This document summarizes a presentation on PEDv given at the 2014 Pork Management Conference. It discusses the initial discovery and spread of PEDv in the US, similarities and differences from TGE, diagnostic testing methods, epidemiological findings identifying risks associated with feed, and research efforts. Key points include: - PEDv was first identified in the US in 2013 and has since spread to over 30 states. - It causes severe diarrhea and vomiting in pigs but is not zoonotic. Clinical signs are similar to TGE. - Surveys found risks associated with custom feed mixing and number of rations used. - Research is focused on immunity, surveillance, disinfection, and investigating feed as a potential

1. Comprehensive Discussion of
PEDv
2014 Pork Management Conference
June 19, 2014
Dr. Harry Snelson
AASV

2. Disease Discovery
Looks like TGE…
Acts like TGE….
Ain’t TGE

3. Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat
28 29 30 1 2 3 4
5 1st
Phone
Call
6 1st
Indiana
– Sow
Farm
7 2nd
Indiana
– Sow
8
Initial
TGE PCR
neg
9
IHC
results
neg –
call vdl
10
EM pos
for
corona
11
12 13 14 15 16 NVSL
confirms
PEDV
17
USDA
annou
nes
18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25

4. Sun Mon Tues Weds Thurs Fri Sat
28 29 30 1
May
2 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17
4 cases known
(3 in IA, 1 in
IN)
18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31 1

5. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Iowa State UniversityOutcome of retrospective testing & on-boarding PEDV PCR
SUNDAY MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY
(TOTALS)
15 APRIL 16
OH – GF
17 18 19 20
1 GF
21 22 23 24 25 26
IN – GF
27
1 GF
28 29
IA (W. Central) – SOW
30
IA (NE) – SOW
OH – GF
IA – GF
1 MAY
IA – GF
2
IA – GF
3
IA – GF
4
4 GF
2 SOW
5 6
IA (NW) – SOW
7
IA – GF
IA – GF
8
IN – SOW
MN – SOW
IA – GF
9
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
10
CO (Eastern) – SOW
IA – GF
IN – ??
IN – ??
PA – ??
11
7 GF
4 SOW
3 UNKNOWN
12 13
MN – GF
14
CO – SOW
MN – GF
15
MN – SOW
MN – GF
16
IA – SOW
17
IA – SOW
IA – SOW
IA – GF
18
4 GF
5 SOW
(31 actual
cases)
19 20
IA – SOW
IN – SOW
IN – SOW
IA – GF
MN – GF
MN – GF
21
CO – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
MN – GF
OH – GF
22
CO – SOW
CO – SOW
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
OK – GF
23
IA – SOW
IA – SOW
GF OH
MN – ??
24
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
IA – GF
CO – GF
CO – GF
MN – GF
MN – GF
MO – GF
MN – ??
25
34 GF
7 SOW
2 UNKNOWN

6. Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory
Iowa State University
PEDV Positive Cases Ascertained from Multiple VDLs
Week
Received
@ VDL
Total Number of
PEDv Positive
Diagnostic Case
Submissions
(Premises) via
PCR or IHC
Farm Type
CO IA IL IN KS MI MN MO NC NY OH OK PA SD ?
Sow
Growing
Pig
?
4/15/2013 (1), 2 0 1 1
4/22/2013 (1), 1 0 1 1
4/29/2013 (6), 9 2 4 5 1
5/6/2013 (14) , 17 4 7 3 1 8 3 1 1
5/13/2013 (9), 10 5 3 1 1 4 4
5/20/2013 (43), 44 7 33 3 5 25 2 7 1 2 1
Total (74), 83 18 49 7 7 42 6 12 1 11 1 1
* for the weeks prior to 6-17-13, laboratories were able to provide diagnostic case submissions and number of
premises testing positive for PEDv. Starting 6-17-13, the data are limited to ONLY diagnostic case submission
numbers (aka Swine Accessions)

7. Clinical Signs
• Clinically indistinguishable from TGE
– Alpha coronavirus
– Fecal-oral pathogen
– Profuse diarrhea and vomiting
– High mortality rates in neonatal pigs
– High morbidity, lower mortality as pigs age
• Not zoonotic, not a food safety concern

8. Diagnostics
• PCR – ready quickly
• Serology
– IFA
– ELISA
• No VI – virus is difficult to grow
• Bioassay to prove infectivity/viability
– Time consuming
– Expensive
– Lacks sensitivity

