Computer system organisation
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The document summarizes the components and organization of a modern computer system. It consists of a CPU connected through a common bus to various device controllers that provide access to shared memory. Each controller manages a specific device type, like disks or graphics. The CPU and controllers can run in parallel competing for memory access. The initial bootstrap program stored in ROM loads the operating system kernel into memory to start system processes. Hardware and software can trigger interrupts that stop CPU execution and transfer it to a fixed location.
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This document discusses computer system architecture and different types of processor systems. It describes single processor systems, which can only process one task at a time, and multiprocessor systems, which can process multiple tasks in parallel using two or more closely communicating processors. Multiprocessor systems provide benefits like increased throughput, reliability if a processor fails, and lower overall costs compared to multiple single processor systems. The document also distinguishes between symmetric multiprocessing, where all processors perform all tasks equally, and asymmetric multiprocessing, where processors have defined boss and worker roles.
پارچەکانی کۆمپیوتەر computer components
The document outlines the basic components of a computer and provides a brief description of what each component does:
1. The power supply reduces mains electricity to lower voltages to power components like the hard drive, DVD ROM, and motherboard.
2. The motherboard receives power from the power supply and distributes it to other components like the RAM, CPU, and ports. It is the central component of a computer.
3. The CPU performs computations and processes data input into information output. It contains circuits that execute stored program instructions.
Booting in Computer
The boot process involves three main steps:
1. When the computer powers on, the bootloader located in RAM loads and starts the operating system boot process.
2. The bootloader performs checks like the POST before initializing the CPU, memory, and device controllers.
3. It then loads the operating system kernel into memory to start the operating system.
Operating system
This document discusses different types of operating systems, how operating systems load, and key concepts related to how operating systems function. It describes single-tasking and multi-tasking operating systems, as well as embedded operating systems designed for small devices. It explains how firmware performs initial checks and loads the operating system from a hard disk into memory. Finally, it defines concepts like buffers, polling, interrupts, handshaking, and utility software.
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The document discusses different types of main memory used in computer systems including random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), and erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). It provides details on the storage capacity, access time, cost per bit, and volatility of main memory. It also describes cache memory as a small, fast memory directly accessible by the processor.
Operating system
An operating system controls and manages a computer's hardware and software. It allows users to communicate with the computer without knowing its programming language. There are different types of operating systems including real-time operating systems, which are very fast and used for medical equipment, and single-user/single-tasking operating systems like early versions of MS-DOS that only allowed one task at a time. Common personal computers usually use single-user/multitasking operating systems like Windows that enable running multiple applications simultaneously.
Overview of various types of operating system
The operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services for programs, and comes in various types including single-tasking, multi-tasking, distributed, templated, embedded, and real-time. It performs functions like process management, memory management, I/O device management, file systems, protection and security, networking, and device drivers. Examples of operating systems include open source ones like UNIX and Linux, proprietary ones like Macintosh, and hybrid ones like Microsoft.
Computer hardware1
This document discusses factors that affect computer performance such as processor design, clock speed, cache memory, and RAM size. It also discusses how the operating system manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. The main types of operating systems are single-user/single-task, single-user/multi-task, and multi-user. Operating systems schedule tasks, manage memory and processors, communicate with hardware through device drivers, and allow users to interact with computers without deep technical knowledge.
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System architecture
This document discusses computer system architecture and different types of processor systems. It describes single processor systems, which can only process one task at a time, and multiprocessor systems, which can process multiple tasks in parallel using two or more closely communicating processors. Multiprocessor systems provide benefits like increased throughput, reliability if a processor fails, and lower overall costs compared to multiple single processor systems. The document also distinguishes between symmetric multiprocessing, where all processors perform all tasks equally, and asymmetric multiprocessing, where processors have defined boss and worker roles.
پارچەکانی کۆمپیوتەر computer components
The document outlines the basic components of a computer and provides a brief description of what each component does:
1. The power supply reduces mains electricity to lower voltages to power components like the hard drive, DVD ROM, and motherboard.
2. The motherboard receives power from the power supply and distributes it to other components like the RAM, CPU, and ports. It is the central component of a computer.
