The document discusses various concepts and dimensions of health. It defines health according to different perspectives such as medical professionals and organizations. Health is a complex, multidimensional concept involving physical, mental, social, and spiritual well-being. The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Other topics covered include components of health, determinants of health, concepts of disease, and indicators used to measure population health.
This presentation describes the Evolution of Community Medicine from the word hygiene to public health to preventive and social medicine to community medicine . It is a very simple presentation which describes difference between doctor ,good doctor and a very good doctor. It also includes recent IAPSM ( INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE) definition of Community Medicine and what are the key functions of Community Medicine Specialist. it also describes concept of Socialized Medicine.
Health & Dimensions of Health
Health
Dimensions of Health
WHO
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Broad Sense
Narrow sense
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
MENTAL DIMENSION
Features of mentally healthy person
SOCIAL DIMENSION
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
This presentation describes the Evolution of Community Medicine from the word hygiene to public health to preventive and social medicine to community medicine . It is a very simple presentation which describes difference between doctor ,good doctor and a very good doctor. It also includes recent IAPSM ( INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PREVENTIVE AND SOCIAL MEDICINE) definition of Community Medicine and what are the key functions of Community Medicine Specialist. it also describes concept of Socialized Medicine.
Health & Dimensions of Health
Health
Dimensions of Health
WHO
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Broad Sense
Narrow sense
PHYSICAL DIMENSION
MENTAL DIMENSION
Features of mentally healthy person
SOCIAL DIMENSION
SPIRITUAL DIMENSION
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though some chronic diseases of long duration may be caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management, as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. In 2012, they caused 68% of all deaths (38 million) up from 60% in 2000. About half were under age 70 and half were women.Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment increase the likelihood of certain NCDs. Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood pressure.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
In a world of specialization, we have been trained to think of medicine as a separate world—when we are sick, we go to doctors and follow their advice. This is starting to change, with the increasing popularity of alternative and holistic approaches to overall health and well-being.
A holistic approach to health simply means that a person works to maintain a good working balance between mind, body and soul. Although each of us at one time or another suffers from an imbalance that affects us, nature’s way is to seek balance in a quick and appropriate way. Holistic treatment is designed to help achieve that balance
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept in determining the adding of life to years. The quality of
life is influenced by social, economic, psychological domains which influence and are significant to older
people. These domains vary according to the individual’s life characteristics including social and personal
circumstances. The aim of this article is to be informative and to provide a view on how health problems of
elderly affect the quality of life.
A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen in certain diseases such as autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, stroke, cancers, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease, cataracts, and others. While sometimes referred to as synonymous with "chronic diseases", NCDs are distinguished only by their non-infectious cause, not necessarily by their duration, though some chronic diseases of long duration may be caused by infections. Chronic diseases require chronic care management, as do all diseases that are slow to develop and of long duration.
NCDs are the leading cause of death globally. In 2012, they caused 68% of all deaths (38 million) up from 60% in 2000. About half were under age 70 and half were women.Risk factors such as a person's background, lifestyle and environment increase the likelihood of certain NCDs. Every year, at least 5 million people die because of tobacco use and about 2.8 million die from being overweight. High cholesterol accounts for roughly 2.6 million deaths and 7.5 million die because of high blood pressure.
Health is a multifactorial
The factors which determine the health of an individual are many, some are inside the body ( genetic/ intrinsic) and some are outside the body ( environmental factors)
The interaction of these factors may either promote or deteriorate the health.
The important determinants of health are,
Indicator is a variable which gives an indication of a given situation or a reflection of that situation.
Health Indicator is a variable, susceptible to direct measurement, that reflects the state of health of persons in a community.
Indicators help to measure the extent to which the objectives and targets of a programme are being attained.
In a world of specialization, we have been trained to think of medicine as a separate world—when we are sick, we go to doctors and follow their advice. This is starting to change, with the increasing popularity of alternative and holistic approaches to overall health and well-being.
