The document outlines procedures for ensuring compliance with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It defines key terms like compliance, enforcement, and implementation. It describes how compliance is handled under CITES, including the roles of the Conference of Parties, Standing Committee, Animals and Plants Committees, and Secretariat in identifying potential compliance issues, considering compliance matters, and taking measures to resolve non-compliance. The objective is to promote compliance using a supportive rather than adversarial approach.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) dispute settlement system. It discusses the importance of an effective dispute settlement mechanism for enforcing international trade agreements. It then describes the key aspects of the WTO dispute settlement process, including:
1) The main stages are consultations between parties, adjudication by panels and the Appellate Body if needed, and implementation of rulings which can include countermeasures.
2) Consultations are the first mandatory stage and aim to resolve the dispute bilaterally, while subsequent stages involve adjudication of the legal issues.
3) The process covers disputes regarding violations of WTO agreements and provides the sole means for member states to enforce the trade rules
World Trade Organisation's Dispute Settlement ProcedurePatrick Aboku
A presentation on the World Trade Organisation's Dispute Settlement Procedure under the Dispute Settlement Understanding Administered by the Dispute Settlement Body
The document provides an overview of dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes the structure and key features of the WTO dispute settlement system, including the following:
- Disputes are settled through consultations, panel proceedings, appeals, and implementation under surveillance of the Dispute Settlement Body. The aim is to reach a mutually agreed solution or authorize retaliation as a last resort.
- The process aims to preserve members' rights and obligations under WTO agreements through compulsory jurisdiction, strict deadlines and procedures, and quasi-judicial resolution of disputes.
- The Appellate Body, comprised of 7 independent experts, can review issues of law in panel reports to provide security and predictability in
The document summarizes the trade dispute settlement system in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It establishes that the dispute settlement system was created in 1994 to serve as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system. The Dispute Settlement Body is responsible for establishing panels to settle disputes through consultations, maintaining surveillance of implemented solutions, and authorizing the suspension of concessions if a solution is not reached. The typical process involves countries first attempting to settle differences through consultations, then establishing a panel if consultations fail, which examines evidence from both sides and produces an interim and final report. The entire dispute settlement process usually takes around one year without an appeal and up to 15 months if there is an appeal.
This document discusses the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) and its review mechanism. It provides background on corruption and the negotiation process that led to UNCAC. It then outlines the main parts and chapters of UNCAC, including preventative measures, criminalization, international cooperation and asset recovery. It also describes the subsidiary bodies and implementation review mechanism established to support UNCAC. The review process, principles and format are explained. Finally, it discusses the role of UNODC in providing technical assistance to support states parties in implementing UNCAC.
This document discusses the United Nations system of collective security established after World War II. It compares the UN system to the League of Nations system that failed prior to WWII. The key aspects of the UN system include the Security Council with 5 permanent members having veto power, tools for the Security Council like peace operations, sanctions, and military enforcement under Chapter VII, and partner organizations that can assist the Security Council like the General Assembly and regional organizations. The document examines how the UN system was designed and how it has operated over time to maintain international peace and security.
CITES is an international treaty that requires countries to adopt national legislation to implement its obligations. Effective implementation is impossible without adequate national laws. Developing such legislation requires linking wildlife trade policy development to the laws, with policy providing the basis for procedures and practices that ensure coherence, transparency, consistency and efficiency. National legislation must incorporate CITES provisions, regulate trade, enforce penalties, and designate authorities.
United nations security council presentationSaudMalik10
This document summarizes information about the United Nations Security Council (UNSC):
- The UNSC has 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US) who have veto power, and 10 non-permanent members selected for two-year terms.
- The UNSC was formed in 1945 and is the UN body tasked with maintaining international peace and security through actions like investigating disputes, recommending dispute resolution methods, and taking military action against aggressors.
- There is ongoing debate around reforming the UNSC to address issues like regional representation, the veto power of the permanent members, and the categories of membership.
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization's (WTO) dispute settlement system. It discusses the importance of an effective dispute settlement mechanism for enforcing international trade agreements. It then describes the key aspects of the WTO dispute settlement process, including:
1) The main stages are consultations between parties, adjudication by panels and the Appellate Body if needed, and implementation of rulings which can include countermeasures.
2) Consultations are the first mandatory stage and aim to resolve the dispute bilaterally, while subsequent stages involve adjudication of the legal issues.