3. The CPU performs computations and processes data input into information output. It contains circuits that execute stored program instructions.
Booting in Computer
The boot process involves three main steps:
1. When the computer powers on, the bootloader located in RAM loads and starts the operating system boot process.
2. The bootloader performs checks like the POST before initializing the CPU, memory, and device controllers.
3. It then loads the operating system kernel into memory to start the operating system.
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This document discusses different types of operating systems, how operating systems load, and key concepts related to how operating systems function. It describes single-tasking and multi-tasking operating systems, as well as embedded operating systems designed for small devices. It explains how firmware performs initial checks and loads the operating system from a hard disk into memory. Finally, it defines concepts like buffers, polling, interrupts, handshaking, and utility software.
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The document discusses different types of main memory used in computer systems including random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), programmable read-only memory (PROM), and erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM). It provides details on the storage capacity, access time, cost per bit, and volatility of main memory. It also describes cache memory as a small, fast memory directly accessible by the processor.
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An operating system controls and manages a computer's hardware and software. It allows users to communicate with the computer without knowing its programming language. There are different types of operating systems including real-time operating systems, which are very fast and used for medical equipment, and single-user/single-tasking operating systems like early versions of MS-DOS that only allowed one task at a time. Common personal computers usually use single-user/multitasking operating systems like Windows that enable running multiple applications simultaneously.
Overview of various types of operating system
The operating system manages computer hardware and software resources, provides common services for programs, and comes in various types including single-tasking, multi-tasking, distributed, templated, embedded, and real-time. It performs functions like process management, memory management, I/O device management, file systems, protection and security, networking, and device drivers. Examples of operating systems include open source ones like UNIX and Linux, proprietary ones like Macintosh, and hybrid ones like Microsoft.
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This document discusses factors that affect computer performance such as processor design, clock speed, cache memory, and RAM size. It also discusses how the operating system manages hardware resources and provides a user interface. The main types of operating systems are single-user/single-task, single-user/multi-task, and multi-user. Operating systems schedule tasks, manage memory and processors, communicate with hardware through device drivers, and allow users to interact with computers without deep technical knowledge.
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The document discusses the architecture and functions of operating systems. It describes operating systems as system software that acts as an interface between hardware and application software. The key functions of operating systems include managing memory, files, devices, and providing common services for application programs. Examples of common operating systems like Windows, UNIX, and VAX/VMS are given.
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An operating system manages a computer's memory, processes, and hardware/software. It acts as an intermediary between applications and hardware for functions like input/output and memory allocation. A boot loader loads the operating system into memory from permanent storage. It initializes peripherals enough to obtain the OS. A board support package provides an abstraction of hardware like memory and interrupts to facilitate OS communication and control of a target device.
Symmetric multiprocessing (smp)
This document discusses symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) systems. Key points:
- SMP systems involve two or more identical processors connected to a single shared memory, controlled by a single operating system instance that treats all processors equally.
- Any processor can execute any thread, including kernel code, applications, and interrupts, allowing full exploitation of each processor's capabilities.
- Scalability tests show the algorithm running with different matrix sizes on an SMP system with four 6 GFLOPS performance cores. Performance increases from 1 to 4 threads as more cores are utilized.
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When a computer turns on, the POST checks that the hardware is functioning properly. It then loads the bootstrap loader from the hard drive. The bootstrap loader loads the operating system into memory and establishes the data structures needed to run it. Finally, it hands over control to the operating system, whose core tasks are processor management, memory management, device management, storage management, and providing interfaces for applications and users.
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The document provides an overview of operating systems from multiple perspectives:
1) It defines an operating system as the program that controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
2) It discusses the goals of an operating system as efficient operation, ease of use, and maximizing resource utilization.
3) It describes the basic components of a computer system including CPU, memory, storage hierarchy, I/O structure, and how interrupts work.
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2) Operating systems include components for job scheduling, simultaneous CPU execution and I/O handling, and offline processing to avoid wasted CPU cycles.