A holistic approach to health simply means that a person works to maintain a good working balance between mind, body and soul. Although each of us at one time or another suffers from an imbalance that affects us, nature’s way is to seek balance in a quick and appropriate way. Holistic treatment is designed to help achieve that balance
Quality of life is a multidimensional concept in determining the adding of life to years. The quality of
life is influenced by social, economic, psychological domains which influence and are significant to older
people. These domains vary according to the individual’s life characteristics including social and personal
circumstances. The aim of this article is to be informative and to provide a view on how health problems of
elderly affect the quality of life.
Ageing is an important physiological phenomenon faced by all living individuals that is multifactorial and complex. The causation is still a matter of controversy. There is a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate age of ageing, though most of the countries uses chronological ages.
This presentation is regarding active ageing that builds up framework that will help the elderly mass to live a disease free active life with active participation and security in life.
This presentation also describes the different challenges faced by the elderly population for active ageing.
Government of India has been working for the aged population and there has been a number of policies and programmes that are solely dedicated to the elderly masses that has been also described here.
Equity is the absence of avoidable, unfair, or remediable differences among groups of people, whether those groups are defined socially, economically, demographically or geographically or by other means of stratification. "Health equity” or “equity in health” implies that ideally, everyone should have a fair opportunity to attain their full health potential and that no one should be disadvantaged from achieving this potential.
A brief presentation on the Concept of Health and Wellbeing. (data till 2019)
it may be useful for MBBS undergraduate and postgraduate of Community Medicine/ Preventive and social medicine.
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Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
1. CONCEPT OF HEALTH
By
Md Tanwir Alam, MD
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Tahaffuzi Wa Samaji Tib
Govt. Tibbi College & Hospital (GTCH)
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2. Dimension and Determinants of Health
• Health is difficult to define but easier to understand
• To many of us it may mean absence of disease or
infirmity and
• To many it may mean sound body and sound mind
and sound function of the body.
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3. • To an anatomist
Healthy body means it should
confirm to normal anatomical
structures.
• To a physiologist
Health means normal
body functions
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4. • To a biochemist
It means normal biochemical levels / values
• To a pathologist
It means normal cellular make up.
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5. • To a geneticist
It means correct existence of genetic potential
• Similarly to a clinician it means no
abnormality in structure and function of theb ody.
When a clinician fails to detect
anything abnormal by his clinical wisdom
and laboratory tests he labels a person
no abnormality detected (NAD).
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6. • To a psychiatrist
It means well adjusted and a balanced personality
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7. What is ‘Health’
Oxford dictionary
State of being well in body or mind
Webster
The condition of being sound in body, mind or spirit
especially freedom from physical disease or pain
Perkins
“A state of relative equilibrium of body, form and
function which result from its successful dynamic
adjustment to forces tending to disturb it. It is not
passive interplay between body substance and forces
impinging upon it but an active response of body
forces working towards readjustment.”
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8. Definition
“Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well being
and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity”. July 1946.
WHO’s 191 member states
have endorsed this statement.
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now added
“the ability to lead a socially and
economically productive life.”
9. Ye wo haiyyat e tabai haijis ki wajah se badan
insaan mizaj wa tarkeeb k lehaaz se aisi halat
me hota hai k badan k saare afaal sahee aur
durust tareeqe par anjaam paate hain
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10. Sehat aza ki aisi halat haijisme unke afaal
fitri shaqaqal me anjaam paate hain aur
unke infalaat(radde amal) bhi tabai hote
hain
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11. Components/dimension of Health
• Physical
• Mental
• Social
• Spiritual
• Emotional
• Vocational
Balance these and you will have a good state of health
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12. Physical Health
• It means adequate body weight, height and
circumference as per age and sex
• with acceptable level of vision, hearing,
locomotion or movements, acceptable
levels of pulse rate, blood pressure,
respiratory rate, chest circumference,
head circumference, waist hip ratio.