3) The process covers disputes regarding violations of WTO agreements and provides the sole means for member states to enforce the trade rules
World Trade Organisation's Dispute Settlement ProcedurePatrick Aboku
A presentation on the World Trade Organisation's Dispute Settlement Procedure under the Dispute Settlement Understanding Administered by the Dispute Settlement Body
The document provides an overview of dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It describes the structure and key features of the WTO dispute settlement system, including the following:
- Disputes are settled through consultations, panel proceedings, appeals, and implementation under surveillance of the Dispute Settlement Body. The aim is to reach a mutually agreed solution or authorize retaliation as a last resort.
- The process aims to preserve members' rights and obligations under WTO agreements through compulsory jurisdiction, strict deadlines and procedures, and quasi-judicial resolution of disputes.
- The Appellate Body, comprised of 7 independent experts, can review issues of law in panel reports to provide security and predictability in
The document summarizes the trade dispute settlement system in the World Trade Organization (WTO). It establishes that the dispute settlement system was created in 1994 to serve as the central pillar of the multilateral trading system. The Dispute Settlement Body is responsible for establishing panels to settle disputes through consultations, maintaining surveillance of implemented solutions, and authorizing the suspension of concessions if a solution is not reached. The typical process involves countries first attempting to settle differences through consultations, then establishing a panel if consultations fail, which examines evidence from both sides and produces an interim and final report. The entire dispute settlement process usually takes around one year without an appeal and up to 15 months if there is an appeal.
This document discusses the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) and its review mechanism. It provides background on corruption and the negotiation process that led to UNCAC. It then outlines the main parts and chapters of UNCAC, including preventative measures, criminalization, international cooperation and asset recovery. It also describes the subsidiary bodies and implementation review mechanism established to support UNCAC. The review process, principles and format are explained. Finally, it discusses the role of UNODC in providing technical assistance to support states parties in implementing UNCAC.
This document discusses the United Nations system of collective security established after World War II. It compares the UN system to the League of Nations system that failed prior to WWII. The key aspects of the UN system include the Security Council with 5 permanent members having veto power, tools for the Security Council like peace operations, sanctions, and military enforcement under Chapter VII, and partner organizations that can assist the Security Council like the General Assembly and regional organizations. The document examines how the UN system was designed and how it has operated over time to maintain international peace and security.
CITES is an international treaty that requires countries to adopt national legislation to implement its obligations. Effective implementation is impossible without adequate national laws. Developing such legislation requires linking wildlife trade policy development to the laws, with policy providing the basis for procedures and practices that ensure coherence, transparency, consistency and efficiency. National legislation must incorporate CITES provisions, regulate trade, enforce penalties, and designate authorities.
United nations security council presentationSaudMalik10
This document summarizes information about the United Nations Security Council (UNSC):
- The UNSC has 15 members, including 5 permanent members (China, France, Russia, UK, US) who have veto power, and 10 non-permanent members selected for two-year terms.
- The UNSC was formed in 1945 and is the UN body tasked with maintaining international peace and security through actions like investigating disputes, recommending dispute resolution methods, and taking military action against aggressors.
- There is ongoing debate around reforming the UNSC to address issues like regional representation, the veto power of the permanent members, and the categories of membership.
this is uploaded by Mukhdoom waseem qureshi advocate high court Lahore pakistan who is the CEO of Ideal Legal Consultants. for more inoformation you can contact through E-mail or cell: Waseem_qureshi@hotmail.com.cell+92-321-4288000
www.idea
2011 - Coordination: Purpose, Actors and Administrative ChallengestrESS Network
1) Coordination of social security systems aims to facilitate mobility within the EU by linking national systems to prevent loss of benefits for migrant workers.
2) Key actors in coordination include the European Commission, Council, Parliament and Administrative Commission. The Administrative Commission deals with administrative questions and uniform application.
3) Coordination faces administrative challenges at national levels including organization, staffing needs, and preparation to handle international cases according to the principle of good administration. Electronic data exchange helps address some challenges.
The document discusses key aspects of the WTO's dispute settlement procedure:
1) The dispute settlement body steps in immediately when a member files a complaint against another and decisions must be made within 1-1.5 years depending on appeals.
2) Offending countries must change their policies to comply with WTO rules or face penalties and sanctions.
3) The dispute settlement system is considered the backbone of the global trading system due to its ability to enforce rules through penalties.