3) Other characteristics of operating systems include time sharing, multiprocessing, distributed systems, and supporting real-time applications with rapid response times.
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Symmetric multiprocessing
This document discusses symmetric multiprocessing (SMP). It defines SMP as processing programs using multiple processors that share common operating system and memory. The key aspects of SMP are:
- Processors share memory and I/O bus or data path
- A single operating system controls all processors
- SMP architecture allows processors to access same memory simultaneously
- Advantages of SMP include improved performance, availability, ability to incrementally grow, and scaling
- Limitations include additional complexity in operating system and potential bottlenecking of master CPU.
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An operating system acts as an intermediary between a computer user and the computer hardware. It makes the computer system convenient to use by allowing users to execute programs and efficiently allocating hardware resources like CPU time and memory among applications. The main components of a computer system are the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Common operating systems include Mac OS, Linux, UNIX, and Windows.
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The operating system is a set of programs that manages the software and hardware resources of a computer. It simplifies machine use through friendly graphics interfaces. An operating system organizes itself into different levels including the hardware, kernel, central memory, device manager, file system, shell commands, and application programs. Common types of operating systems include single-user systems for one person, multi-user systems for multiple people, and real-time systems that meet processing deadlines.
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WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION CATEGORIES?
1. Breach of confidentiality: unauthorized reading of data.
2. Breach of integrity: unauthorized modification of data.
3. Breach of availability: unauthorized destruction of data.
4. Theft of service: unauthorized use of resources.
5. Denial of Service(DOS): Prevention of legitimate use.
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION METHODS?
1. Masquerading (authentication breach): pretending to be an authorized user.
2. Replay Attack: Replaying the same message or adding a modification to it.
3. Man-in-the-middle attack: intruder sits in data flow, masquerading as sender to receiver and vice versa.
4. Session hijacking: intercepting a session which is already on going to by-pass authentication.
5. Privilege escalation: A really Common attack, access of resources that a user is not supposed to have.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER VARIATIONS OF HYPERVISORS?
1. Paravirtualization: guest OS is modified to work with VMM.
2. Programming-environment virtualization: VMMS do not virtualize hardware which creates optimized virtual system (Used by Oracle Java and Microsoft.Net).
3. Emulators: Allows applications written for one hardware to run on different hardware environments.
4. Application Containment: Not virtualization but, provides features like it by segregating application making them more secure and manageable.
Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, IBM AIX WPARs.
• Much variation is due to breadth, depth, and importance of virtualization.
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF LIVE MIGRATION?
1. VMM start connection with the target VMM.
2. Target created a new guest (by creating a new VCPU).
3. VMM sends read-only files to target VMM.
4. VMM sends read-write files to target VMM.
5. Repeat 4 unit done as not all read-write data can be sent (could be a dirty read).
6. If step 4 and 5 becomes very short then, VMM freezes guest, send remaining stuff.
7. Target starts running the freezed guest.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS?
1. Resource sharing
Sharing files, information, printing.
Using remote GPUs.
2. Computation speedup
dsitribute processing needed to multicomputers.
Load balancing: moving jobs to more lightly-laoded sites.
3. Reliability: detect and recover failurs.
WHAT ARE THE WIDELY USED ARCHITECTURES?
1. Client-server model.
2. Cluster-based model.
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?
1. Naming and transparency.
2. Remote file access.
3. Caching and caching consistency.
WHAT WAS GFS WAS INFLUNECNED BY?
1. Hardware failure should be expected routinely.
2. Most files are changed by appending new data (rather than overwriting existing data).
3. Modularized software layer MapReduce sit on top of GFS to carry out large-scale parallel computations.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DISK CACHES?
1. Reliable
2. Cached data kept on disk do not need to be fetched again while recovery.
ADVANTAGES OF MAIN MEMORY CACHES?
1. Can make workstations diskless.
2. Quicker data access.
3. Performance speed up in bigger memories.
4. Server c
OS - Operating System
Topic covers:
what is operating system?
need of operating system
Loading of operating system
types of operating system?
Functions of operating system?
System Security Plan?