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13. It means The body structure and functions
confirming to laid down standards within the
range of normal development and functions of
all the systems.
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14. Mental health
The positive dimension of mental health is stressed in WHO’s
definition of health as contained in its constitution.
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15. Mental health is defined “as a state of
well being in which the individual realized
his or her own abilities, can cope with
normal stresses of life, can work
productively and fruitfully and is able to
make a contribution to his or her
community”.
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16. A mentally normal person has the ability to
mix up with others, he/she makes friendship,
behaves in a balanced manner, keeps himself
tidy and observes adequate personal hygiene,
well oriented to time, place and person and
environments and he is unduly not suspicious
of others.
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17. He is cheerful and happy and enjoys life
with a purpose and he thinks positively and
has normal development and contributes
fully and is useful and productive to society
and nation.
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18. Social
It is the third dimension of health. It
means ability of a person to adjust with
others in his social life, at home, at work
place and with people. Men interact with
men and they inter-relate and inter
depend on each other and pay their
effective role in accordance with a
situation.
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19. Essentially social wellbeing includes inter
relation and interaction of human beings.
Social wellbeing is a composite
function of income level, literacy, occupation
and working conditions marital harmony,
institution of a family, social groups and have
good cultural and behavioral patterns of the
society.
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20. Social wellbeing can be measured on
scale by taking in to consideration of
indicators like income, literacy and
occupation (as discussed under socio
economic status of family).
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21. Positive health
Better health
Freedom from sickness
Unrecognised sickness
Mild sickness
Severe sickness
Death
SPECTRUM OF HEALTH
The health sickness spectrum
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22. Determinants of health
Heredity
Health services
Promotive,
preventive,
curative,
rehabilitative
Environment
Physical, social,
biological and man-
made
Behavior
Actions
Habits
Reactions
Belief,
attitudes
Practices
(Lifestyles)
Health
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23. Changing concepts of Health
Health - Changing concepts
Biomedical
Ecological
Psychological
Holistic
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24. Changing concepts of Health
Biomedical Concept- “absence of disease”
human body = machine,
disease = consequence of the break down
Doctor’s task = repair of machine.
Limitation- it has minimized the role of environmental, social,
psychological & cultural determinants of health.
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25. Changing concepts of Health
• Ecological Concept-
– Health = is a dynamic equilibrium between man & his
environment,
– Disease = maladjustment of the human organisms to the
environment.
• The concept supports the need for clean air, safe water, ozonic
layer in the atmosphere, etc. to protect us from exposure to
unhealthy factors.
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26. Changing concepts of Health
• Psychosocial Concept
• Health is not only a biomedical phenomenon, but one which
is in influenced by social psychological, cultural, economic and
political factors of the people concerned.
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27. Changing concepts of Health
• Holistic Concept:
• biomedical + ecological + psychosocial concept.
• It has been defined as unified or multidimensional process
involving the well being of the whole person in the context of
his environment.
• Holistic concept implies that, all sectors of society have an
effect on health
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31. Standard of living
Refers to the usual scale of our expenditure, the goods we
consume and the service we enjoy. It includes the level of
education, employment status, food, dress, house,
amusement and comforts of modern living.
WHO: “Income & occupation, standard of housing, sanitation
and nutrition, the level of provision of health, educational,
recreational and other services.
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32. Level of living
Used in US
9 Components
Health,
food consumption,
education,
occupation and working condition
Housing,
Social security
Clothing
Recreation and leisure
Human right
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33. Quality of life
The condition of life resulting from the combination of the
effects of the complete range of factors such as those
determining health, happiness(including comfort in the
physical environment and the satisfying occupation),
education, social and intellectual attainments, freedom of
action, justice and freedom of expression.
A composite measure of physical, mental and social well-
being as perceived by each individual or group of individuals.
