-weight ratio will produce low
conductor sag. A conductor with the ability to provide higher ampacity is always favoured but transmitting
higher electricity produces more heat and when combined with ambient temperature, conductor will elongate
more resulting in higher sag. Thus in order to choose the best conductor to replace ACSR Batang while
providing sufficient electrical clearances and maintaining ROW, the conductor sag characteristics of selected
conductors are focused in this study.
3. CONDUCTOR SAG CHARACTERISTICS
A conductor that is strung fromtwo points of tower supports will have sag due to gravitational force
pulling the weight of the conductor to the center of the earth [19]. Sag is the distance measured vertically
from the lowest conductor to the span length. Unless stated otherwise, sag is usually referred to the midpoint
of the span where uniformly flat ground surface is assumed [20].
4. ISSN: 2302-9285
Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf, Vol. 9, No. 1, February 2020 : 39 – 47
42
There are three common terms when characterizing sag which are everyday sag, maximum
allowable sag and maximum sag at maximum operating temperature. Everyday sag occurs during normal
daily operations of OTL systems where current supplied is not at its optimum. Maximum allowable sag
is a criterion that should not be violated when operating OTL to ensure safety clearance from conductor to
ground is secured. Its value is dependent on the type of OTL systems and tower structures where at least
7 m of height is required for typical 132 kV OTL system [21]. Maximum sag at maximum operating
temperature determines the effectiveness of conductors in providing low sag when operated at its maximum
capabilities. Figure 2 represents the first two of these sag characteristics while the third varies depending on
the type of conductors [22].
Figure 2. Sag characteristics and 132 kV minimum safety clearance to ground [22]
4. CONDUCTOR SAG CALCULATION
A conductor strung with supports only at its ends takes the shape of a catenary curve.
Typically, lines that are spread across non-mountainous country have catenary curve that resembles almost
like a parabola. In addition, there are no significant differences when comparing conductor sag calculated by
using catenary and parabolic equation for lines shorter than 500 m span length. Hence, parabolic equation
is used in this study with span length of 300 m to determine the maximum sag at maximum operating
temperature. Sag, S is derived by (1) [23] while arc length of conductor in a level span l , is derived
by (2) [24]:
2
8
wL
S
T
= (1)
2
8
wL
S
T
= (2)
Where Lis span length (m), wis either vertical force in still air, or resultant force with wind,
per unit length of conductor in the span length (N/m), and T is horizontal component of tension (N).
The final untensioned conductor length equals the initial untensioned length plus any extension due to
a change of temperature. Elastic stretch is deducted and change of temperature extension is added.
Thus the change of state formula is as (3) [24]:
( ) ( )
2 2
3
1 2 0
2 1 2 1
24 1 2
L w w L
T T L
T T AE
− + − + − =
(3)
Where Ais conductor cross-sectional area (m2), Eis effective modulus of elasticity (kN/mm2),
is effective coefficient of expansion (/°C) and is temperature (°C). Denomination 1 is for initial and 2
is for final. The length of conductor sag is affected by the mechanical properties of the conductor, its
operating temperature and geographical factors such as wind speed and ambient temperature. Conductor
mechanical properties are extracted from public accessible datasheet provided by worldwide companies.
Wind speed increases as the height increases above ground. Thus wind pressure used in tower
designs should be increased for the upper parts of tall towers, one that is used for river crossings as
5. Bulletin of Electr Eng & Inf ISSN: 2302-9285
Conductorsag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in… (H. M. Luqman)
43
an example. This case should be implemented on towers reaching higher than 60 m tall. It is not practical to
vary wind pressure along a span hence a single mean value should be used. Temperature chang es provide
significant impact upon conductor sag. It is considered as a standard practice to specify minimum and
maximum conductor operating temperature at -5.6°C and 75°C respectively for countries with winter season.