12. 0% 0%
25%
70%
95%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6

13. PED virus
• New to North America
• In Europe in 1970’s
• Current virus present in Asia
– U.S. virus 99+ % similar to 2012 isolate from Anhui
Province in China
• U.S. swine herd naïve, 100% susceptible
• No vaccine
• Easily transmitted

14. Response
• USDA designated PED a “transboundary” disease
– Not reportable
– Non-regulatory
– Production disease like PRRS or PCV
– Turned the response over to the swine industry
• NPB, NPPC and AASV coordinated effort with
USDA to understand the epidemiology and
develop a response strategy
• Transmitted via contaminated manure
• Concentrated on elevating biosecurity

15. AASV Response
• Collaboration with producer groups,
state/federal/international animal health officials
• Outreach/education of veterinary members
– Meeting at WPX
– Website updated weekly
– Collaborate with NPB on research efforts and
educational outreach to producers
• Epidemiology efforts
– Initial introduction survey
– RRT participation

16. Veterinary Survey
• Concern: How did this virus come into the U.S.?
• Objective: Identify any risk factors potentially
associated with the introduction of the PEDv into the
U.S. swine herd
• Survey designed by AASV, NPB, NPPC & USDA-CEAH
• Administered by practitioners, data transferred to
CEAH via link designed by FAZD at Texas A&M
• Data analyzed by CEAH
• Questionnaire examined > 100 variables
• 25 case herds, 18 matched control herds

17. Survey Results
• Only seven variables were considered
significantly likely to have some association
with the introduction of PEDv
• These seven risk factors were associated with
the process of feeding the animals.
• Did not implicate any specific finished feed,
feed ingredient, feed manufacturer or
ingredient supplier.

18. Epidemiology – Observational Study
Question topic Type of Variable
Odds
Ratio
p value Interpretation
How many pelleted rations were fed to
sows during the last 90 days
Continuous 0.45 0.001
When the number of pelleted rations fed to sows goes
up by 1, the odds of being a case goes down 55%.
Origin of sow feed used in the last 90 days Categorical 2.33 0.002
When sow feed was custom mixed off farm compared
to being purchased complete, the odds of being a case
goes up 2.3X.
What grain was mixed with in sow feed in
the past 90 days.
Categorical 0.44 0.002
When grain was mixed with an amino acid source,
salt, calcium, phosphorus and a premix in sow feed
compared to only an amino acid source and a base
mix, the odds of being a case goes down 56%
How many meal/mash rations were fed to
nursery pigs during the last 90 days
Continuous 1.65 0.05
When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to nursery
pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up
65%.
How many meal/mash rations were fed to
finishers during the last 90 days
Continuous 1.51 0.004
When the number of meal/ mash rations fed to
finishing pigs goes up by 1, the odds of being a case
goes up 51%.
Total number of rations fed to finishers
during the last 90 days
Continuous 1.36 0.04
When the total number of rations fed to finishing pigs
goes up by 1, the odds of being a case goes up 36%.
What grain was mixed with in finisher feed
in the past 90 days.
Categorical 0.50 <0.001
When grain was mixed with a supplement in finisher
feed compared to with an amino acid source and a
base mix, the odds of being a case goes down 50%
Contents of premix in the most recent
finisher diet
Categorical 3.50 0.02
When vitamin and trace mineral premix was in the
same premix in the most recent finisher diet the odds
of being a case goes up 3.5X.

19. Response
• Development of 3 working groups
– Biocontainment
• How to limit spread off an infected premises
– Biosecurity Transport
• Review, modify, recommend biosecurity plans for transport,
shows/exhibitions, producers
– Packing Plant
• Recommend biosecurity principles for packing plants, buying
stations, etc
• These working groups have developed a number
of guides targeting biosecurity published on NPB
website

20. Research
• Pork Board -- $3 million for PEDv research
– Rapid response to research call
– Research objectives
• Diagnosis
• Pathogenesis
• Environmental stability
• Epidemiology
• surveillance
– Shortened timeline
• 13 days to identify and initiate research projects
• Progress updates every two weeks
• Six month deadline

21. Research
• NPB, NPPC and AASV funded a study by Dr.
Jim Lowe to look at transmission in harvest
plant lairage.

22. Lairage Study
• Trailers do become contaminated at packing
plants due in part to movement of drivers
• The more contact that occurs, the higher the
rate of contamination