Introduction to the work of the Security Council from the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch, Security Council Affairs Division, Department of Political Affairs, United Nations. Presentation given in August 2012.
Paris Agreement next steps: legal requiring for entering into forceIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the Paris Agreement’s legal requirements for entering into force.
The presentation was made at the UNEP SouthEast Asia Network of Climate Change Offices (SEAN-CC) post-Paris workshop in Bangkok, Thailand on 23-24 March 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe summarising legal issues in the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programme’s Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
The document discusses preparations for meetings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It explains that the CoP meets every two to three years to review implementation of CITES and consider proposals. It outlines the structure and operations of the CoP, including committees and decision-making procedures. The document stresses the importance of reviewing documents in advance, being familiar with rules and procedures, and meeting deadlines for requests for sponsored delegates.
The Significant Trade Review process is a 3-stage process conducted by the CITES Animals and Plants Committees to ensure international trade in Appendix II species is sustainable and not detrimental to the species' survival. Stage 1 involves selecting species of concern. Stage 2 involves consulting range states and reviewing species to identify Article IV implementation problems. Stage 3 involves formulating recommendations, implementing them, and taking actions if needed. The process aims to improve Article IV implementation and reduce the need to upgrade species to Appendix I.
VPAs are voluntary partnership agreements between the EU and timber exporting countries that aim to tackle illegal logging. They establish commitments for both parties around monitoring legal compliance of timber exports. VPAs define applicable laws, set up legality assurance systems for verification of legal timber, and require independent audits to ensure credibility. Negotiating and implementing effective VPAs can strengthen governance, but requires meaningful stakeholder participation and a long-term focus on addressing issues.
Facilitating implementation and compliance in the Paris AgreementIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the legal issues for facilitating implementation and compliance in the international climate change negotiations.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Oxford Fellowship Programme on Monday 7 September 2015.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes.
The CITES Secretariat is administered by UNEP and located in Geneva, Switzerland. It plays a coordinating, advisory, and servicing role in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Key functions include arranging meetings, providing assistance in areas like enforcement and science, distributing information to parties, and preparing annual reports. The Secretariat is funded through party contributions outlined in a costed programme of work.
The document summarizes the history of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how following World War II, nations sought to establish international economic institutions including the IMF, World Bank and intended International Trade Organization (ITO) at the Bretton Woods conference. However, the ITO failed to be established, so the GATT became the provisional agreement to liberalize trade instead. The GATT was successful in reducing tariffs through negotiation rounds but protectionism shifted to non-tariff barriers. The WTO was established in 1995 through the Uruguay Round, strengthening trade rules and establishing new agreements on services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute
Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) are legally binding bilateral trade agreements between the EU and timber exporting countries to tackle illegal logging. VPAs define legality, establish a Legality Assurance System for verifying legal timber, and require independent audits. Developing and implementing VPAs is a complex process that requires extensive stakeholder participation and consensus building between negotiating parties. While VPAs require significant resources, they can help improve forest governance, define joint action against illegal logging, and strengthen cooperation between governments and civil society.
An introduction to the wto (lecture one)Arslan Ali
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland, with 149 member countries. The key functions of the WTO are to oversee trade relations between member nations, provide a forum for negotiations, settle trade disputes, and conduct trade policy reviews. The document outlines the organizational structure and history of the WTO, including that it grew out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947. Major agreements under the WTO framework include GATT, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
This document defines key terms related to environmental laws and regulations for the purposes of Chapter 20 on the environment. It defines an environmental law as a statute or regulation enacted primarily to protect the environment or human health through controlling pollution, chemicals, or protecting wildlife. It then defines statute or regulation for each party based on the level of government with enforcement authority in that country. The document aims to promote mutually supportive trade and environmental policies, high levels of environmental protection, and cooperation on trade-related environmental issues.
The document summarizes Ireland's enforcement of environmental law and policy. It discusses the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and its Office of Environmental Enforcement. It then outlines European Union environmental regulations and legislation, noting Ireland has faced eight judgments from the European Court for breaching directives. The document argues for Ireland to develop a national enforcement policy and sanctions policy to improve compliance and deter non-compliance.