The minimum conductor operating temperature is the temperature where ice is usually formed on
the conductor. Suruhanjaya Tenaga Electricity Regulations 1994 has provided guidelines for wind speed,
minimum and maximum conductor temperature suitable to Malaysia’s climate and geographical facto rs
as shown in Table 1 [25].
Table 1. Sag calculation parameters complying with Suruhanjaya
Tenaga Electricity Regulations 1994 [25]
Parameters Value
Windspeed, m/s 28.62
Minimum conductor temperature,°C 21
Maximum conductor temperature, °C 75
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results of conductor sag calculated for all of the chosen conductors for comparison with ACSR
Batang (reference conductor) are shown in Tables 2 to 5 according to their respective groups. Conductors
are sorted by their conductor strandings and diameter in ascending order. The reference conductor has
strandings of Aluminium/Steel (Al/St) at 18/7 with the diameter of 24.16 mm that produces 7.90 m conductor
sag at 75°C operating temperature. Basically, conductors that produce lesser conductor sag than the reference
conductor should be viable for reconductoring purposes in terms of increasing maximum sag of lowest
conductorto ground clearance.
Table 2 represents the conductor sag calculated for ACSR conductor group that contains two
different conductor strandings of Al/St at 18/1 and 24/7. None of the ACSR conductors with Al/St (18/1)
strandings tend to produce lesser sag than the reference conductor.The closest conductorsag to the reference
conductor would be ACSR Kingbird that has similar conductor diameter to the reference conductor
producing -0.65% of sag reduction. The extra stranding of steel in ACSR Batang seems to provide better
strength-to-weight ratio hence better sag.
Observing ACSR Brant, ACSR Peacock and ACSR Cuckoo, these three have the same stranding of
(24/7) in the ascending order of conductor diameter with ACSR Peacock having similar conductor diameter
as compared to ACSR Batang. All three of these conductors have lower conductor sag value as compared to
the reference conductor. ACSR Peacock and ACSR Cuckoo have significant higher rated strength that
contributes to this result. Interestingly, although ACSR Brant has slightly lower rated strength than ACSR
Batang, it provides better conductor sag due to its lower value of other mechanical properties such as
coefficient of expansion.
Table 2. ACSR conductorsag comparison with reference conductor
Conductor types
(with strandings)
Conductor diameter, mm
Conductor sagat 75°C
operatingtemperature, m
Sag reduction, %
ACSR Batang(18/7) 24.16 7.90
ACSR Waxwing(18/1) 15.45 9.49 -20.06
ACSR Pelican (18/1) 20.68 8.71 -10.24
ACSR Kingbird(18/1) 23.90 7.95 -0.65
ACSR Brant (24/7) 19.62 6.49 17.79
ACSR Peacock(24/7) 24.19 6.22 21.31
ACSR Cuckoo (24/7) 27.72 6.09 22.91
Table 3 shows the AAC conductor sag comparison with the reference conductor. AAC conductors
consist of only aluminium strands. Two types of AAC strandings are chosen at (37) and (61) for comparison.
Without having any steel strands to increase its strength-to-weight ratio, all of the AAC conductors fail to
provide better conductor sag as compared to ACSR Batang. Viewing the characteristics of AAC Mistletoe,
AAC Verbana and AAC Arbutius with (37) aluminium strandings that are sorted in increasing conductor
diameter, AAC Verbana is the one that has similar conductor diameter as the reference conductor and
produces -22.48% sag reduction. AAC Arbutius with bigger diameter compared to ACSR Batang only shows
a slight improvement of conductor sag at -21.26% sag reduction. The same goes for AAC Flag and AAC
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44
Ulac both with (61) aluminium strandings that failed to provide better sag reduction compared to
the reference conductor.