Hardening of operating system
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An operating system manages a computer's memory, processes, and hardware/software. It acts as an intermediary between applications and hardware for functions like input/output and memory allocation. A boot loader loads the operating system into memory from permanent storage. It initializes peripherals enough to obtain the OS. A board support package provides an abstraction of hardware like memory and interrupts to facilitate OS communication and control of a target device.
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- Any processor can execute any thread, including kernel code, applications, and interrupts, allowing full exploitation of each processor's capabilities.
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When a computer turns on, the POST checks that the hardware is functioning properly. It then loads the bootstrap loader from the hard drive. The bootstrap loader loads the operating system into memory and establishes the data structures needed to run it. Finally, it hands over control to the operating system, whose core tasks are processor management, memory management, device management, storage management, and providing interfaces for applications and users.
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The document provides an overview of operating systems from multiple perspectives:
1) It defines an operating system as the program that controls and coordinates the use of hardware among application programs.
2) It discusses the goals of an operating system as efficient operation, ease of use, and maximizing resource utilization.
3) It describes the basic components of a computer system including CPU, memory, storage hierarchy, I/O structure, and how interrupts work.
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The document provides an overview of operating systems with the following key points:
1) An operating system acts as an interface between users and hardware, allowing for convenient and efficient usage of resources while providing information protection and parallel processing.
2) Operating systems include components for job scheduling, simultaneous CPU execution and I/O handling, and offline processing to avoid wasted CPU cycles.
3) Other characteristics of operating systems include time sharing, multiprocessing, distributed systems, and supporting real-time applications with rapid response times.
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The document discusses different types of operating systems including mainframe systems, desktop systems, multiprocessor systems, distributed systems, clustered systems, real-time systems, and handheld systems. It provides details on the characteristics of each type such as batch processing for mainframe systems, parallel processing for multiprocessor systems, resource sharing for distributed systems, and fixed time constraints for real-time systems. The document also covers operating system concepts such as resource allocation, control programs, and kernels.
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It contains Information about RAM ROM CACHE MEMORY AND REGISTER
It is very good source to understand the topics clearly.
Also, you can learn things from here.
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The operating system sits between the user and hardware and allows users to interact with a computer. The main types of operating systems are Windows, Linux, and OSX. Windows is proprietary software developed by Microsoft, Linux is open-source software, and OSX is proprietary but based on Unix like Linux. A computer's hardware includes the CPU for processing, RAM for temporary memory, and storage for long-term memory. An operating system manages these components to run programs. Virtual machines allow running multiple operating systems on one computer through software simulation.
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This document discusses symmetric multiprocessing (SMP). It defines SMP as processing programs using multiple processors that share common operating system and memory. The key aspects of SMP are:
- Processors share memory and I/O bus or data path
- A single operating system controls all processors
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- Advantages of SMP include improved performance, availability, ability to incrementally grow, and scaling
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An operating system acts as an intermediary between a computer user and the computer hardware. It makes the computer system convenient to use by allowing users to execute programs and efficiently allocating hardware resources like CPU time and memory among applications. The main components of a computer system are the hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Common operating systems include Mac OS, Linux, UNIX, and Windows.
Lecture24 Multiprocessor
This document discusses operating system approaches for multiprocessor systems. It compares single-processor OSs, which are easier to support synchronization and scheduling, to multiprocessor OSs. Multiprocessor OS approaches include shared OS, master-slave, and each CPU having its own OS. The document also covers multiprocessor hardware, applications, OS synchronization using techniques like test-and-set locks, and scheduling considerations for multiprocessor systems like timesharing and cache affinity.
Function of OS
This document discusses the various functions of an operating system. It describes how operating systems start and shut down computers, provide user interfaces, manage programs and memory, coordinate tasks, configure devices, establish internet connections, monitor performance, provide utilities like file management, automatically update software, control networks, and administer security. Specific functions covered in more detail include booting processes, user interfaces, memory management, task coordination, automatic updates, network administration, and user accounts.
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The document discusses operating systems, defining them as an interface between the user and hardware. It describes the goals of operating systems and different types, including single-user and multi-user operating systems. The key characteristics of operating systems are also outlined, such as user interface, memory management, process management, file management, and security management.
