TELNET is a protocol that allows users to connect to remote systems and access services as if they were directly connected to that system. It establishes a connection between the local terminal and remote system so that the local terminal acts as a terminal for the remote system. Users can log into remote systems using TELNET, access applications and services, and transfer results back to their local system. TELNET uses options and option negotiation to allow extra features and configure settings like terminal type and speed. It embeds control characters in the data stream and uses various modes like default, character, and line mode for operation. Gopher is a protocol for locating and transferring documents over the internet. It presents content as hierarchical directories and documents that

1. Manoj Kumar
www.facebook.com/manojjkit91
Twitte : @manojjkit91
1

2. TELNET is an abbreviation for terminal network.
It is a standard TCP/IP protocol for virtual terminal
service.
It is a general purpose client/server application
program.
2

3. TELNET enables the establishment of a connection to
a remote system in such a way that the local terminal
appears to be a terminal at the remote system.
In other words, it allows the user to log on to a
remote computer. After logging on, user can use the
services available on the remote computer and
transfer the results back to the local computer.
3

4. LOGGINGLOGGING
To access the system, user logs into the system
with user-id. The system also includes password
checking to prevent an unauthorized user accessing
the resources.
Logging process can be local logging or remote
logging.
4

5. When the user logs into
a local timesharing
system, it is called local
log-in.
When the user wants to
access an application
program or utility
located on a remote
machine, it is called
remote log-in.
5

6. LOCAL LOG-INLOCAL LOG-IN
Figure- 1
6

7. When the user types at the terminal, the keystrokes
are accepted by the terminal driver.
The terminal driver passes the characters to the
operating system.
The operating system interprets the combination of
characters and invokes the desired application
program.
7

8. REMOTE LOG-INREMOTE LOG-IN
Figure- 1
Figure- 2
8

9. The user sends the keystrokes to the terminal driver,
where the local operating system accepts the
characters but does not interpret them.
The characters are sent to the TELNET client, which
transforms the characters to a universal character set
called network virtual terminal(NVT) characters and
delivers them to the local TCP/IP protocol stack.
9

10. The text in NVT form travel through the internet and
arrive at the TCP/IP stack at the remote machine.
The characters are delivered to the operating system
and passed to the TELNET server which changes the
characters to the corresponding characters
understandable by the remote computer.
10

11. However, the characters cannot be passed directly to
the operating system because the remote operating
system is not designed to receive characters from a
TELNET server.
It is designed to receive characters from a terminal
driver.
A software called a pseudo terminal driver is added
which pretends that the characters are coming from a
terminal.
11

12. CONCEPT OF NVTCONCEPT OF NVT
Figure- 3
12

13. The client telnet translates characters that come
from local terminal into NVT form and delivers them
to the network.
The server telnet translates data and commands
from NVT form into the form acceptable by the
remote computer.
13

14. NVT CHARACTER SETNVT CHARACTER SET
It uses two sets of characters one for data and
other for control.
Figure- 4
14

15. EMBEDDINGEMBEDDING
Telnet uses only one TCP connection.
The same connection is used for sending both data and
control characters.
Telnet accomplishes this by embedding the control
characters in the data stream.
To distinguish data from control characters, each
sequence of control characters is preceded by a special
control character called interpret as control(IAC).
15

16. An example of embeddingAn example of embedding
c a t f i e al IAC EC 1
Figure- 5
16

17. OPTIONSOPTIONS
Options are extra features available to a user with a more
sophisticated terminal.
Some common options are as-
Cod
e
Option Meaning
0 Binary Interpret as 8-bit binary transmission
1 Echo Echo the data received on one side
to the other
5 Status Request the status of telnet
24 Terminal type Set the terminal type
32 Terminal speed Set the terminal speed
34 Line mode Change to line mode
Figure- 6
17

18. OPTION NEGOTIATIONOPTION NEGOTIATION
Telnet lets the client and server negotiate options
before or during the use of the service.
Four control characters are used for this purpose-
18

19. Meaning
WILL 1. Offering to enable
2. Accepting a request to enable
WONT 1. 1.Rejecting a request to enable
2. 2.Offering to disable
3. 3.Accepting a request to disable
DO 1. 1.Approving an offer to enable
2. 2.Requesting to enable
DONT 1. 1.Dispproving an offer to enable
2. 2.Approving an offer to disable
3. 3.Requesting to disable
These control characters are as-
Figure- 7
19

20. WILL
Will I enable the option?
DO or DONT
Do (or don’t) enable the option
Offer to enable the option
Figure- 8
20

21. DO
Do enable the option
I will (won’t) enable the option
WILL or WONT
Request to enable an option
Figure- 9
21

22. WONT
I won’t use the option any more
DONT
Don’t use it
Offer to disable an option
Figure- 10
22

23. DONT
Don’t use the option any more
WONT
I won’t
Request to disable an option
Figure- 11
23

24. Example of option ‘Echo’Example of option ‘Echo’
Do enable the echo option
IACDOECHO1
I will enable the echo option
IAC WILL ECHO 22
Figure- 12
24

25. MODE OF OPERATIONMODE OF OPERATION
Most Telnet implementation operate in one of three
modes-
o Default mode
o Character mode
o Line mode
25

26. DEFAULT MODEDEFAULT MODE
This mode is used if no other modes are invoked
through option negotiation
Echoing is done by the client.
The user types the character , client echoes the
character but does not send it until a whole line is
completed.
26

27. CHARACTER MODECHARACTER MODE
Each character typed is sent by the client to the
server.
The server echoes the character back to be
displayed on the client screen.
Echoing of the character can be displayed if the
transmission time is long.
It also creates overhead for the network.
27

28. LINE MODELINE MODE
It is proposed to compensate for the deficiencies of
default mode and character mode.
In this line echoing is done by the client.
The client then sends the whole line to the server.
28

29. GOPHERGOPHER
Gopher is a TCP/IP application layer protocol
designed for distributing, searching and retrieving
documents over the internet.
It presented an alternative to the world wide web
in its early stages.
29

30. A gopher client sends request across the internet
to a gopher server.
Figure- 13
30

31. Figure- 14
31

32. Gopher pages are just lists of links either to other
pages on same site or pages on other site.
Unlike the world wide web there is no hypertext ,
just the links.
32

33. Figure- 15
33

34. o The gopher distributed database is essentially a
hierarchical structure of directories.
o Some entries point to other directories, some
points to documents.
o Documents can be text, images or programs
34

35. GOPHER SEARCHERSGOPHER SEARCHERS
Two types of search engine are available in gopher-
o Veronica
o Jug head
Veronica is popular of the two. Both work much like the
web search engine.
They search pre-built databases for keywords that you
provide.
35

36. VERONICAVERONICA
V- Very
E- Easy
R- Rodent
O- Oriented
N- Net-wide
I- Index
C- Computerized
A- Archives
36

37. VERONICA Contd…VERONICA Contd…
It was designed as a response to the problem of
resource discovery in gopher space.
Veronica is simply accessed through a gopher
client , which is already known by gopher users.
37

38. Gopher Client
Gopher server with veronica
Gopher Server
Gopher and Veronica are used together
Figure- 16
38

39. GOPHER EFFICIENCYGOPHER EFFICIENCY
The gopher does not retain any information about
the client across transactions.
This aspect of gopher design is the key to gopher’s
efficiency : the server is only connected to the
user long enough to serve a particular request.
It does not pay the high overhead cost of having
hundreds or thousands of users logged in at once.
39

40. 40