This document discusses multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). It defines MEAs as legally binding instruments between two or more nation states dealing with some aspect of the environment. It notes that MEAs have proliferated in recent decades in response to growing awareness of environmental issues. However, this proliferation has resulted in overlaps and dispersed efforts between agreements. There are ongoing efforts to cluster and integrate MEAs to improve coordination and reduce duplication between international agreements governing the environment.
Intellectual property and international trade enforcement and dispute settlem...Susan Isiko
enforcement, TRIPS, TRIPS provisions, criminal procedures, civil procedures, border measures, remedies, China Case, WIPO practice, dispute settlement, enforcement of IP under WIPO, building respect for IP, teaching, education
CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife does not threaten species' survival. This requires appropriate national policies. The document discusses how CITES' purpose is linked to global initiatives and the importance of policy. It outlines policy measures countries take under CITES and the politics around wildlife policy. A review process helps countries evaluate their policies's impacts and improve their effectiveness in supporting both conservation and livelihoods.
Le Comité de conformité, un mécanisme d'évaluation des engagements et politiques internationaux : le cas de la Convention de Barcelone, M. Ilias Avroeidis, PAM, PNUE, Grèce
An initial look behind the scenes at the functioning of WTO TRIPS and the impact of FTZs on international regulatory frameworks
This presentation was delivered at the Transparency in Free Trade Zones meeting, on September 29, 2017. For more information, please see http://www.oecd.org/governance/risk/
This document summarizes concepts and lessons learned from timber legality assurance systems. It discusses the origins of the EU's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, which aims to curb illegal logging by strengthening timber legality assurance and licensing for exports. Key elements of legality assurance systems include a legality definition, supply chain controls, verification systems, and independent auditing. Lessons learned include maintaining stakeholder involvement, managing complexity, prioritizing implementation after negotiations, building capacity, and addressing evolving issues over time. FLEGT licensing of legal timber is the goal, but governance reforms along the way also benefit producer countries.
this is uploaded by Mukhdoom waseem qureshi advocate high court Lahore pakistan who is the CEO of Ideal Legal Consultants. for more inoformation you can contact through E-mail or cell: Waseem_qureshi@hotmail.com.cell+92-321-4288000
www.idea
2011 - Coordination: Purpose, Actors and Administrative ChallengestrESS Network
1) Coordination of social security systems aims to facilitate mobility within the EU by linking national systems to prevent loss of benefits for migrant workers.
2) Key actors in coordination include the European Commission, Council, Parliament and Administrative Commission. The Administrative Commission deals with administrative questions and uniform application.
3) Coordination faces administrative challenges at national levels including organization, staffing needs, and preparation to handle international cases according to the principle of good administration. Electronic data exchange helps address some challenges.
The document discusses key aspects of the WTO's dispute settlement procedure:
1) The dispute settlement body steps in immediately when a member files a complaint against another and decisions must be made within 1-1.5 years depending on appeals.
2) Offending countries must change their policies to comply with WTO rules or face penalties and sanctions.
3) The dispute settlement system is considered the backbone of the global trading system due to its ability to enforce rules through penalties.
Introduction to the work of the Security Council from the Security Council Practices and Charter Research Branch, Security Council Affairs Division, Department of Political Affairs, United Nations. Presentation given in August 2012.
Paris Agreement next steps: legal requiring for entering into forceIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the Paris Agreement’s legal requirements for entering into force.
The presentation was made at the UNEP SouthEast Asia Network of Climate Change Offices (SEAN-CC) post-Paris workshop in Bangkok, Thailand on 23-24 March 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe summarising legal issues in the Paris Agreement on climate change.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Training And Support Programme’s Asian regional training workshop for junior climate negotiators from developing countries, in Dhaka, Bangladesh on 14-15 April 2016.
More details: http://www.iied.org/workshops-build-climate-negotiators-capacity-european-capacity-building-initiative-training-support
The document discusses preparations for meetings of the Conference of the Parties (CoP) under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It explains that the CoP meets every two to three years to review implementation of CITES and consider proposals. It outlines the structure and operations of the CoP, including committees and decision-making procedures. The document stresses the importance of reviewing documents in advance, being familiar with rules and procedures, and meeting deadlines for requests for sponsored delegates.
The Significant Trade Review process is a 3-stage process conducted by the CITES Animals and Plants Committees to ensure international trade in Appendix II species is sustainable and not detrimental to the species' survival. Stage 1 involves selecting species of concern. Stage 2 involves consulting range states and reviewing species to identify Article IV implementation problems. Stage 3 involves formulating recommendations, implementing them, and taking actions if needed. The process aims to improve Article IV implementation and reduce the need to upgrade species to Appendix I.