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The operating system is a set of programs that manages the software and hardware resources of a computer. It simplifies machine use through friendly graphics interfaces. An operating system organizes itself into different levels including the hardware, kernel, central memory, device manager, file system, shell commands, and application programs. Common types of operating systems include single-user systems for one person, multi-user systems for multiple people, and real-time systems that meet processing deadlines.
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WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION CATEGORIES?
1. Breach of confidentiality: unauthorized reading of data.
2. Breach of integrity: unauthorized modification of data.
3. Breach of availability: unauthorized destruction of data.
4. Theft of service: unauthorized use of resources.
5. Denial of Service(DOS): Prevention of legitimate use.
WHAT ARE THE SECURITY VIOLATION METHODS?
1. Masquerading (authentication breach): pretending to be an authorized user.
2. Replay Attack: Replaying the same message or adding a modification to it.
3. Man-in-the-middle attack: intruder sits in data flow, masquerading as sender to receiver and vice versa.
4. Session hijacking: intercepting a session which is already on going to by-pass authentication.
5. Privilege escalation: A really Common attack, access of resources that a user is not supposed to have.
WHAT ARE THE OTHER VARIATIONS OF HYPERVISORS?
1. Paravirtualization: guest OS is modified to work with VMM.
2. Programming-environment virtualization: VMMS do not virtualize hardware which creates optimized virtual system (Used by Oracle Java and Microsoft.Net).
3. Emulators: Allows applications written for one hardware to run on different hardware environments.
4. Application Containment: Not virtualization but, provides features like it by segregating application making them more secure and manageable.
Oracle Solaris Zones, BSD Jails, IBM AIX WPARs.
• Much variation is due to breadth, depth, and importance of virtualization.
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF LIVE MIGRATION?
1. VMM start connection with the target VMM.
2. Target created a new guest (by creating a new VCPU).
3. VMM sends read-only files to target VMM.
4. VMM sends read-write files to target VMM.
5. Repeat 4 unit done as not all read-write data can be sent (could be a dirty read).
6. If step 4 and 5 becomes very short then, VMM freezes guest, send remaining stuff.
7. Target starts running the freezed guest.
WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS?
1. Resource sharing
Sharing files, information, printing.
Using remote GPUs.
2. Computation speedup
dsitribute processing needed to multicomputers.
Load balancing: moving jobs to more lightly-laoded sites.
3. Reliability: detect and recover failurs.
WHAT ARE THE WIDELY USED ARCHITECTURES?
1. Client-server model.
2. Cluster-based model.
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES?
1. Naming and transparency.
2. Remote file access.
3. Caching and caching consistency.
WHAT WAS GFS WAS INFLUNECNED BY?
1. Hardware failure should be expected routinely.
2. Most files are changed by appending new data (rather than overwriting existing data).
3. Modularized software layer MapReduce sit on top of GFS to carry out large-scale parallel computations.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF DISK CACHES?
1. Reliable
2. Cached data kept on disk do not need to be fetched again while recovery.
ADVANTAGES OF MAIN MEMORY CACHES?
1. Can make workstations diskless.
2. Quicker data access.
3. Performance speed up in bigger memories.
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System Security Plan?
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- Controlling low-level hardware like the CPU, RAM, and devices through components like the kernel, scheduler, and device drivers.
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The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS) and describes some of their key functions. It discusses what an OS is, popular OS types, and basics of UNIX/Windows. Some key points made include:
- An OS acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware, executing programs and making hardware resources available to users.
- OS functions include process management, memory management, file management, and I/O management like controlling hardware devices.
- When a computer boots up, the BIOS initializes basic hardware then loads the bootloader from disk which loads the OS kernel into memory to take over control of the system.
Module 1 Introduction.ppt
The document provides an overview of operating system concepts, including:
- An operating system manages computer hardware and acts as an intermediary between users and the computer. It aims to execute programs, make the system convenient to use, and efficiently use hardware resources.
