(1) The document discusses comprehensive exam tips, noting there are two parts: written exams and oral exams.
(2) Educational research questions and concentration questions are handled separately on the exams.
(3) When responding to exam questions, use headings and advance organizers that reflect the exam questions, and operationalize important terms and variables.
Presentation the internet in efl teacher educationmemogreat
This is a presentation of my paper entitled, "The Internet in EFL Teacher Education: Investigating the Possibilities and Challenges in a Pre-service Teacher Education Programme
Presentation the internet in efl teacher educationmemogreat
This is a presentation of my paper entitled, "The Internet in EFL Teacher Education: Investigating the Possibilities and Challenges in a Pre-service Teacher Education Programme
Development of a mobile learning application to support e learning and analys...ijmnct
It should not be disregarded that e-learning applic
ations have some limitations although they provide
many
opportunities to people who have different expectat
ions and characteristics and who want to make use o
f
educational opportunities. When the limitations of
e-learning and the advantages of m-learning
applications which these limitations provide are co
nsidered together, they may serve more effective
learning contexts for individuals. In this study, a
n m-learning application was developed to assist e-
learning and it was supplied for learners who atten
d distance education to use. As a result of the stu
dy, it
was provided for learners to attend educational eve
nts without real time and place limitation in reali
ty via
using m-learning as an assistant for e-learning. Fu
rthermore, learners were provided to be informed ab
out
course cancellations, assignment deadlines, exam da
tes, the announcement by school administration
immediately, and so on. As a result of the study, l
earners’ views for this application were taken into
consideration and it was stated that m-learning app
lication was effective for learners in education at
anytime and anywhere.
THE USE OF CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION; The Lived Experiences of Faculty
Dr. Joseph K. Adjei
School of Technology (SOT)
Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA)
2nd International Conference of the African Virtual University
Bridging the gap of the educational system across different countries through...PhD Assistance
The gap in the educational system has been a major drawback globally. The idea and concept of E-Learning have been evolved as a result of many kinds of Research. E-learning has assisted in closing this gap. The main goal of the study is to offer quality education through e-learning by assessing the effectiveness of e-learning mode. The focus has been to assess the e-learning potential to provide a quality education through electronic means and also to evaluate the scope of e-learning. E-learning provides a better standard of living for students across the world. This paper deals with improving the student’s quality of education and their standard of living
Visite : https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
India No: +91-8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
A Reflection of Mobile Learning In Asia and a Conceptual FrameworkDaniel Chun
This is a presentation of a conference paper at IADIS Mobile Learning 2010 at Porto, Portugal by Daniel Chun of Art Group @Cyberport IncuTrain Center and Eric Tsui of Knowledge Management Research Center of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Mobile Information Literacy for Libraries: A case study on requirements for...Shri Ram
Mobile Information Literacy for Libraries: A case study on requirements for an effective Information Literacy Program is presented at 5th m-Library Conference during 27-30 May at Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Ambient learning model for Research Project Supervision Support: An Applicat...Simon Mwendia
Research supervision is a key type of learning support provided to advanced university students engaged in research projects e.g. Provide a guide on methodology and research topics (Ismail, 2011).
However, inadequate research supervision can adversely affect progress towards the completion of the degree.
As an attempt to address these limitations, we proposed a new ambient learning approach known as Open Ambient Learning (OMAL).The approach aims at allowing flexible availability of supervisors to their research students that are in 'mobile-rich' but 'computer-poor ' learning settings, like the case in East African universities.