VPAs are voluntary partnership agreements between the EU and timber exporting countries that aim to tackle illegal logging. They establish commitments for both parties around monitoring legal compliance of timber exports. VPAs define applicable laws, set up legality assurance systems for verification of legal timber, and require independent audits to ensure credibility. Negotiating and implementing effective VPAs can strengthen governance, but requires meaningful stakeholder participation and a long-term focus on addressing issues.
Facilitating implementation and compliance in the Paris AgreementIIED
A presentation by IIED principal researcher Dr Achala Abeysinghe that summarises the legal issues for facilitating implementation and compliance in the international climate change negotiations.
The presentation was made at the ecbi Oxford Fellowship Programme on Monday 7 September 2015.
More details: http://www.iied.org/helping-vulnerable-countries-achieve-equitable-solutions-climate-law-policy-making-processes.
The CITES Secretariat is administered by UNEP and located in Geneva, Switzerland. It plays a coordinating, advisory, and servicing role in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. Key functions include arranging meetings, providing assistance in areas like enforcement and science, distributing information to parties, and preparing annual reports. The Secretariat is funded through party contributions outlined in a costed programme of work.
The document summarizes the history of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). It discusses how following World War II, nations sought to establish international economic institutions including the IMF, World Bank and intended International Trade Organization (ITO) at the Bretton Woods conference. However, the ITO failed to be established, so the GATT became the provisional agreement to liberalize trade instead. The GATT was successful in reducing tariffs through negotiation rounds but protectionism shifted to non-tariff barriers. The WTO was established in 1995 through the Uruguay Round, strengthening trade rules and establishing new agreements on services, intellectual property, agriculture, and dispute
Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) are legally binding bilateral trade agreements between the EU and timber exporting countries to tackle illegal logging. VPAs define legality, establish a Legality Assurance System for verifying legal timber, and require independent audits. Developing and implementing VPAs is a complex process that requires extensive stakeholder participation and consensus building between negotiating parties. While VPAs require significant resources, they can help improve forest governance, define joint action against illegal logging, and strengthen cooperation between governments and civil society.
An introduction to the wto (lecture one)Arslan Ali
The document provides an overview of the World Trade Organization (WTO). It discusses that the WTO was established in 1995 and is based in Geneva, Switzerland, with 149 member countries. The key functions of the WTO are to oversee trade relations between member nations, provide a forum for negotiations, settle trade disputes, and conduct trade policy reviews. The document outlines the organizational structure and history of the WTO, including that it grew out of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in 1947. Major agreements under the WTO framework include GATT, the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
This document defines key terms related to environmental laws and regulations for the purposes of Chapter 20 on the environment. It defines an environmental law as a statute or regulation enacted primarily to protect the environment or human health through controlling pollution, chemicals, or protecting wildlife. It then defines statute or regulation for each party based on the level of government with enforcement authority in that country. The document aims to promote mutually supportive trade and environmental policies, high levels of environmental protection, and cooperation on trade-related environmental issues.
The document summarizes Ireland's enforcement of environmental law and policy. It discusses the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency and its Office of Environmental Enforcement. It then outlines European Union environmental regulations and legislation, noting Ireland has faced eight judgments from the European Court for breaching directives. The document argues for Ireland to develop a national enforcement policy and sanctions policy to improve compliance and deter non-compliance.
This document discusses multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs). It defines MEAs as legally binding instruments between two or more nation states dealing with some aspect of the environment. It notes that MEAs have proliferated in recent decades in response to growing awareness of environmental issues. However, this proliferation has resulted in overlaps and dispersed efforts between agreements. There are ongoing efforts to cluster and integrate MEAs to improve coordination and reduce duplication between international agreements governing the environment.
Intellectual property and international trade enforcement and dispute settlem...Susan Isiko
enforcement, TRIPS, TRIPS provisions, criminal procedures, civil procedures, border measures, remedies, China Case, WIPO practice, dispute settlement, enforcement of IP under WIPO, building respect for IP, teaching, education
CITES aims to ensure international trade in wildlife does not threaten species' survival. This requires appropriate national policies. The document discusses how CITES' purpose is linked to global initiatives and the importance of policy. It outlines policy measures countries take under CITES and the politics around wildlife policy. A review process helps countries evaluate their policies's impacts and improve their effectiveness in supporting both conservation and livelihoods.
