This document presents the results of an experimental study that investigated the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement by fly ash. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete. The study aimed to determine the workability and compressive strength of M25 grade concrete with 0-20% replacement of Portland pozzolana cement (PPC) by fly ash. Concrete mixes were designed according to IS 10262-2009 and tested for slump and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that up to 20% replacement of PPC with fly ash did not significantly compromise the compressive strength of the concrete.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete mixtures. The study found the optimal bitumen content was 5.02% for mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate and 5.60% for mixtures using steel slag aggregate. Testing showed the Marshall stability of mixtures using steel slag aggregate was 1.50 higher than those using crushed limestone, indicating steel slag mixtures may better resist rutting in hot climates. Analysis of the aggregates found steel slag had higher voids and required more bitumen to fill those voids compared to crushed limestone.
Compressive strength of steel slag aggregate and artificial sand in concreteIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate and artificial sand. The study found that replacing coarse aggregate with 20% steel slag resulted in a 1.1 times increase in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Additionally, fully replacing natural sand with artificial sand in concrete supported the use of artificial sand as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. The document provides background on steel slag and artificial sand, details of the materials and experimental methods used, and the results of compressive strength testing of concrete cubes with varying percentages of steel slag aggregate replacement.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
A Study on the Variation of Strength Properties of concrete with Replacement ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the variation of strength properties of concrete with the replacement of cement using nano-silica and fly ash. It aims to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete with partial replacement of cement by 20-30% fly ash and 2-6% nano-silica. The experimental results found that the mechanical strength and durability of concrete mixtures with nano-silica and fly ash were greater than that of normal concrete without replacements.
IRJET-An Experimental Study on Effect of Partial Replacement of Normal Weight...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of partially replacing normal weight aggregates with combinations of lightweight aggregates in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Lightweight aggregates used included pumice, LECA (lightweight expanded clay aggregate), and sintagg. Concrete mixtures with replacement levels from 0-20% for each combination were tested. Fresh and hardened properties like slump, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were evaluated after oven curing for various time periods. Test results showed that use of lightweight aggregates reduced concrete density and improved workability while maintaining adequate strength levels.
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Experimental Study on concrete containing Fly ashIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to reduce the environmental impacts of coal use and lower the cost of concrete production. The study tested concrete mixtures where cement was replaced with fly ash at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. The compressive strength of concrete cubes was tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased as the level of fly ash replacement increased up to 20%, indicating that fly ash can improve concrete strength properties while providing environmental and economic benefits.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USING STEEL SLAG AGGREGATE AND CRUSHED LIMESTONE IN ASPH...IAEME Publication
This document discusses a comparative study of using steel slag aggregate and crushed limestone in asphalt concrete mixtures. The study found the optimal bitumen content was 5.02% for mixtures using crushed limestone aggregate and 5.60% for mixtures using steel slag aggregate. Testing showed the Marshall stability of mixtures using steel slag aggregate was 1.50 higher than those using crushed limestone, indicating steel slag mixtures may better resist rutting in hot climates. Analysis of the aggregates found steel slag had higher voids and required more bitumen to fill those voids compared to crushed limestone.
Compressive strength of steel slag aggregate and artificial sand in concreteIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with steel slag aggregate and artificial sand. The study found that replacing coarse aggregate with 20% steel slag resulted in a 1.1 times increase in compressive strength compared to conventional concrete. Additionally, fully replacing natural sand with artificial sand in concrete supported the use of artificial sand as a sustainable alternative to natural sand. The document provides background on steel slag and artificial sand, details of the materials and experimental methods used, and the results of compressive strength testing of concrete cubes with varying percentages of steel slag aggregate replacement.
Effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine aggregate ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Steel slag is a waste product generated during the production of steel. These wastes are disposed in the form of landfills causes an enormous amount of land pollution. So for the increasing demand to protect the normal environment, especially in build-up areas, the needs to use these wastes are very important. In this paper, two types of concrete mixes were prepared with the different mixes for each type i.e. low strength and high strength concrete namely M25 and M50 respectively. The compressive, split tensile and flexural properties of concrete containing steel slag are compared with that of concrete containing river sand and also manufactured sand. But in this paper only the effect of using granulated steel slag in concrete mixes as an fine agate on compressive strength and workability is discussed. The properties of steel slag are also verified with the addition of GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast Furnace slag) as a replacement for cement. Keywords: River sand, steel slag, OPC, GGBS, M Sand, compressive strength.
A Study on the Variation of Strength Properties of concrete with Replacement ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a study on the variation of strength properties of concrete with the replacement of cement using nano-silica and fly ash. It aims to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete with partial replacement of cement by 20-30% fly ash and 2-6% nano-silica. The experimental results found that the mechanical strength and durability of concrete mixtures with nano-silica and fly ash were greater than that of normal concrete without replacements.
IRJET-An Experimental Study on Effect of Partial Replacement of Normal Weight...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the effect of partially replacing normal weight aggregates with combinations of lightweight aggregates in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Lightweight aggregates used included pumice, LECA (lightweight expanded clay aggregate), and sintagg. Concrete mixtures with replacement levels from 0-20% for each combination were tested. Fresh and hardened properties like slump, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength were evaluated after oven curing for various time periods. Test results showed that use of lightweight aggregates reduced concrete density and improved workability while maintaining adequate strength levels.
UTILIZATION OF COPPER SLAG AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF FINE AGGREGATE IN CONC...AM Publications
Today’s world is facing challenging and unsolved environmental problem such as global warming, forest destruction and lack of resources. In order to solve these environmental problems, resources recycling have to be done in environmentally safer methods. As there is a vast scarcity the production of aggregates for concrete the recycled materials have great demand. The present study mainly focuses on investigating the effect of using copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregate on the strength properties. In this report, M25 grade concrete was used and tests were conducted for various proportions of copper slag replacement with sand of 40%, 80% and 100% in concrete. In the first case along with replacement of copper slag with sand there is an attempt is made to replace the cement with 50% flyash similarly in second case for 30% replacement of cement with flyash replacement and in the third case with no replacement of cement with flyash. The obtained results were compared with those of nominal concrete made with ordinary Portland cement and sand. Further split tensile strength and flexural strength studies were also performed to check its durability aspects.
Effect of Copper Slag as a Fine Aggregate on Properties of ConcreteAM Publications
In this work, an extensive study using copper slag has been carried out to investigate strength, workability and durability. Copper slag is an industrial by-product material produced from the process of manufacturing copper. For, 2.2 tonnes of copper slag is generated at every ton of copper production in the world of copper industry, it has approximately 26.6 million tons of copper slag are generated. Copper slag as a substitute for conventional fine aggregate with partial or full replacement using M25 grade concrete The main objective is to encourage the use of these seemingly waste products as a construction material. In this paper , the effect of using copper slag as a fine aggregate on properties of cement mortars and concrete various mortars & concrete mixtures were prepared with different proportions of copper slag ranging from (0CS+100S)%, (10CS+90S)%, (20CS+80S)%,(30CS+70S)%, (40CS+60S)%, (50CS+50S)%, (60CS+40S)%, (70CS+30S)%, (80CS+20S)%, (90CS+10S)%, (100+0S)%. Form the above test result we concluded that the 50% CS+50% S gives optimum proportional of CS that can be used as a replacement substitute material for fine aggregate in concrete. The design M25 grade concrete for 50% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. The design M25 grade concrete for 30% replacement of CS shows the HPC characteristics. We can fully replace (100%CS) by fine aggregate in concrete, because of above all test result more than control mix. We can use any proportion of CS replacement as pre our requirement for creating concrete, because we concluded that the all result of replacement of CS is more than control mix.
Experimental Study on concrete containing Fly ashIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the use of fly ash as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion that can be used to reduce the environmental impacts of coal use and lower the cost of concrete production. The study tested concrete mixtures where cement was replaced with fly ash at levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by weight. The compressive strength of concrete cubes was tested at 7 and 28 days. The results showed that compressive strength generally increased as the level of fly ash replacement increased up to 20%, indicating that fly ash can improve concrete strength properties while providing environmental and economic benefits.
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
This document summarizes research on geopolymer concrete, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It can be created using industrial byproducts such as fly ash and alkaline liquids instead of cement. Several studies discussed found that geopolymer concrete requires high temperature curing but can achieve high strength. The document reviews research showing that replacing fly ash partially with ground granulated blast furnace slag in geopolymer concrete increases strength without the need for oven curing. While research has made progress in developing geopolymer concrete, more information is still needed regarding some aspects of the geopolymerization process.