Mitigating Factors, and Factors Militating against Teacher’s Utilization of I...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study highlights on the findings of a survey study which was done in some schools within one of the sub-counties in Kenya. Evidence has been collected through a literature review, teacher questionnaires and interviews. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the existing factors that support or hinder teachers from utilizing ICTs in their classrooms despite having them. This study was guided by the theory of Technology acceptance model by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw, (1989).The study reviewed literature on the importance of the use of ICTs in teaching and learning. Descriptive survey is the framework that guided the study. The study area is Kericho County in Kenya. Analysis of data was done thematically to exhibit the attitudes, values and views of the teachers concerning the usefulness of ICTs in teaching and also the factors that hinder utilization ICTs. Descriptive statistics was also used to analyze data from questionnaires. The literature analyzed shows that ICTs are very important in the following areas: they make the lessons more interesting, easier, more fun for teachers and their pupils, more diverse, more motivating for the pupils and more enjoyable. Additional more personal factors were improving presentation of materials, allowing greater access to computers for personal use, giving more power to the teacher in the school, giving the teacher more prestige, making the teachers' administration more efficient and providing professional support through the Internet. The findings from this study reveals that factors hindering the utilization of this precious teaching materials includes, lack of clarity in the use of this ICTs in the curriculum, time factor, incompetence among the teachers on computer skills, overreliance on traditional methods of teaching and resistance to change.
Development of a mobile learning application to support e learning and analys...ijmnct
It should not be disregarded that e-learning applic
ations have some limitations although they provide
many
opportunities to people who have different expectat
ions and characteristics and who want to make use o
f
educational opportunities. When the limitations of
e-learning and the advantages of m-learning
applications which these limitations provide are co
nsidered together, they may serve more effective
learning contexts for individuals. In this study, a
n m-learning application was developed to assist e-
learning and it was supplied for learners who atten
d distance education to use. As a result of the stu
dy, it
was provided for learners to attend educational eve
nts without real time and place limitation in reali
ty via
using m-learning as an assistant for e-learning. Fu
rthermore, learners were provided to be informed ab
out
course cancellations, assignment deadlines, exam da
tes, the announcement by school administration
immediately, and so on. As a result of the study, l
earners’ views for this application were taken into
consideration and it was stated that m-learning app
lication was effective for learners in education at
anytime and anywhere.
THE USE OF CLOUD COMPUTING SYSTEMS IN HIGHER EDUCATION; The Lived Experiences of Faculty
Dr. Joseph K. Adjei
School of Technology (SOT)
Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration (GIMPA)
2nd International Conference of the African Virtual University
Bridging the gap of the educational system across different countries through...PhD Assistance
The gap in the educational system has been a major drawback globally. The idea and concept of E-Learning have been evolved as a result of many kinds of Research. E-learning has assisted in closing this gap. The main goal of the study is to offer quality education through e-learning by assessing the effectiveness of e-learning mode. The focus has been to assess the e-learning potential to provide a quality education through electronic means and also to evaluate the scope of e-learning. E-learning provides a better standard of living for students across the world. This paper deals with improving the student’s quality of education and their standard of living
Visite : https://www.phdassistance.com/blog/
Contact Us:
UK NO: +44-1143520021
India No: +91-8754446690
Email: info@phdassistance.com
A Reflection of Mobile Learning In Asia and a Conceptual FrameworkDaniel Chun
This is a presentation of a conference paper at IADIS Mobile Learning 2010 at Porto, Portugal by Daniel Chun of Art Group @Cyberport IncuTrain Center and Eric Tsui of Knowledge Management Research Center of Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
Mobile Information Literacy for Libraries: A case study on requirements for...Shri Ram
Mobile Information Literacy for Libraries: A case study on requirements for an effective Information Literacy Program is presented at 5th m-Library Conference during 27-30 May at Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Ambient learning model for Research Project Supervision Support: An Applicat...Simon Mwendia
Research supervision is a key type of learning support provided to advanced university students engaged in research projects e.g. Provide a guide on methodology and research topics (Ismail, 2011).
However, inadequate research supervision can adversely affect progress towards the completion of the degree.
As an attempt to address these limitations, we proposed a new ambient learning approach known as Open Ambient Learning (OMAL).The approach aims at allowing flexible availability of supervisors to their research students that are in 'mobile-rich' but 'computer-poor ' learning settings, like the case in East African universities.
