The document discusses the concepts, philosophies, and principles of extension education. It provides several definitions of extension education from different scholars that emphasize educating adults and youth outside of formal school settings, inducing voluntary behavioral changes, and helping people solve problems. The nature of extension education is described as non-formal, two-way communication between experts and communities, voluntary participation, and respecting local culture. Mildred Harton's four principles that guide extension education philosophy are outlined, which focus on empowering individuals and families. Dahama's philosophy of extension also emphasizes self-help, people's participation, persuasion over compulsion, and voluntary behavioral changes.

1. Extension Education
Rajinder Kaur Kalra
Professor and Head (Retired)
PAU Ludhiana 9814067709

2. Concept of Extension Education
• GL Ray (1990) Extension may be defined as the Science of making people
innovative
• Bhatnagar & Desai (1987) Extension is to bring desirable changes in the
behaviour - knowledge, skill, attitude, understanding, goals & confidence of the
people through mutual learning.
• Ban & Hawkins (1988) Extension involves the conscious use of communication
of information to help people form sound opinion and make good decisions.

3. • Leagans, J.P. (1961) Extension Education is an applied
science consisting of contents derived from researches,
accumulated field experiences and relevant principles
drawn from the behavioral sciences, synthesized with
useful technology in a body of philosophy, principles,
contents and methods focused on the problems of out of
school system of education for adults and youth.
• Kelsey & Hearne (1954) Extension is an out of school
system of education in which adult and young people
learn by doing.
• Ensminger (1957) Extension is an education and its
purpose is to change attitude and practices of the people
with whom the work is done.

4. • Waghmare (1980) Extension Education helps people to
help themselves in solving their present and future
economic, social and cultural problems.
• Sohal T S. (1970) Extension Education is the act of
putting across in an understandable manner, new ideas
and improved technology of practical-utility to the people
and enable them to put the same into practice so as to
improve their general standard of living with their own
realization and efforts.
• Prasad (1978) Extension Education is defined as an
applied social science which deals with the strategy of
development focused on the diffusion of useful
innovations.

5. • Dahama and Bhatnagar (1967) Extension Education is a behavioural
science following a continuous, persuasive and disseminating educational process. It
aims at affecting the behavioural components of people in a desirable direction
through conviction, communication and diffusion by its proven methods,
principles and philosophies resulting in learning involvement of both client
and change agent system.
• Rolling Neils (1990) Extension is a science and the logic of extension as an
instrument for inducing voluntary change.

6. Concept of Rural Development
 Rural development is define as the process of
developing and utilizing natural and human
resources technologies, instructional facilities,
institutions and organisations and government policies
and programmes to encourage and speed up economic
growth in rural areas, to provide jobs and to
improve the quality of life towards self sustenance.
(Kartar Singh)
 Thus Rural development is the Development of
economic, social and human component of rural
people by bringing changes in their knowledge skill
and attitude so as to improve their general
standard of living.

7. Importance of Extension Education
 Extension respects the individuality of the person to make
their own decisions and in this way people gain self
respect.
 Scientific innovations are of no use unless they are put
into actual practice. It is through the process of Extension
Education that these new findings reach the people more
speedily.
 Rural problems to be tackled are so many and are
concerned with such a large number of people who had
spread over large area, they can only be dealt with an
efficient Extension agency meant for that purpose. The
trained Extension worker will understand the technology
to be transferred among the farmers by studying their
problems.

8.  Provide feed back- to the agricultural scientists for the possible solution.
 Communicates the agricultural innovations to the farmers through the different
methods and media with in the shortest possible time.
 Educates the farmers to help themselves.
 Minimizing time gap: Shorten the time gap between the generation of
agricultural innovations and their ultimate use by the farmers.

9.  Motivates the farmers to adopt the latest principles of agriculture.
 Communicates the agricultural innovations to the farmers through the
different methods and media with in the shortest possible time.
 Brings the problems of the farmers in notice to the agricultural scientists for
the possible solution.
 Educates the farmers to help themselves.

10. Nature of Extension Education
 out of school system of education and non- formal education in which adult
and young people learn practical things.
 changing the knowledge, skill and attitude of the people.
 two way channel through which flows the scientific information from the
scientific laboratories to the people and their problems back to the laboratories
for investigation.

11.  based on the needs which the people themselves feel. It is
 people’s programme with Govt. participation and not a Govt.
programme with merely the participation of people.
 leaves the ultimate decision upto the individuals whether to adopt or
reject an idea or practice, the participation of people is voluntary.
 operates in harmony with the culture of the people and takes
into consideration their customs & beliefs.
 recognize family as the unit approach for its all round
development.

12.  creating awareness, stimulating interests, developing conviction,
stimulating action for motivating the adoption of new technology and
ensure satisfaction.
 type of education which is of direct and immediate utility.
 continuous education process in which both learners and teachers
contribute and receive.

13.  development of individuals in their day to day living,
development of their leaders, their societies and their
world as a whole.
 living relationship between extension. workers and village
people, respect and trust for each other, sharing of joys
and sorrows results in friendship through which village extension. work
continues.
 educates, trains and develops professionals for teaching, training and
research in extension.

14. PHILOSOPHY
OF
EXTENSION EDUCATION

15.  Philosophy derived from the Greek word
Philos means love, Sophia means wisdom
Philosophy-Love of Wisdom.
 pursuit of wisdom or knowledge of things
and their causes, both theoretical
and
practical

16. Why do we study Philosophy
of Extension Education
 provide understanding of the most important considerations and issues
in extension education.
 enables to examine current beliefs concerning extension education.
 gives direction to education by providing certain guidelines.
 provides basis for working out the programmes and policies to be
adopted in extension education.

17. Mildred Harton has described 4 principles which
make philosophy of extension education
 The individual is supreme in democracy.
 The home is a fundamental unit of civilization.
 The foundation of any permanent civilization
must rest on the partnership of man and land.
 The family is the first training group of the
human race.

18. Dahama’s Philosophy of Extension
 Self help - People themselves plan and work in the
solution of the problems. Extension workers help them
to help themselves.
 People are the greatest resource - If we get participation of
people on common improvement activities then goal is achieved easily.
 programme of change which involves change in attitudes,
habits, ways of thinking and changes in relationship among people.
 foundation in democracy the development of the
 people by the people for the people.

19.  involves a two-way channel of sharing knowledge and
experience.
 based on creating interest by seeing and doing.
 Voluntary and cooperative participation in programme and
development of leadership.
 Persuation and education of the people.
 based on the attitudes and values of the people.
 never ending process.

20. Trend of development resulting from programmes
using compulsion and those using educational approaches.