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF M20 CONCRETE ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND USING...IJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Cement is known as a building material for the present century and fractional substitution of fine total gives potential ecological and additionally monetary advantages for development industry. The incomplete substitution of sand utilizing steel slag has all the earmarks of being a promising arrangement in quality attributes of M20 cement. The primary goal of the venture is to investigate the conduct of compressive quality with fractional substitution of sand utilizing steel slag at 20,40 and ideal replacement. In this venture we contrast the consequence of ordinary concrete and halfway supplanted concrete. The ideal rate supplanting of sand with steel slag was wanted to embed in the development of compound divider, JAYA ILLAMS, JAYASRI build and contractual worker Madurai. The aggregate length of compound divider is 15m with tallness 1.5m was outlined by utilizing steel in development industry, the shot of getting contamination because of slag will be diminished and it will be the savvy strategy for development industry.
Keywords— Portland Cement concrete, Steel Slag, Supplanted Concrete.
Concrete mix design using copper slag as fine aggregateIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on using copper slag as a replacement for natural sand in concrete mixes. Various mix designs were tested with 0-60% replacement of sand with copper slag. The key findings were that an equivalent volume replacement method had to be used instead of weight replacement to maintain a consistent concrete yield of 1 cubic meter. Experimental testing of the mixes examined the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the different copper slag concretes. Overall the results indicated the copper slag performed similarly or better than the natural sand control mix.
This document reviews the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes 12 previous studies that investigated replacing sand with copper slag at various percentages. The key findings of the studies are:
- Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete generally increase when replacing up to 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag.
- Workability of concrete mixes also tends to increase with copper slag replacement due to its physical properties.
- Copper slag concrete shows improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to traditional concrete.
- Maximum strength gains are observed around 20-40% fine aggregate replacement with copper slag. Beyond 50% replacement, strengths start to decrease.
- Copper slag
This document summarizes a research study on the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with fly ash and rice husk ash. The study aimed to evaluate the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete mixes containing varying percentages of fly ash and rice husk ash, both individually and combined, as a replacement for cement. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to a 12% replacement of cement with fly ash or rice husk ash. Combining the two ash materials in concrete generally resulted in lower strengths compared to the individual ash mixes. The study concluded that rice husk ash and fly ash can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete to improve properties and reduce costs.
Experimental Study on Durability Characteristics of High Performance Concrete...theijes
High performance concrete (HPC) is developed gradually over the last 15 years with respect to production of concrete with higher and higher strength. To enhance the properties such as durability, strength, workability, economy has increased due to the usage of mineral admixtures in making high performance concrete. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of mineral admixtures and by-products towards the performance of HPC. An effort has been made to concentrate on the mineral admixture of silica fume towards their pozzolanic reaction and industrial by-product of bottom ash and steel slag towards their hydration reaction can be contributed towards their strength and durability properties. The strength characteristics such as compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated to find the optimum replacement of mineral admixture and by-product admixture. HPC with mineral admixture of silica fume at the replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% were studied at the age of 28 days and industrial by-products of bottom ash and steel slag aggregate at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% were studied at the age of 28 days. There were a total of 15 mixes created with different material contents. Out of 14 were HPC mixes and 1 were conventional concrete mixes. Finally strength has enhanced with the mix of silica fume can replaced by cement with 5% and bottom ash and steel slag can replaced by fine and coarse aggregate with 10% can be achieved higher strength when compared with other percentage of mixes. The combination mixes can be classified as binary and ternary mixes. Binary mixes involved combinations of silica fume and bottom ash (SF+BA), silica fume and steel slag aggregate (SF+SSA), bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (BA+SSA) and Ternary mixes involved combination of three materials such as silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (SF+BA+SSA) in High performance concrete. The investigation revealed that the combined use of silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate improved the mechanical properties of HPC and thus there 3 materials may use as a partial replacement material in making HPC. The durability studies such as acid resistance, salt resistance, sulphate resistance & water absorption were conducted. From the experimental investigation, it was observed that mineral admixture of silica fume and industrial by-products of bottom ash & steel slag aggregate plays a vital role in improving the strength and durability parameter itself.
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Relative influences of stress paths with different initial soil states on stressIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
This document summarizes an experimental study on geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that has lower environmental impact. It uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag as its binding materials rather than Portland cement. The study explored how geopolymer concrete performs compared to ordinary concrete. It investigated the effects of different mixtures on the properties of geopolymer concrete, such as strength and durability. The results showed that geopolymer concrete has higher resistance to damage than standard concrete and allows waste materials like fly ash to be recycled instead of disposed in landfills.
The document presents the results of a study on using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared with 0-100% replacement of fine aggregates with copper slag. The results showed that flexural strength increased up to 40% replacement of copper slag, and it is recommended that up to 40% copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete.
The document experimentally investigates using steel slag to replace coarse aggregates in concrete. Steel slag is a byproduct of steel production that can potentially be used in concrete production. The study replaced coarse aggregates with steel slag at rates of 50%, 60%, and 70% by weight. Concrete cubes were cast using different slag replacement rates and tested for compressive strength up to 28 days. The results showed that steel slag can be used to replace coarse aggregates at high rates while still maintaining adequate compressive strengths for structural concrete.
Utilization of pond fly ash as a partial replacement in fine aggregate with u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of country’s total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is 90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35% ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete by partial replacement of sand. As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete, namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength Concrete (HSC).
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on using wood ash as a partial replacement for cement in manufacturing concrete blocks. Concrete blocks were produced with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacements of cement with wood ash. The blocks were then tested for compressive strength, water absorption, and heat release at 7, 14, and 21 days. Compressive strength was highest for blocks with 15% wood ash replacement. Water absorption was lowest for 15% replacement blocks. Heat release was slowest for 15% and 20% replacement blocks. The study concluded that replacing 15% of cement with wood ash produced blocks that met strength standards and had benefits of lower water absorption and slower heat release.
The document provides a literature review on the properties of concrete with fractional replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses 3 main points:
1) Several studies have shown that replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, but treating recycled aggregates with water and acid can improve strengths.
2) Other studies found that replacing sand with copper slag as a fine aggregate and using recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregates can increase compressive strength up to 30% replacement.
3) The literature review concludes that compressive strength generally increases with higher quality recycled aggregates and copper slag, and workability increases with more copper slag. Strengths are also improved by the hardness of recycled aggregates and copper slag.
Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28103/experimental-investigation-of-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
Experimental Investigation on Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Replacement and G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that evaluated the use of industrial byproducts like copper slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Six different mixes were prepared: a control mix (Mix N) and mixes replacing fine aggregate with copper slag (Mix A), replacing cement with GGBS and red mud (Mixes B-E), and adding different fiber types to Mixes B-E. The materials, mix designs, casting and curing of test specimens are described. The results showed variations in the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 7 and 28 days.
EFFECT OF SELF - CURING ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCR...IAEME Publication
In this Research Study, the Use of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and Polyethylene glycol as Self curing agents in concrete is proven to have many positive effects on the properties of concrete in its both stages; Fresh and hardened concrete. The function of Self- curing agents is to reduce the water evaporation from concrete. The use of Self Curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that saving of water is a necessarily everyday (each one cubic metre of concrete requires 3m3 of water in construction, most of water consumed is for curing, Hence it is necessary to reduce the use of water in construction and save water). The Present research work focuses on use of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as self-curing agents, affect of Self Curing Concrete agents on Mechanical Characteristics Using Msand, and compared with those of conventionally cured concrete. In this Study 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% SAP and 1%, 1.5% and 2% PEG was varied for M25 grade of Concrete Mixes and Specimen. The experimental results show that, in general, the combined use of, 1.5%, 0.2% SAP in combination with Fly ash and Silica Fume as mineral admixture showed superior results in comparison to conventional curing method, enhancing the mechanical properties of SCC.