Le Comité de conformité, un mécanisme d'évaluation des engagements et politiques internationaux : le cas de la Convention de Barcelone, M. Ilias Avroeidis, PAM, PNUE, Grèce
An initial look behind the scenes at the functioning of WTO TRIPS and the impact of FTZs on international regulatory frameworks
This presentation was delivered at the Transparency in Free Trade Zones meeting, on September 29, 2017. For more information, please see http://www.oecd.org/governance/risk/
This document summarizes concepts and lessons learned from timber legality assurance systems. It discusses the origins of the EU's Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Action Plan, which aims to curb illegal logging by strengthening timber legality assurance and licensing for exports. Key elements of legality assurance systems include a legality definition, supply chain controls, verification systems, and independent auditing. Lessons learned include maintaining stakeholder involvement, managing complexity, prioritizing implementation after negotiations, building capacity, and addressing evolving issues over time. FLEGT licensing of legal timber is the goal, but governance reforms along the way also benefit producer countries.
Discussing how the scientific mechanisms of the CBD work. CBD mechanisms, pro...pensoftservices
The document discusses the organization and processes of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It outlines that the CBD is governed by the Conference of Parties (COP) which meets biennially. The COP establishes two permanent subsidiary bodies: the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) and the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI). It can also form ad hoc expert groups and working groups as needed. The COP makes decisions to advance implementation of the CBD. Meetings follow rules of procedure to facilitate discussions and decision making among the Parties.
II EACD Lisbon Coaching Days over the topic "On Lobby & Public Affairs | A transparent added-value strategic manner of managing political communication and Issues Management", 11th november 2014, presentation by Jorge Cerveira Pinto, EC Acreddited Lobbyist
The EU FLEGT Action Plan aims to curb illegal logging by promoting sustainable and legal timber trade between the EU and producer countries. It establishes Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) that require producer countries to demonstrate legally-sourced timber using a Legality Assurance System that tracks timber sources. The plan also encourages sustainable procurement policies and regulates illegally sourced timber imports into the EU through the EU Timber Regulation.
Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPAs) are legally binding bilateral trade agreements between the EU and timber exporting countries that set out commitments to tackle illegal logging. They require defining legal timber, developing tracking systems to verify legality, and independent audits. The goal is to strengthen governance, increase transparency, protect community rights, and reduce corruption through a participatory process involving stakeholders.
This document outlines Uganda Revenue Authority's experience with implementing CITES through customs enforcement. It discusses URA's participation in international CITES operations since 2011. It also describes principles of CITES enforcement including training, experience through a specialized desk, and commitment. The document proposes establishing an inter-agency CITES enforcement task force through a memorandum of cooperation. It provides an overview of customs presence nationwide and guidelines for CITES enforcement, including intelligence, risk profiling, targeting, search and seizure procedures, evidence handling, and post-seizure referrals.
This document outlines Uganda Revenue Authority's experience with implementing CITES through customs enforcement. It discusses URA's participation in international CITES operations since 2011. It also describes key principles of CITES enforcement including training, experience through a specialized desk, and commitment. The document proposes establishing an inter-agency CITES enforcement task force and developing terms of reference and a memorandum of cooperation. It provides an overview of customs presence nationwide and guidelines for CITES enforcement, including intelligence, risk profiling, targeting, search and seizure procedures, evidence handling, and post-seizure referrals.
The CITES Wiki Identification Manual is an online database that provides identification information for CITES-listed plant and animal species. It originated from loose-leaf identification sheets created in 1977 and now contains over 1,750 species sheets that can be searched or viewed online. Registered editors can contribute new species sheets or modify existing ones, though all changes must be approved by CITES. The database is intended to help identify species in trade and is updated ongoing with expert contributions.
Quotas in CITES are used to limit international trade in listed species and are established through various procedures. CITES export quotas should be based on national conservation programs and scientific determinations that trade will not be detrimental to the species' survival. Problems can arise when quotas are not based on scientific data, exceed sustainable levels of trade, or are not properly monitored and enforced. The COP can also establish quotas through resolutions or species listings.