Mitigating Factors, and Factors Militating against Teacher’s Utilization of I...paperpublications3
Abstract: This study highlights on the findings of a survey study which was done in some schools within one of the sub-counties in Kenya. Evidence has been collected through a literature review, teacher questionnaires and interviews. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the existing factors that support or hinder teachers from utilizing ICTs in their classrooms despite having them. This study was guided by the theory of Technology acceptance model by Davis, Bagozzi and Warshaw, (1989).The study reviewed literature on the importance of the use of ICTs in teaching and learning. Descriptive survey is the framework that guided the study. The study area is Kericho County in Kenya. Analysis of data was done thematically to exhibit the attitudes, values and views of the teachers concerning the usefulness of ICTs in teaching and also the factors that hinder utilization ICTs. Descriptive statistics was also used to analyze data from questionnaires. The literature analyzed shows that ICTs are very important in the following areas: they make the lessons more interesting, easier, more fun for teachers and their pupils, more diverse, more motivating for the pupils and more enjoyable. Additional more personal factors were improving presentation of materials, allowing greater access to computers for personal use, giving more power to the teacher in the school, giving the teacher more prestige, making the teachers' administration more efficient and providing professional support through the Internet. The findings from this study reveals that factors hindering the utilization of this precious teaching materials includes, lack of clarity in the use of this ICTs in the curriculum, time factor, incompetence among the teachers on computer skills, overreliance on traditional methods of teaching and resistance to change.
This research is done by the researcher to investigate kinds of ICT used by English lecturers for non-English Study Program students at IAIN Curup and to investigate the roles of ICT for the English lecturer at IAIN Curup. This research used descriptive quantitative Because the questioner's results were evaluated and explained in the explanatory form.The questionnaire used as the instrument to collect the data. Questionnaire about the ICT used by the English lecturers for non-English Study Program students at IAIN Curup and the role of ICT for English Lecturer. Five processes is used to analyze the data from questionnaires in this research. They are (1) data managing of research result, (2) reading/memoing of result, (3) description of result; (4) classifying of research result and (5) interpreting of research result. The result showed that the lecturers always used three types of ICR in teaching English in the classroom, they were the speaker, educational games, and website resources. The reason for them using three types of ICT because it was easy to use and cheap. In using the ICT, the lecturers have a different opinion about About ICT's role in promoting its learning operations. The use of ICT in the teaching and learning system had 7 (seven) roles. It is about the role of ICT in motivating, attracting, and enhancing the success of learners in studying English.
Ziyanak, sebahattin the effectiveness of survey instruments nfaerj v29 n3 2016William Kritsonis
William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Founded 1982). Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Distinguished Alumnus, Central Washington University, College of Education and Professional Studies, Ellensburg, Washington; Invited Guest Lecturer, Oxford Round Table, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Hall of Honor, Prairie View A&M University/Member of the Texas A&M University System. Professor of Educational Leadership, The University of Texas of the Permian Basin.
Ziyanak, sebahattin the effectiveness of survey instruments nfaerj v29 n3 2016William Kritsonis
Dr. Sebahattin Ziyanaki is Assistant Professor of Sociology at The University of Texas of the Permian Basin. Dr. Ziyanak has established a reputation as a researcher and professor. Published by NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS. - National FORUM of Applied Educational Research Journal. Dr. William Allan Kritsonis is Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982). See: www.nationalforum.com
Ziyanak, sebahattin the effectiveness of survey instruments nfaerj v29 n3 2016William Kritsonis
This article examines how sociological imagination of the individuals living in southeastern Turkey is constructed through Movie, The Bliss. Traditional and modern forms of life are symbolically constructed in this movie. The framework of “honor killing,” “masculinity in southeastern Turkey," “cultural deficiency,” and “othering” will be analyzed to explicate how stereotypical southeastern characters are reproduced. Content analysis technique is applied to interpret apparent and latent contents, contexts, aspects and so forth. Developed categories are revisited through Ibn Khaldun's Typology, cultural deficiency theory, Tonnies’ theory, Durkheim’s view on society, and Goffman’s framing process.