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35. Physical Quality of Life Index(PQLI)
Includes
Infant mortality
Life expectancy at age one and
Literacy
Scale 0 to 100 = worst to best
‘Money is not everything’
Does not measure economic growth
Measures social, economic and political policies
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36. Human Development Index (HDI)
Combines indicators representing 3 dimensions
1. Longevity – Life expectancy at birth
2. Knowledge – adult literacy rate & mean year of schooling.
3. Income – real GDP Per Capita in Purchasing Power
Parity(PPP) in US dollars
Index = (Actual value) – (Minimum Value)
(Maximum value) – (Minimum Value)
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37. Human Poverty Index
Introduced in 1997
Measures deprivation in basic dimensions (Longevity,
Knowledge, Income)
For developing countries(HPI-1)-
1. A long & healthy life – vulnerability to death at a
relatively early age.
2. Knowledge – adult literacy rate
3. Standard of living – average of- %age of population not
using an improved water source & %age of children
under weight-for-age.
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39. Concept of Disease
“A condition in which body function is impaired, departure
from a state of health, an alteration of the human body
interrupting the performance of the vital functions.”
Webster.
“The condition of body or some part of organ of body in which
its functions are disrupted or deranged.
Oxford English Dictionary
‘a maladjustment of human organism to the environment’
Ecologically
Simplest definition – ‘opposite to Health’.
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42. Historical Theories for
causation of disease
1. “Supernatural causes”& Karma
2. Theory of humors (humor means fluid)
3. The miasmatic theory of disease
4. Theory of contagion
5. Germ theory
6. Epidemiological Triad
7. Multi-factorial causation
8. Web of causation
………Supernatural to multi-factorial causes…
Environment
Agent Host
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44. Asbab-e-marz
Sabab wo hai jo muqaddam aur bilzaat ho aur uski wajah se
badan insaan me koi haalat paida ho jayeya ya koi sabqa
halat barqaraar rahe
• Asbabe sehat wa marz:
– Asbab sabqa: through waseela/body matter (mawad e humma)
– Asbabe wasla: without waseela / body matter (ufoonat humma)
– Asbabe badiya: outside matter/with or without waseela: (asbabe kharjiya-kaifyat, I
nfection, mental cause, makool mashroob)
– Asbabe badaniya: asbabe dakhliya/ghair tabai mizaj-ye badiya k hi tabe hoti hai
• Asbaabe badan insaan
– Asbabe madiiya: arkan, akhlat, a’za, arwaah
– Asbabe faila: asbabe zarooriya wa ghair zarooriya
– Asbabe sooriya: mizaj, quwa, tarkeeb.
– Asbabe tamamiya: af’al
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45. • Asbabe mukhaliffa wa ghair mukhallifa:
– Asbabe mukhaliffa: badan se juda hone k bad v asar baqi- post chickenpox
spot
– Asbabe ghair mukhaliffa: badan se juda hote hi asar ghayab- bukhar k
saath headache v ghayab
• Asbabe zarooriya wa ghair Zarooriya:
Zarooriya: Asbab-e-sitta zarooriya (six essential of life)
1. Hawa/Air (ambient air)
2. Makool wa mashroob (Food & drink
3. Harkat wa sakoon badni (physical movement & rest)
4. Harkat wa sakoon Nafsaani (mental response and rest)
5. Naum wa yakza (sleep & awakefullness)
6. Ehtebaas wa istafragh (retension & evacuation)
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46. Web of causation
Change in life style Stress
Abundance of food Smoking Emotional Aging &
D Disturbance other factor
Obesity Lack of physical activity Hypertension
Hyperlidemia Increase catacholamine Changes in walls of
arteries
thrombotic activity
Coronory atherosclerosis
Coronary occlusion
Myocardial Infarction
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50. Some terms..
• Disease: biological concept. Means physiological/psychological
dysfunction
• Illness: socio-pathological concept. Means subjective feeling of not
being well.
• Sickness: Biological concept of social dysfunction.
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