This document discusses the importance of proper species identification for implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It notes that CITES relies on accurate identification by non-specialists, so administrators and law enforcement need skills and resources for identification. A 7-step methodology is provided for identification, including preparing reference materials, narrowing the search, using identification guides, self-questioning the results, and practicing skills. Effective identification is key to properly regulating international wildlife trade according to CITES.
This document provides an overview of exemptions and special cases under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It discusses exemptions for specimens in transit, pre-Convention specimens, personal and household effects, captive-bred or artificially propagated specimens, and those exchanged between scientific institutions. Special procedures also apply to traveling exhibitions. The document outlines the conditions for various exemptions and recommends verification of permits for specimens in transit to help prevent illegal trade.
The document discusses how species are organized and listed in the CITES Appendices. Species subject to CITES regulation are divided into three Appendices based on the level of protection they require. Appendices are structured taxonomically for animals and alphabetically by family for plants. Locating a particular species requires understanding taxonomy and may involve searching higher taxonomic groups or annotations that provide additional details. Interpreting the Appendices can be challenging for non-specialists and the CITES Checklist of Species is recommended as an easier reference.
The document discusses the three permanent committees that provide guidance on implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES): the Standing Committee, Animals Committee, and Plants Committee. The Standing Committee oversees the CITES Secretariat and coordinates other committees. The Animals and Plants Committees are made up of species experts who provide scientific advice, especially regarding listed species. Both have similar roles in reviewing species listings and providing guidance.
The document discusses CITES reporting requirements for parties. It outlines that parties must submit annual reports on trade in CITES species and biennial reports on enforcement measures. Parties are obliged to submit these reports under Article VIII. The reports allow for monitoring of trade levels and implementation. Special reports may also be required through resolutions. The document provides details on the content and deadlines for annual and biennial reports. It notes that reports are an important tool but are only as accurate as the data submitted by parties. Constraints to reporting like lack of resources and guidance are also discussed.
The document summarizes the permit and certificate requirements for international trade in species listed under CITES appendices. It discusses the different types of permits required for Appendix I, II, and III species, including import permits, export permits, re-export certificates, and certificates of origin. It also covers the requirements for introduction from the sea certificates. The key requirements are that permits and certificates can only be issued if trade will not be detrimental to species survival and live specimens will be properly cared for.
The document discusses non-detriment findings (NDFs) which are scientific decisions made by CITES authorities to determine if trade will negatively impact wild populations. It outlines key concepts, the roles of scientific and management authorities, and different forms NDFs can take. The document also presents a checklist framework for conducting science-based risk assessments to inform NDF decisions. This involves analyzing population, trade, and threat data to evaluate risks and knowledge gaps regarding species' vulnerability to trade.
The document outlines the roles and tasks of the Management Authority and Scientific Authority as designated CITES authorities. The Management Authority is responsible for granting permits, communicating with other parties, and enforcing CITES regulations. The Scientific Authority provides scientific advice to the Management Authority on whether exports will harm species survival and other expert opinions required to effectively implement CITES protections. Both authorities have specific roles defined in CITES and resolutions to ensure species are sustainably traded and their long-term conservation is supported.
This document defines key terms used in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It defines species as a species, subspecies, or geographically separate population. It also defines specimens, parts and derivatives, readily recognizable, and split-listing. Specimens include animals or plants, alive or dead, and recognizable parts or derivatives. Parts include skins, bones, shells, etc. Derivatives include blood, medicines, perfumes, and objects made from parts. Trade refers to export, re-export, import, and introduction from the sea.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It originated from earlier 20th century attempts to control wildlife trade that were not robust or global enough.
2. CITES works by listing species on one of three appendices based on extinction risk. It uses a permit system to regulate international trade of these species. Management and scientific authorities in each country implement CITES through permits and legislation.
3. Over 175 countries have joined CITES and work together through a conference of parties to amend the appendices and provide guidance on implementation. National legislation and cross-border permits are key to enforcing the goals of conserving species and ensuring international trade is sustainable.
1. CITES began in the 1970s as an international agreement to regulate international trade in endangered species. It has grown to include over 180 member countries working together to ensure international trade of plants and animals does not threaten their survival.
2. CITES functions by placing species on one of three appendices based on how threatened they are. It then uses a permit system to regulate international trade of those species. Management Authorities in each country issue permits and ensure trade complies with CITES requirements.
3. Through cooperation between its member countries, standardized permits, and guidance from the Conference of Parties, CITES aims to ensure international trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival in the wild.