William Allan Kritsonis, PhD - Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS (Established 1982)
Dr. Lori Webb and Dr. James Jurica, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRAT...William Kritsonis
Dr. David E. Herrington, Invited Guest Editor, NFEAS JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief (Since 1982
Dr. Lori Webb and Dr. James Jurica, NATIONAL FORUM OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION JOURNAL, 30(3) 2013
James Jurica and Lori Webb - Published National Refereed Article in NATIONAL ...William Kritsonis
James Jurica and Lori Webb - Published National Refereed Article in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS
Founded 1982
NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS are a group of national refereed, juried, peer-reviewed, blind-reviewed professional periodicals. Any article published shall earned five affirmative votes from members of our National Board of Invited Distinguished Jurors and must be recommended for national publication by members of the National Policy Board representing all National FORUM Journals. Journal issues are distributed both nationally and world-wide.
Our website features national refereed articles that are published daily within our National FORUM Journals Online Journal Division. Over 1,000 articles are available to scholars and practitioners world-wide. Over 250,000 guests visit our website yearly. About 56,000 articles are downloaded for academic purposes at no charge. We have about an 88% rejection rate. See: www.nationalforum.com
Founded in 1982, National FORUM Journals has published the scholarly contributions of over 5,200 professors with over 2,000 articles indexed. Our journals are indexed with many global agencies including Cabell’s Directories, ERIC, EBSCO, SWETS International, Library of Congress National Serials Data Program, and the Copyright Clearance Center, Danvers, Massachusetts.
Global Website: www.nationalforum.com
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON K-12 TEACHERS USE OF TECHNOLOGY AND.docxdaniahendric
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON K-12 TEACHERS'
USE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MULTIMEDIA IN THE CLASSROOM
INTRODUCTION
Teachers
positively support their curricular goals and enhance
classroom instruction (Smerdon, B., Cronen, S., Lanahan, L.,
Anderson, J., Lannotti, N., & Angeles, J. (2000); Gray,
Thomas & Lewis, 2010). There are multiple technology tools
st
in the 21 century available for teachers to integrate in their
classroom for these purposes; however, there are
challenges. These tools change rapidly so it becomes
inherent for schools to have current technology and
teachers that are sufficiently prepared to use these
technology tools (Hinostroza, 2011). Often teachers do not
understand terminology necessary to communicate when
using these tools. Two terms educators commonly use
interchangeably are technology and multimedia. The term
“technology” denotes the hardware that is used in the
classroom and the term “multimedia”conveys software
applications combining digital media types, such as text,
images, sound, and video, which are the definitions used in
this study. Furthermore, it is difficult to establish a skill and
integrate technology in their classroom to
By
knowledge level necessary for educators.
The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE)
developed five standards in evaluating the necessary skills
and knowledge of educators. These five standards are to:
1) Facilitate and inspire student learning and creativity; 2)
Design and develop digital age learning experiences and
assessments; 3) Model digital age work and learning; 4)
Promote and model digital citizenship and responsibility;
and 5) Engage in professional growth and leadership (ISTE,
2008).
For the purposes of this study, the ISTE Standard 2: Design
and develop digital age learning experiences and
assessments and ISTE Standard 3: Model digital age work
and learning, were the primary focus. More specifically, two
indicators from standard 2 were examined: a) Design or
adapt relevant learning experiences that incorporate
digital tools and resources to promote student learning and
creativity and b) Develop technology-enriched learning
environments that enable all students to pursue their
individual curiosities and become active participants in
* Associate Professor, Instructional Systems Technology, University of North Carolina Charlotte, USA.
** Assistant Professor, Educational Leadership, University of North Carolina Wilmington, USA.
ABSTRACT
st
21 century has seen new technology and multimedia made available for integration in K-12 classrooms. This exploratory
study examines K-12 teachers' use of technology and multimedia in the classroom in two southern counties in the
Southeastern United States. The purpose of the study was to answer the following five research questions: 1) What
technology do teachers use in the classroom; 2) How often do teachers use technology/multimedia in the ...
Arrogance or Apathy: The Need for Formative Evaluation + Current & Emerging S...Michael M Grant
Dr. Michael M. Grant presents a rationale for using formative evaluation. He also presents a number of methods currently used, such as usability, and emerging strategies for capturing user data.