23. One positive trailer in means 1.7
positive trailers at exit
Plant
Contaminated
at entry
Contaminated
at Plant
Contamination
Ratio
A 2.25% 8.05% 3.58
B 7.00% 4.30% 0.61
C 10.84% 10.81% 1.00
D 2.00% 0.00% 0.00
E 14.56% 3.08% 0.62
G 3.00% 1.03% 0.34
All 5.98% 4.31% 0.72
Courtesy Dr. Jim Lowe

24. Research
• Dr. Matthew Turner surveyed cull sow buying
stations in NC
– Minimal biosecurity in place
– Virus present, likely transmission occurring
– Willingness on the part of the managers to make
changes

25. Future research focus for PED
• Funding:
– NPB - $650,000
– AFIA - $100,000
– Genome Alberta - $500,000
– NGFA - $60,000
• Formation and duration of immunity after infection; What
level of immunity is needed for full protection?
• Can immunity be overwhelmed?
• Continued development and implementation of
surveillance strategies for PED
• Evaluate strategies for trailer disinfection

26. Feed as a possible vector
• AASV survey identified feed as likely
associated with the introduction
• Feed has anecdotally been associated with
outbreaks
• Numerous bioassays on suspect feed and
ingredients have been unable to confirm feed
as a source

27. Feed Testing
May-June, 2013: NVSL tested feed, mineral and vitamin premixes and dried
plasma samples. Laboratory testing results (PCR) were negative except for dried
plasma products.
June, 2013: NVSL conducted a bioassay using a vitamin premix and plasma.
The bioassay pigs did not show evidence of infection through testing of the feces
and serology.
July, 2013: NVSL conducted a bioassay using dried plasma that was obtained
from the blender. The bioassay pigs did not show evidence of infection through
testing of the feces and serology.
Feb., 2014: NVSL tested dried plasma from the manufacturer.
The samples were positive utilizing the real time PCR assay, and confirmatory
testing is being conducted utilizing the nested PCR.
March, 2014: The bioassay for the last group of plasma samples is currently on test.

28. Feed as a possible vector
• Private research– has been able to transmit
PEDv via feed to naïve pigs
• Canada achieved a positive bioassay using
spray dried porcine blood plasma but not feed
pellets

29. Educational Outreach
• AASV.org
• Pork.org

30. • Lab diagnosis needed
for determining site
status
• Managing biosecurity
or biocontainment
• Specifics of specimen
collection
• Feces
• Oral fluids
30
Guidelines for Diagnosis of PED Virus

31. 31
PED Biosecurity Guidelines

32. 32
PED Biosecurity Guidelines

33. Current Status
as of 06/07/14
Test Results Cumulative
PEDv Positive Accessions 7,250
Total Accessions Tested 21,506
Percent PED Positive Accessions 33.7%
Number of States Reporting
Positive Accessions
30
Courtesy of NAHLN

34. Courtesy of NAHLN

36. Canadian Experience
• January 23 – PEDv confirmed in Ontario
• February – CFIA announces PCR positive feed
– Positive bioassay with U.S. origin porcine blood
plasma
– Negative feed bioassay
• Has since spread to multiple farms in Ontario
and one each in Quebec, Manitoba, and PEI

37. What We’ve Learned
• Although similar to TGE, PEDv is a different bug
– More active in warmer environments
– More difficult to control in a sow herd
– Clinical picture can be more severe
– Apparently no cross protection with TGE or PRCV
– Huge amounts of virus are present
• Holes in our defense layers – obviously exist but
hard to identify
– Biosecurity at all levels should be evaluated
– Particular emphasis on transport, packing plants

38. What We’ve Learned
• VDLs responded quickly but challenges with
ability to communicate effectively
– Tools exist today to facilitate this communication
• FAZD has done an excellent job working with industry
to facilitate the transfer of information
– VDLs and NAHLN have stepped up to try to
provide weekly data on new cases but…
• Without PINs the data is suspect
• Current mechanism is too labor intensive and archaic

39. What We’ve Learned
• The use and ability to capture PINs would
significantly improve data sharing
• Challenges exist with defining roles
government and industry with transboundary
diseases
• We are seeing “rebreaks” in 30 – 40% of herds
• Swine Deltacoronavirus introduction???

40. Swine Deltacoronavirus
• Clinically looks like TGE/PED but tests negative
– Differential PCR available
• 1st seen in Hong Kong in 2012
• Identified in Ohio in February
• Identified in Canada in March

41. PDCoV Results
(as of week ending June 7, 2014)
Courtesy of NAHLN

42. Acknowledgements
• Dr. Matt Ackerman – Swine Vet Services
• Dr. Rodger Main – ISU VDL
• Dr. Brian McCluskey – USDA CEAH