CHALLENGES FOR SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALISATION OF FLY ASH - GGBS GEOPOLYMER BINDERIAEME Publication
Traditionally used Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is becoming less appealing in the construction field due to some major drawbacks such as depletion of natural resources at a faster pace, high demand for Embodied Energy (EE) during its manufacture and massive Embodied CO2 emission (ECO2e) to the environment. In pursuit for an alternative to OPC based concrete, alkaline activated alumino-silicate based inorganic polymer binders, popularly known as geopolymer binders, are being considered as a more sustainable solution. Since 1970’s geopolymer binders are used in combination with OPC as partial substitutes but it has not yet gained momentum as a commercially viable alternative to completely substitute OPC for every application. Obstacles in the commercialization of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) are many even though it has several engineering merits and plays a role in recycling industrial waste. In this short communication, we have made every attempt to address these limitations based on our practical experience. We have also made some recommendations to overcome those barriers.
Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious Systemijtsrd
This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the synergestic effects on ternary blended cementitious system containing fly ash and silica fume. The experimental programme consisted of three parts, the first part was to obtain the super plasticizer demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of 110±5 , the second part was to determine the strength and durability properties of the mortar samples having different fly ash and silica fume contents and the third part was to determine the synergy existing in the ternary blends both in terms of durability and strength. Test results have shown that the ternary blended mixtures improved the mortar performance by improving the workability, strength and durability, therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures performed in accordance with their ingredients however the degree of improvement that they contribute varies based on the selected dosage and type of SCMs. Synergy between the fly ash and silica fume is the main reason for the outstanding performance of ternary mixtures. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement. Jasir Thachaparambil "Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52289.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52289/synergistic-effect-on-ternary-blended-cementitious-system/jasir-thachaparambil
Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partially Replacing Fine Aggrega...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust. Fine aggregate was replaced with quarry dust at intervals of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mix proportions for M15 grade concrete were prepared according to Indian standards. Concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Compressive strength increased marginally from 0% to 20% replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust. There was a slight decrease in compressive strength at 30% replacement. It was observed that addition of up to 20% quarry dust as a partial substitute for fine aggregate can enhance the properties of concrete and quarry dust can be used as a
Steel slag utilization — overview in indian perspective.Manoj Kumar Tiwari
This document provides an overview of steel slag utilization in India. It discusses that India currently produces around 12 million tonnes of steel slag per year, but utilization is limited. Most steel slag is dumped, occupying agricultural land and polluting the environment. The document reviews the chemical composition and properties of steel slag. It examines various potential uses for steel slag as a recycled material in construction applications like road aggregate and cement production. The goal is to evaluate steel slag as a natural resource alternative and identify valuable uses to improve utilization in India.
Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregat...YogeshIJTSRD
Production of one ton of Portland cement emits one ton of CO2 and different greenhouse gases main to atmospheric pollution. Hence the want arises to exchange cement with some different cementitious material. Disposal of Pond ash which is combination of Fly ash andamp Bottom ash into massive lakes reasons land air pollution and different environmental effects. The cause of this find out about is to locate the suitability of silica fume as a alternative cloth for cement and pond ash as a alternative fabric for first rate combination in concrete except compromising the power andamp sturdiness of traditional concrete. The bodily and chemical property of silica fume and pond ash is to be studied and each the industrial wastes are used to substitute the cement and great aggregate. Pond ash is in part changed for fantastic mixture with the aid of various percentages 10 to 30 , additionally silica fume is introduced by way of 10 to 20 by way of the weight of cement. The specimens will be examined for its mechanical houses such as compressive strength, cut up tensile energy and flexural electricity on 7, 28 andamp 56 days. After identifying the houses of the concrete mixes, the foremost share of alternative tiers of silica fume and pond ash will be carried out and Reinforced Concrete Beams had been forged to decide the flexural behaviour for the optimized concrete Mix. Mr. K. Soundirarajan | Telem Shidartha "Experimental Study of using Pond Ash as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in a Silica Fume Based Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45048.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45048/experimental-study-of-using-pond-ash-as-partial-replacement-for-fine-aggregate-in-a-silica-fume-based-concrete/mr-k-soundirarajan
This document summarizes research on geopolymer concrete, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete. It can be created using industrial byproducts such as fly ash and alkaline liquids instead of cement. Several studies discussed found that geopolymer concrete requires high temperature curing but can achieve high strength. The document reviews research showing that replacing fly ash partially with ground granulated blast furnace slag in geopolymer concrete increases strength without the need for oven curing. While research has made progress in developing geopolymer concrete, more information is still needed regarding some aspects of the geopolymerization process.
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF M20 CONCRETE ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND USING...IJARIDEA Journal
Abstract— Cement is known as a building material for the present century and fractional substitution of fine total gives potential ecological and additionally monetary advantages for development industry. The incomplete substitution of sand utilizing steel slag has all the earmarks of being a promising arrangement in quality attributes of M20 cement. The primary goal of the venture is to investigate the conduct of compressive quality with fractional substitution of sand utilizing steel slag at 20,40 and ideal replacement. In this venture we contrast the consequence of ordinary concrete and halfway supplanted concrete. The ideal rate supplanting of sand with steel slag was wanted to embed in the development of compound divider, JAYA ILLAMS, JAYASRI build and contractual worker Madurai. The aggregate length of compound divider is 15m with tallness 1.5m was outlined by utilizing steel in development industry, the shot of getting contamination because of slag will be diminished and it will be the savvy strategy for development industry.
Keywords— Portland Cement concrete, Steel Slag, Supplanted Concrete.
Concrete mix design using copper slag as fine aggregateIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an experimental study on using copper slag as a replacement for natural sand in concrete mixes. Various mix designs were tested with 0-60% replacement of sand with copper slag. The key findings were that an equivalent volume replacement method had to be used instead of weight replacement to maintain a consistent concrete yield of 1 cubic meter. Experimental testing of the mixes examined the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the different copper slag concretes. Overall the results indicated the copper slag performed similarly or better than the natural sand control mix.
This document reviews the use of copper slag as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. It summarizes 12 previous studies that investigated replacing sand with copper slag at various percentages. The key findings of the studies are:
- Compressive, tensile, and flexural strength of concrete generally increase when replacing up to 40% of fine aggregate with copper slag.
- Workability of concrete mixes also tends to increase with copper slag replacement due to its physical properties.
- Copper slag concrete shows improved resistance to sulfate attack compared to traditional concrete.
- Maximum strength gains are observed around 20-40% fine aggregate replacement with copper slag. Beyond 50% replacement, strengths start to decrease.
- Copper slag
This document summarizes a research study on the characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with fly ash and rice husk ash. The study aimed to evaluate the compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths of concrete mixes containing varying percentages of fly ash and rice husk ash, both individually and combined, as a replacement for cement. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to a 12% replacement of cement with fly ash or rice husk ash. Combining the two ash materials in concrete generally resulted in lower strengths compared to the individual ash mixes. The study concluded that rice husk ash and fly ash can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete to improve properties and reduce costs.
Experimental Study on Durability Characteristics of High Performance Concrete...theijes
High performance concrete (HPC) is developed gradually over the last 15 years with respect to production of concrete with higher and higher strength. To enhance the properties such as durability, strength, workability, economy has increased due to the usage of mineral admixtures in making high performance concrete. The scope of the present study is to investigate the effect of mineral admixtures and by-products towards the performance of HPC. An effort has been made to concentrate on the mineral admixture of silica fume towards their pozzolanic reaction and industrial by-product of bottom ash and steel slag towards their hydration reaction can be contributed towards their strength and durability properties. The strength characteristics such as compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength were investigated to find the optimum replacement of mineral admixture and by-product admixture. HPC with mineral admixture of silica fume at the replacement levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% & 20% were studied at the age of 28 days and industrial by-products of bottom ash and steel slag aggregate at the replacement level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% & 50% were studied at the age of 28 days. There were a total of 15 mixes created with different material contents. Out of 14 were HPC mixes and 1 were conventional concrete mixes. Finally strength has enhanced with the mix of silica fume can replaced by cement with 5% and bottom ash and steel slag can replaced by fine and coarse aggregate with 10% can be achieved higher strength when compared with other percentage of mixes. The combination mixes can be classified as binary and ternary mixes. Binary mixes involved combinations of silica fume and bottom ash (SF+BA), silica fume and steel slag aggregate (SF+SSA), bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (BA+SSA) and Ternary mixes involved combination of three materials such as silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate (SF+BA+SSA) in High performance concrete. The investigation revealed that the combined use of silica fume, bottom ash and steel slag aggregate improved the mechanical properties of HPC and thus there 3 materials may use as a partial replacement material in making HPC. The durability studies such as acid resistance, salt resistance, sulphate resistance & water absorption were conducted. From the experimental investigation, it was observed that mineral admixture of silica fume and industrial by-products of bottom ash & steel slag aggregate plays a vital role in improving the strength and durability parameter itself.