Sound Pedagogies Online in Blended, Synchronous & Asynchronous Courses Michael M Grant
Strategies for designing and teaching blended, synchronous, and asynchronous online courses. Presented at Cengage Learning Computing Conference by Dr. Michael M. Grant
Using Mobile Devices & Apps to Drive EngagementMichael M Grant
How mobile devices and apps can drive student engagement, promote student learning, and support the goal of creating a dynamic experience in an online or on-campus course.
How are schools using technology? A survey of the landscape & emerging practicesMichael M Grant
A presentation to STEM faculty members and students at the University of Memphis. This presentations addresses current and emerging trends in educational technology in K-12 schools. Presented by Dr. Michael M. Grant.
Panel on Mobile Computing Devices and Applications for Teaching & LearningMichael M Grant
Drs. Michael M. Grant, Michael K. Barbour, Yu-Chang Hsu, Florence Martin, Hui-Yin Hsu, Shiang-Kwei Wang & Cindy York present a panel discussion at the annual meeting of the Association for Educational Computing and Technology in Louisville, KY, as part of the teacher education division (TED).
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
8. Data from two instruments were used: (1) the
Survey of Computer Use and (2) the School
Observation Measure. Descriptions of the
instruments are explicated in the following
sections.
Grant, M.M. & Mims, C. (2009).
Technology integration in early childhood and primary classrooms In S. Taylor and S. Blake
(Eds.) Technology for early childhood education and socialization: Developmental
applications and methodologies (pp. 162-176). Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference.
9. This paper presents (1) the development process
in which how the online assessment site has been
implemented with advanced Web technologies
including streaming video techniques, (2) the
formative evaluation results in which how the site
could be improved, and (3) the implications for
instructional designers.
Cheon, J.P. & Grant, M.M. (2009).
Active listening: Web-based assessment tool for communication and active listening skill
development. TechTrends, 53(6), 24-32.
10. There are two types of virtual conferencing: asynchronous
conferencing and synchronous conferencing. Asynchronous
conferencing is both time and location independent
(Greenberg, 2004; Wilkinson & Hemby, 2000). It provides
learners with flexibility of accessing large amounts of learning
materials. In addition, collaboration and feedback can be
implemented by email or discussion board. In contrast,
synchronous conferencing makes distance among instructor
and learners variable, but time is still crucial (Coventry, 1994).
Synchronous conferencing can support spontaneous
interaction and immediate feedback involving audio and text,
as well as video (Pittman, 2003; Wilkinson & Hemby, 2000).
Grant, M. M., & Cheon, J.-p. (2007). The value of using synchronous conferencing for
instruction and students. Journal of Interactive Online Learning, 6(3). Available online at
http://www.ncolr.org/jiol/issues/viewarticle.cfm?volID=6&IssueID=21&Ar ticleID=109.
11. Use the questions/tasks
stated in the
comprehensive exam
questions as the
organizational structure
for your responses.
14. Lowman (1991) defined abilities as "what one is able or
potentially able to do" (p. 11). We used this more general term
in order to distinguish from IQ and general intelligence (g)
(Spearman, 1904) as well as to reflect other possible
taxonomies and classifications of abilities (see e.g., Lowman,
1991). Also of interest was how the computer-mediated
artifacts produced in project-based learning reflect the learner
and his or her knowledge. So technology in this study was
operationlized as computer-based technologies—specifically
hardware, software, and networks. Moreover, computer-
mediated learning artifacts was used to describe both analog
and digital products the students fashioned with the aid of
computers, such as research papers and museum displays.
Grant, M.M., & Branch, R.M. (2005). Project-based learning in a middle school: Tracing
abilities through the artifacts of learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 38(1),
65-98.
15. Adaptive instruction means creating a learning
environment and finding instructional approaches
and techniques that conform to meet students’
individual needs (Park & Lee, 2003). Adaptive
Web-based learning environments (A-WBLEs)
are one form of adaptive instruction that tailor
individual differences in the online environment
(Inan & Grant, 2004, 2005).
Inan, F.A. & Grant, M.M. (2007).
Individualized Web-based instruction: Strategies and guidelines for instructional designers. In
T. Kidd (Ed.) Handbook of research on instructional systems & technology. Hershey, PA: Idea
Group Publishing.