- A computer system consists of hardware, an operating system, application programs, and users. The operating system controls resource allocation and coordinates hardware, applications, and users.
- Operating systems provide services like file management, communication, error detection, resource allocation, accounting, and protection/security. System calls are the programming interface for these services.
BIOS AND OS
BIOS and OS provide essential functions for a computer system. BIOS is low-level software that interfaces between hardware and the operating system. It controls hardware at startup and provides basic input/output operations. The OS manages system resources and acts as an interface between users, applications, and hardware. It provides functions for process management, memory allocation, file handling, security, and interpreting user commands. Popular operating systems include single-user DOS and multi-user Unix, Windows.
Operating system.pptx
The document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics like what is an OS, its functions, popular OS types, basics of UNIX and Windows, advantages of Linux. It describes the evolution of OS from batch to time-sharing and distributed systems. The key functions of an OS discussed are process management, memory management, file management, device management, security, and user interface. Popular OS types mentioned are batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, network, and real-time OS.
Operating system.pptx
This document provides an introduction to operating systems (OS). It discusses key topics such as:
- The functions of an OS including process management, memory management, file management, and device/I/O management.
- How an OS acts as an interface between the user and computer hardware.
- Popular OS types like UNIX, Windows, and Linux.
- OS structure including user mode, kernel mode, and the kernel which has control over system resources and processes requests.
- How an OS boots by loading the BIOS/UEFI firmware which finds the bootloader to launch the operating system.
Introduction and fundamentals of Operating System.ppt
The document provides an introduction to operating systems. It discusses key topics such as what an operating system is, its main functions, popular types of operating systems, and the history and evolution of operating systems. Specifically, it covers how operating systems manage processes, memory, files, devices, security, and the user interface. It also discusses different types of operating systems including batch, multiprogramming, time-sharing, multiprocessing, distributed, network, and real-time operating systems.
itisha.pptx
The document discusses BIOS (Basic Input/Output System), which is a program that allows communication between hardware and software components of a computer system. It summarizes key points about BIOS, including that BIOS initializes hardware components during startup, manages data flow between devices and the operating system, and is stored in a chip on the motherboard. The document also describes ROM, PnP, virus attacks targeting BIOS, and the startup process where the ROM BIOS performs POST and loads the boot record and IO.SYS files.
What is an Operating Systems?
The document provides an introduction to operating systems, describing their goals and functions. It discusses the components of a computer system including hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. It then describes what operating systems do from different perspectives, such as managing shared resources efficiently. The rest of the document outlines some key operating system concepts like process management, memory management, file system management, and how interrupts, multiprogramming, and multitasking work.
Booting & shut down,
This document discusses the boot and shutdown processes of an operating system. It describes the six phases of the boot process: reading the boot loader, loading and initializing the kernel, detecting and configuring devices, creating kernel processes, optional administrator intervention in single-user mode, and executing startup scripts. It also discusses booting to single-user mode for recovery purposes and explains how to properly shut down a system using the shutdown command.
Operating System (Scheduling, Input and Output Management, Memory Management,...
Computer Science - Operating System
All the jobs and aspects of the operating system are explained and defined. The 5 main jobs of the operating system are outlined, this includes scheduling, managing input and output, memory management, virtual memory and paging and file management.
Computer system architecture
This document discusses computer system architecture and operating system structures. It covers single and multiprocessor systems, including symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. It also discusses clustered systems, operating system operations like interrupts and dual mode, and system calls. Finally, it discusses user interfaces like command line and graphical user interfaces, and simple operating system structures.
Operating System BCA 301
This document provides an introduction to operating systems. It defines an operating system as a program that acts as an intermediary between the user and computer hardware. The key components of a computer system are described as hardware, operating system, application programs, and users. Operating systems manage resources, control programs, and provide common services like memory management, process management, and I/O management. Various computing environments are explored, including traditional systems, mobile systems, distributed systems, client-server models, and virtualization.