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Relative influences of stress paths with different initial soil states on stressIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to examine the strength properties. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. The study developed concrete mixes with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with longer curing times. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
This document summarizes an experimental study on geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is an alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete that has lower environmental impact. It uses industrial byproducts like fly ash and blast furnace slag as its binding materials rather than Portland cement. The study explored how geopolymer concrete performs compared to ordinary concrete. It investigated the effects of different mixtures on the properties of geopolymer concrete, such as strength and durability. The results showed that geopolymer concrete has higher resistance to damage than standard concrete and allows waste materials like fly ash to be recycled instead of disposed in landfills.
The document presents the results of a study on using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete. Various concrete mixes were prepared with 0-100% replacement of fine aggregates with copper slag. The results showed that flexural strength increased up to 40% replacement of copper slag, and it is recommended that up to 40% copper slag can be used as a replacement for fine aggregates in concrete.
The document experimentally investigates using steel slag to replace coarse aggregates in concrete. Steel slag is a byproduct of steel production that can potentially be used in concrete production. The study replaced coarse aggregates with steel slag at rates of 50%, 60%, and 70% by weight. Concrete cubes were cast using different slag replacement rates and tested for compressive strength up to 28 days. The results showed that steel slag can be used to replace coarse aggregates at high rates while still maintaining adequate compressive strengths for structural concrete.
Utilization of pond fly ash as a partial replacement in fine aggregate with u...eSAT Journals
Abstract Due to increase in the growth of industrial sectors the power requirement of the country is rapidly increasing. India depends on Thermal Power as its main source, thus increase in power requirement every year. Present scenario of our country shows 75 % of country’s total installed power generation is thermal of which coal-based generation is 90%. The coal reserves of the country are predominately of lower grades (average of 35% ash content), non cooking and as a result more than 110 million MT coal ash is being generated every year. Ash generation may likely reach to 170 million MT by 2012. Use of coal brings huge amount of ash every year. Lots of research has been carried out for effective utilization of fly ash in construction industries due to its fine particles and Pozzolonic properties. But little literature is available on pond ash utilization. Pond ash being coarser and less Pozzolonic than fly ash can be used as fine aggregates in concrete by partial replacement of sand. As per M60 Mix Design in this project we will replace the alccofine and fine fly ash partially with cement and pond fly ash as a replacement of fine aggregate. In mix G1, G2, G3 we will replace cement with alccofine 4% and fine fly ash 26% and pond fly ash varies 10%, 20%, and 30% as replacement of F.A. Similarly in mix G4,G5,G6 alccofine 6% and fine fly ash 24% and pond fly ash same as 10%,20%,30%. The Concrete specimens will tested at different age level for Mechanical Properties of concrete, namely, Cube Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength with other properties such as Compacting Factor, with respect to 7,28,56,90 Days strength. The main aim of our study as project is to get the economical and eco friendly High strength Concrete (HSC).
Wood ash as an effective raw material for concrete blockseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on using wood ash as a partial replacement for cement in manufacturing concrete blocks. Concrete blocks were produced with 0%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacements of cement with wood ash. The blocks were then tested for compressive strength, water absorption, and heat release at 7, 14, and 21 days. Compressive strength was highest for blocks with 15% wood ash replacement. Water absorption was lowest for 15% replacement blocks. Heat release was slowest for 15% and 20% replacement blocks. The study concluded that replacing 15% of cement with wood ash produced blocks that met strength standards and had benefits of lower water absorption and slower heat release.
The document provides a literature review on the properties of concrete with fractional replacement of recycled coarse aggregates. It discusses 3 main points:
1) Several studies have shown that replacing natural coarse aggregates with recycled concrete aggregates can reduce the compressive strength of concrete, but treating recycled aggregates with water and acid can improve strengths.
2) Other studies found that replacing sand with copper slag as a fine aggregate and using recycled concrete aggregates as coarse aggregates can increase compressive strength up to 30% replacement.
3) The literature review concludes that compressive strength generally increases with higher quality recycled aggregates and copper slag, and workability increases with more copper slag. Strengths are also improved by the hardness of recycled aggregates and copper slag.
Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement...ijtsrd
Natural resources are depleting worldwide while at the same time the generated wastes from the industry are increasing substantially. The sustainable development for construction involves the use of nonconventional and innovative materials, and recycling of waste materials in order to compensate the lack of natural resources and to find alternative ways conserving the environment. So, this paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of concrete mixtures in which fine aggregate sand was replaced with Copper Slag. The fine aggregates sand was replaced with percentages 0 for the control mixture , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 60 , 80 , and 100 of Copper Slag by weight. Tests were performed for properties of fresh concrete and Hardened Concrete. Compressive strength and Flexural strength were determined at 7, 28 and 56days. The results indicate that workability increases with increase in Copper Slag percentage. Test results indicate significant improvement in the strength properties of plain concrete by the inclusion of up to 80 Copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate sand , and can be effectively used in structural concrete. Also as percentage of Copper Slag increased the density of concrete increased. The workability of concrete increased with increase in percentage of copper slag. Toughness of copper slag is found to be more, which increases the compressive and flexural strength of concrete. Achal Jain | Nitin Thakur "Experimental Investigation of Properties of Concrete with Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregates through Copper Slag and Coarse Aggregates by Recycled Aggregates" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28103.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/28103/experimental-investigation-of-properties-of-concrete-with-partial-replacement-of-fine-aggregates-through-copper-slag-and-coarse-aggregates-by-recycled-aggregates/achal-jain
Experimental Investigation on Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Replacement and G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that evaluated the use of industrial byproducts like copper slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Six different mixes were prepared: a control mix (Mix N) and mixes replacing fine aggregate with copper slag (Mix A), replacing cement with GGBS and red mud (Mixes B-E), and adding different fiber types to Mixes B-E. The materials, mix designs, casting and curing of test specimens are described. The results showed variations in the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 7 and 28 days.
EFFECT OF SELF - CURING ON MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SELF-COMPACTING CONCR...IAEME Publication
In this Research Study, the Use of Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) and Polyethylene glycol as Self curing agents in concrete is proven to have many positive effects on the properties of concrete in its both stages; Fresh and hardened concrete. The function of Self- curing agents is to reduce the water evaporation from concrete. The use of Self Curing admixtures is very important from the point of view that saving of water is a necessarily everyday (each one cubic metre of concrete requires 3m3 of water in construction, most of water consumed is for curing, Hence it is necessary to reduce the use of water in construction and save water). The Present research work focuses on use of Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Super Absorbent Polymer (SAP) as self-curing agents, affect of Self Curing Concrete agents on Mechanical Characteristics Using Msand, and compared with those of conventionally cured concrete. In this Study 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% SAP and 1%, 1.5% and 2% PEG was varied for M25 grade of Concrete Mixes and Specimen. The experimental results show that, in general, the combined use of, 1.5%, 0.2% SAP in combination with Fly ash and Silica Fume as mineral admixture showed superior results in comparison to conventional curing method, enhancing the mechanical properties of SCC.
CHALLENGES FOR SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIALISATION OF FLY ASH - GGBS GEOPOLYMER BINDERIAEME Publication
Traditionally used Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is becoming less appealing in the construction field due to some major drawbacks such as depletion of natural resources at a faster pace, high demand for Embodied Energy (EE) during its manufacture and massive Embodied CO2 emission (ECO2e) to the environment. In pursuit for an alternative to OPC based concrete, alkaline activated alumino-silicate based inorganic polymer binders, popularly known as geopolymer binders, are being considered as a more sustainable solution. Since 1970’s geopolymer binders are used in combination with OPC as partial substitutes but it has not yet gained momentum as a commercially viable alternative to completely substitute OPC for every application. Obstacles in the commercialization of Geopolymer concrete (GPC) are many even though it has several engineering merits and plays a role in recycling industrial waste. In this short communication, we have made every attempt to address these limitations based on our practical experience. We have also made some recommendations to overcome those barriers.
Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious Systemijtsrd
This paper presents a detailed experimental investigation on the synergestic effects on ternary blended cementitious system containing fly ash and silica fume. The experimental programme consisted of three parts, the first part was to obtain the super plasticizer demand for each mix so as to obtain a workability of 110±5 , the second part was to determine the strength and durability properties of the mortar samples having different fly ash and silica fume contents and the third part was to determine the synergy existing in the ternary blends both in terms of durability and strength. Test results have shown that the ternary blended mixtures improved the mortar performance by improving the workability, strength and durability, therefore are applicable. Ternary mixtures performed in accordance with their ingredients however the degree of improvement that they contribute varies based on the selected dosage and type of SCMs. Synergy between the fly ash and silica fume is the main reason for the outstanding performance of ternary mixtures. The results obtained thus are encouraging for partial replacement. Jasir Thachaparambil "Synergistic Effect on Ternary Blended Cementitious System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52289.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/52289/synergistic-effect-on-ternary-blended-cementitious-system/jasir-thachaparambil
Study of Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partially Replacing Fine Aggrega...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust. Fine aggregate was replaced with quarry dust at intervals of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Mix proportions for M15 grade concrete were prepared according to Indian standards. Concrete cubes were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Compressive strength increased marginally from 0% to 20% replacement of fine aggregate with quarry dust. There was a slight decrease in compressive strength at 30% replacement. It was observed that addition of up to 20% quarry dust as a partial substitute for fine aggregate can enhance the properties of concrete and quarry dust can be used as a
“EVALUATION OF COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH GEO-POLYMER FOAMED CONCRETE”IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on evaluating the compressive strength of foamed geopolymer concrete. The researchers produced foamed geopolymer concrete using fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, and an alkaline solution as an activator. They studied how parameters like water absorption and varying material mixtures and foam quantities affected the compressive strength of the foamed concrete. The document provides background on geopolymer concrete and discusses prior literature on using industrial byproducts like fly ash and slag to develop more sustainable concrete mixes with improved properties.
Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concreteijtsrd
It has been estimated by World Health Organization WHO that about 5 of total CO2 released into the atmosphere is from cement industry. Besides being an natural toxin, the measure of warmth energy needed for creation of concrete is around 1500 °C which requires more energy. Cement concrete produced with ordinary cement are to be replaced by eco friendly concrete. Locally available waste material like rice husk ash, cow dung ash, animal waste ash etc can be a better option for the replacement of cement in concrete up to an extent. This paper presents the possibility of utilizing Cow dung ash CDA as a supplementary cementing material in cement concrete. Trial examinations completed to concentrate on the cow waste debris on the strength of cement. Concrete was to some extent supplanted with four rates 5 , 10 , 15 , and 20 of cow manure debris by weight. The compressive strength and flexural strengths of the concrete specimens were determined at 7, 14 and 28 days respectively. From the outcomes significant ends can be attracted terms of different boundaries like workability, flexural strength and compressive strength. Kapil Batham | Prof. M. C. Paliwal "Use of Cow Dung Ash in Eco Friendly Concrete" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46459.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/46459/use-of-cow-dung-ash-in-eco-friendly-concrete/kapil-batham
Due to growing environmental awareness, as well as stricter regulations on managing industrial waste, the world is increasingly turning to researching properties of industrial waste and finding solutions on using its valuable component parts so that those might be used as secondary raw material in other industrial branches. Although iron and steel slag is still today considered waste and is categorized in industrial waste catalogues in most countries in the world, it is most definitely not waste, neither by its physical and chemical properties nor according to data on its use as valuable material for different purposes. Moreover, since the earliest times of the discovery and development of processes of iron and other metals production, slag as by-product is used for satisfying diverse human needs, from the production of medicines and agro-technical agents to production of cement and construction element. Considering the specificity of physical and chemical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in other industrial branches and in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using iron slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. Iron and steel making slag are by products of the iron making and steel making processes. To date, these types of slag have been widely used in cement and as aggregate for civil works. The report presents an investigation of mechanical and durability properties of concrete by adding iron slag as replacement of sand in various percentages. The results show that the strength properties of concrete increase significantly when sand is partially replaced by iron slag.
FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF COPPER SLAG AND FLY ASH CONCRETE‐ A CASE STUDYijiert bestjournal
The present study encourages the use of waste materials copper slag (CS) and fly ash (FA) as
supplementary cement replacement materials in concrete. The combined effect of copper slag
and fly ash as a partial replacement of cement on flexural strength of concrete has been
investigated. Fifteen mixes were prepared at different replacement levels of copper slag (0 to
20% @ increment of 5%) and fly ash (0 to 10% @ increment of 5%) with cement. Three prisms
(150 mm X 150 mm X 700 mm) were casted and tested after 7 and 28-days of curing to
determine the flexural strength (modulus of rupture) for each mix. It was observed that the
flexural strength of concrete decreases as copper slag content increases for all curing ages. The
reduction in flexural strength was minor (4.30% to 7.60%) up to 10% of copper slag but beyond
10% of copper slag, there was significant reduction (24.70% to 34.21%) in flexural strength. The
addition of 5% and 10% fly ash with copper slag slightly reduced the flexural strength. It is
recommended that 10% of copper slag can be used as combined with 10% of fly ash as
maximum replacement of cement. The average flexural strength was within the permissible
values in accordance with the design specifications.
- The document discusses the resistance of fly ash-based and slag-based geopolymer concrete to sulfate and acid attack.
- Specimens of both geopolymer concretes and ordinary Portland cement concrete were subjected to 5% sodium sulfate and 5% sulfuric acid solutions.
- Test results found that both types of geopolymer concrete underwent very little change in compressive strength under acid and sulfate attack, suggesting their durability is much superior to ordinary cement concrete in these environments.
Partial replacement of wood ash and quarry dust with cement and sand to studyIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that partially replaced cement and sand in concrete with wood ash and quarry dust to analyze strength parameters. Wood ash and quarry dust are industrial byproducts that can potentially be used as supplementary cementitious materials. Concrete mixtures were prepared with varying replacement levels of wood ash for cement and quarry dust for sand. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was then tested at different curing periods. The results showed that compressive strength decreased with higher levels of wood ash but increased with curing time. An optimal replacement level of 45% sand with quarry dust was also identified. The aim was to utilize industrial waste materials to reduce the cost and environmental impact of concrete production.
Experimental Evaluation of Sulphate Limits of Mixing Water in Concrete Mortar...ijtsrd
This document summarizes an experimental study on the effects of sulphate limits in mixing water on cement mortar properties. Various sulphates including calcium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and ammonium sulphate were added to mixing water in concentrations from 1-4 g/L. Initial and final setting times as well as compressive strength were evaluated. The results showed that as sulphate concentration increased, setting times increased and strength properties decreased compared to a control sample mixed with deionized water. Calcium sulphate and magnesium sulphate had the most significant impacts on setting time and strength. The study aims to determine tolerable sulphate limits in mixing water to avoid
Effect of mineral admixtures on characteristics of high strength concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
There is great need to conserve all the natural resources. The various steps to be adopted in the direction that includes minimization of production of energy consuming materials and heavy utilization of industrial by-products. High strength concrete can be produce using such materials like fly ash, slag and silica fumes. In many countries, these materials are already used in manufacturing of concrete. Some of these material can be used as replacement for cement. Ultimately it results in the reduction of the cost manufacturing of concrete and reduces environmental pollution. To study the effect of mineral admixtures such as fly ash, slag and silica fume on mechanical properties of high strength concrete under the uniaxial compression and split tensile, experimental studies have been conducted. The cement was replaced by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% with fly ash and slag respectively. The compressive strength and split tensile test were conducted on concrete specimen with different percentages of fly ash and slag at age of 7 days, 28 days and 56 days. This study shows that materials used in this experiment are suitable for HSC.
Keywords: environmental pollution, fly ash, slag and silica fumes
The document describes a study on the strength characteristics of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Eighty-one concrete cubes were cast using a mix design of low-calcium fly ash, coarse and fine aggregates, and an alkaline activator solution to study the effect of parameters on compressive strength. The study found that geopolymer concrete made with fly ash as a binder provided higher strength and was more environmentally friendly than traditional Portland cement concrete. Parameters such as the alkaline activator concentration and use of superplasticizers were found to influence the compressive strength.