Table 3. AAC conductorsag comparison with reference conductor
Conductor types
(with strandings)
Conductor diameter, mm
Conductor sagat 75°C
operatingtemperature, m
Sag reduction, %
ACSR Batang(18/7) 24.16 7.90
AAC Mistletoe (37) 21.77 10.22 -29.40
AAC Verbana (37) 24.43 9.68 -22.48
AAC Arbutius (37) 26.04 9.58 -21.26
AAC Flag (61) 24.48 9.39 -18.88
AAC Ulac (61) 26.10 9.33 -18.12
Table 4 represents AAAC conductors sag comparison with reference conductor. Comprised of
aluminium alloy stranding, all of the conductors selected for this AAAC type conductor provide better
conductor sag as compared to the reference conductor. AAAC Elmis the only conductor for this type found
with aluminium alloy stranding (19) that has smaller conductor diameter and other characteristics when
compared to ACSR Batang, except for its coefficient of expansion. Although AAAC Elm strength-to-weight
ratio is smaller by a small margin, its significant smaller value of other characteristics is what contributes to
its lower conductor sag. Looking at the AAAC trio with aluminium alloy strandings (37) which are AAAC
Poplar, AAAC Upas and AAAC Yew, all of their rated strength is significantly higher as compared to ACSR
Batang. Although AAAC Yew has higher value of characteristics in general, it tends to produce much lower
conductorsag due to its doubled rated strength than the reference conductor.
Table 4. AAAC conductorsag comparison with reference conductor
Conductor types
(with strandings)
Conductor diameter,
mm
Conductor sagat 75°C
operatingtemperature, m
Sag reduction, %
ACSR Batang(18/7) 24.16 7.90
AAAC Elm (19) 18.80 5.81 26.47
AAAC Poplar (37) 20.09 5.39 31.72
AAAC Upas (37) 24.71 5.30 32.96
AAAC Yew (37) 28.42 5.11 35.34
Table 5 shows ACCR conductors sag compared to the reference conductor. ACCR conductor type
relies on aluminium composite as its core surrounded by aluminium-zirconium wires to boost its efficiency.
There are two types of ACCR strandings used for comparison which are (26/7) and (26/19). All of the ACCR
conductors listed in this comparison provide significant sag reduction between 36-40%.
Nevertheless, both ACCR Grosbeak and ACCR Drake conductors have larger diameter and weight compared
to reference conductor which leaves ACCR Hawk and ACCR Dove as the most suitable replacement to avoid
structural modification.
Table 5. ACCR conductorsag comparison with reference conductor
Conductor types
(with strandings)
Conductor diameter, mm
Conductor sagat 75°C
operatingtemperature, m
Sag reduction, %
ACSR Batang(18/7) 24.16 7.90
ACCR Hawk (26/7) 21.60 4.98 36.91
ACCR Dove (26/7) 23.90 4.98 37.02
ACCR Grosbeak (26/19) 25.50 5.02 36.44
ACCR Drake (26/19) 28.60 4.79 39.41
It is clear that conductors within the same group tend to produce lesser sag when they have bigger
number of conductor strandings and larger conductor diameters. Among all of the conductor groups chosen
for the comparison, only AAC conductor types are not suitable to be used for replacement of ACSR Batang
conductor. In terms of redeucing conductor sag while maintaining similar conductor diameter to avoid
structural modification, ACSR Peacock, AAAC Poplar and ACCR Dove are the best choices amongst their
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Conductorsag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in… (H. M. Luqman)
45
conductor groups. Though, there are other aspects that need to be calculated such as ampacity and costs
before making the final decision.
6. CONCLUSION
In order to make use of reconductoring technique, only the conductors with lesser conductor sag
should be chosen to provide sufficient electrical clearances while maintaining ROW. ACCR conductor type
shown to provide the best conductor sag followed by AAAC conductor type and a few of higher rated
strength ACSR conductor type. The AAC conductor type should be avoided when intended to improve
existing 132 kV systems in Malaysia that are using ACSR Batang in terms of conductorsag.