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Introduction and fundamentals of Operating System.ppt
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System program
System programs provide services to other software by managing an operating environment. They perform key functions like file management, maintaining system status information, allowing file modifications, loading and executing programs, and enabling communications. Specifically, system programs allow users to create, delete, copy, rename and print files, track dates, available storage and memory, use text editors to modify file contents, load machine code into memory for execution, and send emails or browse the web.
System design
The document discusses the design and implementation of operating systems. It covers design goals for both users and systems, as well as mechanisms like timers and policies for resource allocation. Implementation involves dual mode operation, with the CPU switching between user and monitor modes. Memory and I/O protection are achieved through base/limit registers and privileged instructions only executable in monitor mode. The operating system controls system resources and prevents unauthorized access through these hardware protection mechanisms.
System call
System calls provide an interface between a process and the operating system. They allow user programs to request and receive operating system services. When a system call is executed, the hardware saves the current state and switches to system mode to handle the request, then returns control to the process after the system call is completed. Common types of system calls include file management, interprocess communication, process management, I/O device management, and information maintenance.
System structure
The document discusses system structure using a layered approach. It describes how systems are organized into layers, with each layer built upon the one below it. An interface separates each pair of adjacent layers. Typical layers consist of data structures and routines that higher layers can invoke, while lower layers provide operations to the layer above. This modular approach simplifies debugging and verification. The document also discusses microkernel architecture, which assigns only essential functions like address space and scheduling to the kernel. Virtual machines provide a simulated hardware interface identical to the underlying hardware.
System service
The document discusses the main services provided by an operating system, including program execution, input/output operations, file system manipulation, communications, and error detection. Specifically, it notes that operating systems load and run programs, facilitate input/output to files and devices, allow users to read, write, create and delete files, enable communication through shared memory or message passing, and help detect errors in the CPU, memory, input/output systems, or user programs.
Operating system structure
An operating system allows user programs to interact with hardware by using techniques like multiprogramming and multitasking. Multiprogramming allows more than one user to use a computer at a time by having multiple ready-to-run processes from different users. If the current process stalls, the OS allocates CPU time to another process in the queue to maximize CPU utilization. Multitasking means concurrent execution of multiple processes by one user using multiple CPUs, so a user can work on a document and listen to music at the same time. Job scheduling and CPU scheduling determine which processes get allocated CPU time to make the system efficient, fast and fair.
Operating system
The document discusses operating systems and their key components and functions. It defines operating systems as collections of programs and utilities that act as interfaces between users and computer hardware, managing resources like memory, processors, and I/O devices. The document outlines different types of operating systems like DOS, UNIX, and iRMX 86 and provides examples of common commands in each like DEL, RENAME, and COPY in DOS or ln, mv, and cp in UNIX. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of what operating systems are and some of their basic features and roles in computers.
Capability maturity model
The Capability Maturity Model (CMM) is a framework created by the Software Engineering Institute to help organizations improve their software development process. It consists of 5 levels of process maturity and defines key process areas that guide organizations to the next level. The goals of CMM are to provide organizations with a structure for improving processes, managing projects more effectively, and providing clients a rating of process maturity. Several variants of CMM were later developed tailored for different domains.
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Computer system organisation
- 2. Diagram : Modern computer system CPU Disk controller USB controller Graphics adapter Memory keyboard printer Monitor Mouse Disks
- 3. • A modern general-purpose computer system consists of one or more CPUs and a number of device controllers connected through a common bus that provides access to shared memory. • Each device controller is in charge of a specific type of device such as disk drives, audio devices, or video displays. • The CPU and the device controllers can execute in parallel,competing for memory cycles
- 4. • When it is powered up or rebooted , it will need an initial programme, that is, bootstrap programme. • It is stored within the hardware in Read Only Memory (ROM) or Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EROM)
- 5. Initial programme Knows how to load the operating system how to start executing that system Bootstrapprogramme Location : Operating System kernel Load: it is loaded in memory for system process
- 6. • Hardware may trigger an interrupt at any time • by sending a signal to the CPU, usually by way of the system bus. • Software may trigger an interrupt by executing a special operation called a system call (also called a monitor call). • When the CPU is interrupted, it stops what it is doing and immediately transfers execution to a fixed location.