Experimental Study On Strength Properties Of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental study on the strength properties of geopolymer concrete. Geopolymer concrete is made from fly ash, alkaline liquids like sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate, replacing ordinary Portland cement. The study investigated the compressive strength, flexural strength, Young's modulus, and deflection behavior of geopolymer concrete beams cured at 60°C for 24 hours. The results found that geopolymer concrete can achieve compressive strengths in the range of 20-35 MPa. The measured elastic modulus and Poisson's ratio values of geopolymer concrete were similar to ordinary concrete. The stress-strain behavior of geopolymer concrete under compression also fit well with models for ordinary concrete.
IRJET- Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Flyash based Geopolymer Co...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on the flexural behavior of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete with the addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a supplementary cementitious material. Five mixes were tested with varying percentages of GGBS replacement of fly ash (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%). The mixes were tested at 7 and 28 days for compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results showed that incorporating GGBS in geopolymer concrete can increase its strength properties while allowing curing at ambient temperatures. This research aims to develop sustainable "green concrete" as an alternative to ordinary Portland cement concrete that can reduce CO2 emissions in the construction industry
An Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cem...ijtsrd
Objectives There are increase in demand and utilization of cement and many scientists are in search for developing alternative binding materials that can be eco friendly. The use of agricultural and industrial waste produced can help in reduction of waste is our focus. Methods In this work one of the agricultural waste named sugarcane bagasse ash SCBA and industrial waste named glass powder has been used as partial replacement of cement. SCBA is produced by burning of sugarcane bagasse which is left after extraction of juice from sugarcane. At high temperature under controlled condition bagasse is burned to obtain ash which contains high amorphous silica. In this paper the cement by weight is replaced by 0 , 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 and 25 by SCBA in concrete. Findings A comparison is made for 0 and other percentages by conducting different tests named compressive strength test, flexural strength test and split tensile strength test for 7 days and 28 days. Improvements The test results shows that Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and glass powder can be utilized for partial replacement of cement up to 10 by weight of cement without any major loss in strength. Bharath V B | Kuldeep Singh Solanki | Abdirizak Ismail Jimale "An Experimental Study on Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash and Glass Powder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33538.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33538/an-experimental-study-on-properties-of-concrete-by-partial-replacement-of-cement-with-sugarcane-bagasse-ash-and-glass-powder/bharath-v-b
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCRETE BY PART...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental investigation on the strength characteristics of concrete with partial replacements of cement with dolomite powder and oyster sea shell powder. The study aims to explore using these materials as feasible and effective partial replacements for cement in concrete production. Concrete cubes, cylinders and prisms of M30 grade concrete were produced with dolomite powder replacing cement from 0-20% and oyster sea shell powder replacing from 0-20%. The compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and non-destructive test results were determined and compared with conventional concrete. The findings revealed that 10% replacements of both dolomite powder and oyster sea shell powder provided significant improvements to the strength properties of the concrete.
EFFECT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING FINE AGGREGATE AS PARTIAL R...IRJET Journal
This document investigates the effect of using fly ash as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Fly ash is a byproduct of coal combustion in thermal power plants and its utilization remains low. The study designs concrete mixes with fly ash replacing fine sand at percentages between 46-54%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity of the concrete mixes are then tested at 7 and 28 days. The results are analyzed to understand the impact of different fly ash replacement levels on the mechanical properties of concrete.
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‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42578 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1420
AIM & OBEJCTIVE:-
AIM:- To determine workabilityandcompressivestrengthof
concrete at different replacement of Fly ash partially
replaced with PPC .
OBJECTIVES:-
The objective of study was to understand the effect of
physical and chemical properties of fly ash on strength
development and hydration of mortars and cement pastes.
To study the fly ash material used and application in
construction industry.
Comparative review of the technology used through
smart material and check its economic feasibility.
To compare the fly ash material on various factors w.r.t.
conventional material.
LITERATURE REVIEW:-
Chatterjee, (2011) reported that about 50 % of fly ash
generated is utilized with present efforts. He also reported
that, one may achieve up to70%replacementofcementwith
fly ash when high strength cement and very high reactive fly
ash is used along with the sulphonated naphthalene
formaldehyde superplasticizer.Hereportedimprovementin
fly ash property could be achieved by grinding and getting
particles in sub microcrystalline range.
Bhanumathidas, &Kalidas, (2002) with their research on
Indian fly ashes reported that the increase in ground
fineness by 52% could increase the strength by 13%.
Whereas, with the increase in native fineness by 64% the
strength was reported to increase by 77%. Looking in to the
results it was proposedthatnoconsiderableimprovementof
reactivity could be achieved on grinding a coarse fly ash.
Authors also uphold that the study on lime reactivity
strength had more relevance when fly ash is used in
association with lime but preferred pozzolanicactivityindex
in case of blending with cement.
Subramaniam, Gromotka, Shah, Obla& Hill, (2005)
investigated the influence of ultrafine flyashontheearly age
property development, shrinkage and shrinkage cracking
potential of concrete. In addition, the performance of
ultrafine fly ash as cement replacement was compared with
that of silica fume. The mechanisms responsible for an
increase of the early age stress due to restrained shrinkage
were assessed; free shrinkage and elastic modulus were
measured from an early age. In addition, the materials
resistance to tensile fracture and increase in strength were
also determined as function of age. Comparing all the test
results authors indicated the benefits of using ultrafine fly
ash in reducing shrinkage strains and decreasing the
potential for restrained shrinkage cracking.
MATERIAL USED:-
Cement:- The cement used was Ambuja Cement (OPC-43
GRADE), because of its fine nature, good particle size
distribution, optimal phase composition, imparts the
properties of higher strength to the structures and the
chemical and physical lab properties of Ambuja Cement
(OPC-43 Grade) surpasses the propertiesofOPC43Grade as
defined in IS:12269–1987.
Table 4.1.1 Typical constituents of Portland clinker plus gypsum
Clinker CCN Mass %
Tricalcium silicate (CaO)3 · SiO2 C3S 45–75%
Dicalcium silicate (CaO)2 · SiO2 C2S 7–32%
Tricalcium aluminate (CaO)3 · Al2O3 C3A 0–13%
Tetra calcium alumino ferrite (CaO)4 · Al2O3 · Fe2O3 C4AF 0–18%
Gypsum CaSO4 · 2 H2O CSH2 2–10%
FLY ASH:-
Fly ash, also known as Pulverized Fuel Ash (PFA), is an
industrial ash created when coal is burned to create
electrical power. Fly ash, which is largely made up of silicon
dioxide and calcium oxide, can be used as a substitute for
Portland cement, or as a supplement to it.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FLY ASH:-
Component Bituminous Sub bituminous Lignite
SiO2 (%) 20-60 40-60 15-45
Al2O3 (%) 5-35 20-30 20-25
Fe2O3 (%) 10-40 4-10 4-15
CaO (%) 1-12 5-30 15-40
LOI (%) 0-15 0-3 0-5
COARSE AGGREGATES
Coarse aggregates are the major ingredients of concrete.
They provide a rigid skeleton structure for concrete and act
as economical space filters. Sizes of aggregates used were
20mm, crushed and angular aggregates.
FINE AGGREGATE
The river sand and crushed sand was usedincombination as
fine aggregate conforming to the requirements of IS: 383.
The river sand was washed and screened, to eliminate
deleterious material and over size particle. Fine aggregate
passing through 600 micron sieve was used.
WATER
It is the most important and least expensive ingredient of
concrete. It distributes the cement evenly. It lubricates the
mix. The quantity of water is the most important parameter
and is controlled by the w/c ratio.
MERHODOLOGY:-
1. SLUM CONE TEST:
Concrete slump test is to determine the workability or
consistency of concrete mix prepared at the laboratory or
the construction site during the progress of the work.
Equipments Required for Concrete Slump Test: Mould for
slump test, non porous base plate, measuring scale, temping
rod. The mould for the test is in the form of the frustum of a
cone having height 30 cm, bottom diameter 20 cm and top
diameter 10 cm. The tamping rod is of steel 16 mm diameter
and 60cm long and rounded at one end.
2. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Compressive strength of concrete:
Test for compressive strength is carried out either on cube
or cylinder. For cube test two types of specimens either
cubes of 15 cm X 15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm
depending upon the size of aggregate are used. For most of
the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm are
commonly used. These specimensaretested bycompression
testing machine after 7 days curing or 28 days curing. Load
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42578 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1421
should be applied gradually at the rate of 140 kg/cm2 per
minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure divided by
area of specimen gives the compressivestrengthofconcrete.