It is clear that AAAC and ACCR conductor types provide significant conductor sag reduction up to
more than 30%. ACSR Brant, Peacock and Cuckoo are the three ACSR conductors that provide better
conductorsag as compared to ACSR Batang because these three have more strands.AAC conductors provide
inferior conductor sag as compared to AAAC conductors due to the aluminium material enforcemen t in
AAAC conductors.
Nevertheless, other conductor abilities such as its ampacity, maximum operating temperature and
cost have to be analysed before finalizing conductor selection. Some conductors provide better sag along
with higher ampacity while some do not while some conductor permits to allow maximum operating
temperature up to 120°C or more. The ability to be able to operate at such high temperature allows for even
higher ampacity which can be found inherited by HTLS conductors such as ACCR conductors.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their thanks to Pejabat Pendaftar, UTHM as the sponsor for this
paper publication.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Luqman Hakim bin Mahmod received both of his B.Eng. degrees and M.Eng. in Electrical
Engineering from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) in 2010 and 2012
respectively. Currently he is pursuing Ph.D. in Electrical Power Engineering in UTHM.
Md Nor Ramdon Bin Baharom was born in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on August 1978. He
received the B.Eng. degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from School of Computing,
Creative Technologies & Engineering, Leeds Metropolitan University, United Kingdom in 2004.
He received the Ph.D. degree from Electrical Energy and Power Systems Group of the School Of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Manchester in 2010. He is currently
working as a lecturer in Department of Power Electrical Engineering of the Faculty of Electrical
and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia. His
major research interests include high-voltage insulations, overhead-line design, lightning
structure protection, electrical environmental interference impact, composite insulators and
flashover of contaminated insulators.
Nor Akmal binti Jamail is a lecturer of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia since 2008. She
received the B.Eng. degree in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)
in 2005, M.Eng. degree in Power System from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)
in 2007 and Ph.D. degree in High Voltage Engineering from UTM, in 2015. Her research
interests include condition monitoring of polymer nanocomposite insulation for HV purpose,
dielectrics and electrical insulation. She is registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia
(BEM).
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Conductorsag comparison for 132 kV overhead transmission line improvement in… (H. M. Luqman)
47
Nordiana Azlin Othman was born in Johor, Malaysia on January 19, 1986. She is currently
a Lecturer at the Department of Electrical Power Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Malaysia. She received B. Eng. in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) in 2010 and PhD in High Voltage Engineering from UTM in 2016. Her research interest
includes the detection and diagnostics of partial discharge and space charge in insulation for
condition monitoring.
Rahisham bin Abd. Rahman was born in Kedah, Malaysia in 1984. He received the M.Eng.
degree in electrical and electronic engineering from Cardiff University, United Kingdom in
2008. After his graduation, he joined Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) as
an academic staff and research fellow. In 2008, he came back to cardiff as a Ph.D. candidate
within the High Voltage and Energy Systems group and received his Ph.D. degree in 2012.
Currently, he is a lecturer at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Batu Pahat,
Malaysia.
Mohd Fairouz Mohd Yousof obtained Dip. Eng, B. Eng and M. Eng from Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia (UTM). He completed his Ph.D. study in 2015 from The University of Queensland,
Australia and currently is a lecturer at the Department of Electrical Power Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). He was a visiting researcher at TNB Research
from 2018 until 2019. His main research is condition-based monitoring and assessment of power
transformer and rotating machine. He is a Graduate Engineer registered with the Board of
Engineers Malaysia (BEM) and a member of The Malaysian National Committee of CIGRE
(MNC-CIGRE)
Irshad Ullah was born in District Dir KP, Pakistan on January 5, 1985. He received
the Bachelor’s Degree in Electrical Engineering from the Continent Electronic Communications
System (CECOS) University Peshawar and his Master’s in Electrical Engineering from Stafford
Shire University, UK in 2010 and 2013 respectively. In 2018, he received his Ph.D. degree from
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). Currently, he is an assistant professor at
CECOS University of IT and Emerging Sciences.