3. CURING
The test specimens are stored in moist air for 24 hours and
after this period the specimens are marked and removed
from the molds and kept submerged in clear fresh water
until taken out prior to test.
4. MIX DESIGN
The Concrete Mix was prepared as per the procedure given
in IS 10262:2009 for the optimal dosage selection of fly ash
powder from both places in the concrete mix ranging from
(20% TO 35%) are prepared and compared with plain M20
Cement Concrete Cubes (1:1.67:3.33)
Data Required for Concrete Mix Design
1. Concrete Mix Design Stipulation
A. Characteristiccompressivestrengthrequiredinthefieldat2
8daysgradedesignation— M20
B. Nominal maximum size of aggregate — 20mm
C. Shape of CA —Angular
D. Degree of workability required atsite—80mm(slump)
E. Degree of quality control available at site — As per
IS:456
F. Type of exposure the structure will be subjected to (as
defined in IS: 456) —Mild
G. Type of cement: OPC 43Grade
2. Test data of material (to be determined in the
laboratory)
A. Specific gravity of cement —3.15
B. Specific gravity of FA —2.70
C. Specific gravity of CA —2.56
D. Fine aggregates confirm to Zone II of IS –383
Procedure for Concrete Mix Design of M20 Grade
Concrete at 0%replacement
Step 1 — Determination of Target Strength
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S
= 20 + 1.65 x 4.0
= 26.6 N/mm2
Where, S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1
of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:- From Table 5 of
IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition=
0.5
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content From Table 2 of IS
10262- 2009,
Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum
size of aggregate — 20 mm)
Estimated water content for 90mm slump =
186+4.8/100x186 =194.92 liters
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 194.92 kg /m3
Cement content =194.92/0.50= 389.84 Kg/m3 From table
no. 5 of IS code 456:2000
Minimum cement content for mild condition = 300 Kg/m3
389.84>300 kg/m3 Hence ok.
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:-
From Table 3 of IS 10262-2009,
For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
Zone of fine aggregate = ZoneII
And For w/c = 0.5
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total
aggregate = 0.62
For pumpable concrete this value shouldbereduced by10%
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate= 0.62x0.9 = 0.558
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.558= 0.442
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows
A. Volume of concrete =1m3
B. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/ specific gravityof
cement) x1/1000 = (389.84/3.15)x1/1000 = 0.123 m3
C. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity of
water) x1/1000 = (194.92/1) x 1/1000 = 0.194 m3
D. Volume of all in aggregate =a- (b+c) =1-(0.123+0.194)=
0.683 m3
E. Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse
aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregatex1000=
0.683 x 0.558 x 2.56 x 1000 = 975.65 Kg
F. Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x
specific gravityof fine aggregate x1000 = 0.683 x 2.70 x
0.442 x 1000 = 815.09 Kg
Step 7: Mix proportion for trial
A. Cement = 389.84Kg/m3
B. Fine aggregate = 815.09Kg/m3
C. Coarse aggregate = 975.65Kg/m3
D. Water Cement Ratio =0.50
E. Water = 194.92Kg/m37.
Procedure for Concrete Mix Design of M20 Grade
Concrete
Replacement of cement in concrete by fly ash 20%.
Step 1 — Determination of Target Strength
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S = 20 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 26.6 N/mm2
Where, S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1
of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:- From Table 5 of
IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio forMildexposurecondition=
0.5
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content From Table 2 of IS
10262- 2009,
Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum
size of aggregate — 20 mm)
Estimated water content for 90mm slump =
186+4.8/100x186 =194.92 liters
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 194.92 kg /m3
Cement content =194.92/0.50= 389.84 Kg/m3 From table
no. 5 of IS code 456:2000
Minimum cement content for mild condition = 300 Kg/m3
389.84>300 kg/m3 Hence ok.
Cement Content= 70%
Fly ash content= 20% by weight of cement = 20/100 x
389.84 = 77.96 Kg/m3
Lime content = 10 % by weight of cement =10/100 x 389.84
= 38.98 Kg/m3
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:- From
Table 3 of IS 10262-2009,
For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
Zone of fine aggregate = Zone II
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD42578 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2021 Page 1422
And For w/c = 0.5 Volume of coarse aggregate per unit
volume of total aggregate = 0.62
For pumpable concrete this value shouldbereduced by10%
Therefore,
volume of coarse aggregate= 0.62x0.9 = 0.558
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.558= 0.442
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows
A. Volume of concrete =1m3
B. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/ specific gravityof
cement) x1/1000 = (389.84/3.15)x1/1000 = 0.123 m3
C. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity of
water) x1/1000 = (194.92/1) x 1/1000 = 0.194 m3 d)
Volume of all in aggregate =a- (b+c) =1-(0.123+0.194)=
0.683 m3
D. Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse
aggregate x specific gravityof coarse aggregate x 1000 =
0.683 x 0.558 x 2.56 x 1000 = 975.65 Kg
E. Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x
specific gravityof fine aggregate x 1000 = 0.683 x 2.70 x
0.442 x 1000 = 815.09 Kg
Step 7: Mix proportion for trial
A. Cement = 272.89Kg/m3
B. Fly ash = 77.96Kg/m3
C. Lime = 38.98Kg/m3
D. Fine aggregate = 815.09Kg/m3
E. Coarse aggregate = 975.65Kg/m3
F. Water Cement Ratio =0.50
G. Water = 194.92Kg/m3
Replacement of cement in concrete by fly ash 25% .
Step 1 — Determination of Target Strength
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S = 20 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 26.6 N/mm2
Where, S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1
of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:- From Table 5 of
IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition=
0.5
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content From Table 2 of IS
10262- 2009,
Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum
size of aggregate — 20 mm)
Estimated water content for 90mm slump =
186+4.8/100x186 = 194.92 liters
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 194.92 kg /m3
Cement content =194.92/0.50= 389.84 Kg/m3 From table
no. 5 of IS code 456:2000
Minimum cement content for mild condition = 300 Kg/m3
389.84>300 kg/m3 Hence ok.
Cement Content= 65%
Fly ash content= 25% by
weight of cement = 25/100 x 389.84 = 97.46 Kg/m3
Lime content = 10 % by
weight of cement =10/100 x 389.84 = 38.98 Kg/m3
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:- From
Table 3 of IS 10262-2009,
For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
Zone of fine aggregate = Zone II And For w/c = 0.5
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total
aggregate = 0.62
For pumpable concretethis valueshouldbereduced by10%
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate= 0.62x0.9 = 0.558
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.558= 0.442
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows
A. Volume of concrete =1m3
B. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/ specific gravityof
cement) x1/1000 = (389.84/3.15)x1/1000 = 0.123 m3
C. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity of
water) x1/1000 = (194.92/1) x 1/1000 = 0.194 m3 d)
Volume of all in aggregate =a- (b+c) =1-(0.123+0.194)=
0.683 m3
D. Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse
aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregatex1000=
0.683 x 0.558 x 2.56 x 1000 = 975.65 Kg
E. Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x
specific gravity of fine aggregate x1000 = 0.683 x 2.70 x
0.442 x 1000 = 815.09 Kg
Step 7: Mix proportion for trial
A. Cement = 253.40Kg/m3
B. Fly ash = 97.46Kg/m3
C. Lime = 38.98Kg/m3
D. Fine aggregate = 815.09Kg/m3
E. Coarse aggregate = 975.65Kg/m3
F. Water Cement Ratio =0.50
G. Water = 194.92Kg/m3
Replacement of cement in concrete by fly ash 30%
Step 1 — Determination of Target Strength
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S = 20 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 26.6 N/mm2
Where, S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1
of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:- From Table 5 of
IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio forMildexposurecondition=
0.5
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content From Table 2 of IS
10262- 2009,
Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum
size of aggregate — 20 mm)
Estimated water content for 90mm slump =
186+4.8/100x186 =194.92 liters
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 194.92 kg /m3
Cement content =194.92/0.50= 389.84 Kg/m3 From table
no. 5 of IS code 456:2000
Minimum cement content for mild condition = 300 Kg/m3
389.84>300 kg/m3 Hence ok.
Cement Content= 60%
Fly ash content= 30% by
weight of cement = 30/100 x 389.84 = 116.95 Kg/m3
Lime content = 10 % by
weight of cement = 10/100 x 389.84 = 38.98 Kg/m3
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:- From
Table 3 of IS 10262-2009,
For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
Zone of fine aggregate = Zone II And
For w/c = 0.5
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total
aggregate = 0.62
For pumpable concrete this value shouldbereduced by10%
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate= 0.62x0.9 = 0.558
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.558= 0.442
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows
A. Volume of concrete =1m3
B. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/ specific gravityof
cement) x1/1000 = (389.84/3.15)x1/1000 = 0.123 m3
C. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity of
water) x1/1000 = (194.92/1) x 1/1000 = 0.194 m3 d)
Volume of all in aggregate =a- (b+c) =1-(0.123+0.194)=
0.683 m3
D. Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse
aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregatex1000=
0.683 x 0.558 x 2.56 x 1000 = 975.65 Kg
E. Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x
specific gravity of fine aggregate x1000 = 0.683 x 2.70 x
0.442 x 1000 = 815.09 Kg
Step 7: Mix proportion for trial
A. Cement = 233.90Kg/m3
B. Fly ash = 116.95Kg/m3
C. Fine aggregate = 815.09Kg/m3
D. Coarse aggregate = 975.65Kg/m3
E. Water Cement Ratio =0.50
F. Water = 194.92Kg/m3
Replacement of cement in concrete by fly ash 35%
Step 1 — Determination of Target Strength
ftarget = fck + 1.65 x S = 20 + 1.65 x 4.0 = 26.6 N/mm2
Where, S = standard deviation in N/mm2 = 4 (as per table -1
of IS 10262- 2009)
Step 2 — Selection of water / cement ratio:- From Table 5 of
IS 456, (page no 20)
Maximum water-cement ratio for Mild exposure condition=
0.5
Step 3 — Selection of Water Content From Table 2 of IS
10262- 2009,
Maximum water content = 186 Kg (for Nominal maximum
size of aggregate — 20 mm)
Estimated water content for 90mm slump =
186+4.8/100x186 =194.92 liters
Step 4 — Selection of Cement Content
Water-cement ratio = 0.5
Corrected water content = 194.92 kg /m3
Cement content =194.92/0.50= 389.84 Kg/m3 From table
no. 5 of IS code 456:2000
Minimum cement content for mild condition = 300 Kg/m3
389.84>300 kg/m3 Hence ok.
Cement Content= 55%
Fly ash content= 35% by
weight of cement = 35/100 x 389.84 = 136.45 Kg/m3
Lime content = 10 % by
weight of cement = 10/100 x 389.84 = 38.98 Kg/m3
Step 5: Estimation of Coarse Aggregate proportion:- From
Table 3 of IS 10262-2009,
For Nominal maximum size of aggregate = 20 mm,
Zone of fine aggregate = Zone II And For w/c = 0.5
Volume of coarse aggregate per unit volume of total
aggregate = 0.62
For pumpable concrete this value shouldbereduced by10%
Therefore, volume of coarse aggregate= 0.62x0.9 = 0.558
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.558= 0.442
Step 6: Estimation of the mix ingredients
The mix calculations per unit volume of concrete shall be as
follows
A. Volume of concrete =1m3
B. Volume of cement = (mass of cement/ specific gravityof
cement) x1/1000 = (389.84/3.15)x1/1000 = 0.123 m3
C. Volume of water = (mass of water/specific gravity of
water) x1/1000 = (194.92/1) x 1/1000 = 0.194 m3 d)
Volume of all in aggregate =a- (b+c) =1-(0.123+0.194)=
0.683 m3
D. Mass of coarse aggregate = d x volume of coarse
aggregate x specific gravity of coarse aggregatex1000=
0.683 x 0.558 x 2.56 x 1000 = 975.65 Kg
E. Mass of fine aggregate = d x volume of fine aggregate x
specific gravity of fine aggregate x1000 = 0.683 x 2.70 x
0.442 x 1000 = 815.09 Kg
Step 7: Mix proportion for trial
A. Cement = 214.42Kg/m3
B. Fly ash = 136.44Kg/m3
C. Lime = 38.98Kg/m3
D. Fine aggregate = 815.09Kg/m3
E. Coarse aggregate = 975.65Kg/m3
F. Water Cement Ratio =0.50
G. Water = 194.92Kg/m
RESULT:-
1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST RESULT
The experimental investigation was planned to know the
effect of fly ash as a replacement to ordinary Portland
cement (43 grade). Five types of concrete mixes were
prepared using 150x150x150 mm mould for control
concrete. M20 mix was designed as per IS10262:2009.
Table 1 Result at 0%percent replacement for
compressive strength
Sample
Name
7 days
strength
(N/mm2 )
14 days
strength
(N/mm2 )
28 days
strength
(N/mm2 )
0%
replacement
16.9 20.32 25.3
Table 2 Result of 7 days curing after replacement of
cement
Replacement
level
FA-L FA-L FA-L FA-L
% of
Replacement
20%-
10%
25%-
10%
30%-
10%
35%-
10%
Curing period
7 days
17.34
17.36
17.38
17.46
17.48
17.50
17.95
17.97
17.99
17.52
17.54
17.56
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The graph here shows the compressive strength result of
average cement: fly ash: cubes when cured in water for 7
days with respective replacement. It shows the strength of
CE: FA: L is maximum at 30% and 10% replacement of
cement by fly ash respectively.
Table 3 Result of 14 days curing after replacement of
cement
Replacement
level
FA-L FA-L FA-L FA-L
% of
Replacement
20%-
10%
25%-
10%
30%-
10%
35%-
10%
Curing period
14 days
20.40
20.42
20.43
20.42
20.44
20.46
20.46
20.48
20.50
20.44
20.46
20.44
The compressive strength result of average cement: fly ash:
lime powder cubes when cured in water for 14 days with
respective replacement. It shows the strength of CE: FA: L is
maximum at 30% and 10% replacement ofcementbyflyash
and lime respectively.
Table 7.1.4 Result of 28 days curing after replacement
of cement
Replacement
level
FA-L
% of
Replacement
20%-
10%
25%-
10%
30%-
10%
35%-
10%
Curing period
28 days
25.41
25.43
25.45
25.47
25.48
25.49
25.63
25.65
25.67
25.52
25.54
25.56
The compressive strength result of average cement: fly ash:
cubes when cured in water for 28 days with respective
replacement. It shows the strength of CE: FA: is maximum at
30% and 10% replacement of cement by fly ash and lime
respectively.
CONCLUSION
India has a vast resource of fly ash and lime generation all
across the country. This material if segregated,collected and
used properly can solve the major problem can solve the
major problems of fly ash disposal and reducing the use of
cement, which consumeslot ofenergyandnatural resources.
Especially in India many organizations are putting their
efforts to promote the awareness of fly ash in concrete and
its advantages.
Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd (NPCIL) is also
involved in R&D activities for development of fly ash
concrete and implementing it in construction of nuclear
power structure.
The experimental exercise has helped to study the various
properties of fly ash concrete and to develop the mix design
curves for concrete mix proportioning with various
percentages of fly ash.
Based on the studies conducted by authors following
conclusion are drawn on the fly ash concrete.
1. Use of fly ash and lime improves the workability of
concrete. This phenomenon can be used either the unit
water content of mix or to reduce the admixturedosage.
2. Density and air content of concrete mix are generally
unaffected with the use of fly ash.
3. Normally use of fly ash slightly retards the setting time
of concrete, but it is compensated by reduction in the
admixture dosage to maintain the same workability.
4. Bleeding in fly ash concrete is significantly reduced and
other properties like cohesiveness, pumping
characteristics and surface finish are improved.
5. Rate of strength development at various ages is related
to the W/Cm and percentages offly ash in the concrete
mix.
6. Fly ash concrete is more durable as compare to OPC
concrete. The time has come for appreciating the fact
without any reservation that fly ash can be gain fully
used in Making concrete strong, durable, Eco-friendly
and economical.
REFERENCES
[1] Chatterjee, A. K., ―Indian Fly Ashes :Their
Characteristic sand Potential for Mechano chemical
Activation for Enhanced Usability‖ ,Journal of
Materials in Civil Engineering,June2011,pg.-783-788.
[2] Hwang, K. Noguchi, T., and Tomosawa, F ―Prediction
model of compressivestrengthdevelopmentofflyash
concrete‖. Cement and Concrete research, Vol-34,
(2004), pg.-2269- 2276.
[3] Malhotra, V.M. and Ramezanianpour, A.A. ―FlyAshin
Concrete‖, Second Edition, Natural Resources,
Canada, (1994).