Cats are carnivorous mammals ranging from 2 to 250 kg found worldwide except Australia, Madagascar, and polar regions. All cats are listed in CITES appendix I or II, except domestic cats. Cats have rounded heads, short rostrums, facial whiskers, and retractable claws except cheetahs. They are involved in international trade for fur, zoos, exotic pets, trophies, and traditional Asian medicine. Examples given are tigers, leopards, jaguars, snow leopards, cheetahs, lions, and servals. Illegal trade activities include using tiger parts in medicine, wild cat skins and coats, and smuggling cheetah cubs as pets.
This document discusses the importance of species identification for implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It notes that CITES is applied largely by non-specialists, so administrators and law enforcement need skills to identify species. A 7-step approach to identification is outlined: 1) prepare, 2) determine known clues, 3) narrow the search, 4) choose references, 5) identify the specimen, 6) self-question, and 7) practice. Identification requires methodology, taxonomy knowledge, reference tools, and is challenging due to lack of information for smuggled goods. Accuracy is prioritized over speed.
The document discusses the role of scientific authorities in implementing CITES in Uganda, focusing on wild flora. It notes that Uganda has scientific authorities for flora, fauna, and fish. It then examines the status and management of three plant species listed under CITES - Cycads, Prunus africana, and Osyris lanceolata. It outlines challenges including limited identification capacity and enforcement, as well as opportunities like regional policies and training. It recommends improving identification, research, and data sharing to strengthen CITES implementation for plants in Uganda.
The document discusses the role of scientific authorities in implementing the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). CITES regulates international trade in endangered species through a permit system. Each party to CITES designates both a management authority and a scientific authority. The scientific authority advises the management authority on scientific matters like population assessments and issuing permits to ensure trade does not threaten species' survival. They also monitor trade impacts and propose amendments to CITES appendices listing protected species. In Uganda, the Wildlife Authority and Forest Services act as scientific authorities for fauna and flora, respectively.
This document outlines various functions and responsibilities of the wildlife authority in Uganda, including sustainable management of conservation areas, developing policies and plans, monitoring activities that could impact wildlife, controlling problem animals, promoting conservation education, and more. It also describes offenses related to entering protected areas without permission, engaging in wildlife use without permits, illegally transferring quotas, hunting or trapping without licenses, failing to report accidental killings, illegal wildlife trade, and more.
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Enhanced action and stakeholder engagement for sustainable peatland management
Compliance
1. 1
Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
www.CITES.org
CITES compliance
procedures
(Resolution Conf. 14.3)
2. 2
What is meant by compliance?
• The term ‘compliance’ is defined in the UNEP
Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (2002) as “the
fulfillment by the contracting parties of their
obligations under a multilateral environmental
agreement and any amendments to the multilateral
environmental agreement”
• It follows that ‘non-compliance’ is the failure to fulfill
those obligations
3. 3
What is meant by enforcement?
• The term ‘enforcement’ is defined in the UNEP
Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (2002) as
– ”the range of procedures and actions employed by
a State, its competent authorities and agencies to
ensure that organizations or persons, potentially
failing to comply with environmental laws or
regulations implementing multilateral
environmental agreements, can be brought or
returned into compliance and/or punished through
civil, administrative or criminal action.”
4. 4
What is meant by implementation?
• The term ‘implementation’ is defined in the UNEP
Guidelines on Compliance with and Enforcement of
Multilateral Environmental Agreements (2002) as,
inter alia,
– “all relevant laws, regulations, policies and other
measures and initiatives that contracting parties
adopt and/or take to meet their obligations under a
multilateral environmental agreement and its
amendments if any”
5. 5
Compliance under other agreements
• Many of the newer multilateral environmental
agreements (MEAs) have specific articles on ‘non-
compliance’ or ‘compliance’
– These general ‘enabling’ provisions mandate Parties to
consider and approve cooperative procedures and
institutional mechanisms to promote compliance, offer
advice or assistance where appropriate, and determine as
well as address cases of non-compliance
– Compliance schemes have been adopted (and compliance
bodies established) under the Montreal Protocol, the Kyoto
Protocol, the Biosafety Protocol, the Basel Convention, the
London Dumping Convention and the Aarhus Convention
6. 6
CITES and compliance
• The text of CITES goes further than a general
enabling provision and expressly contains, in
Article XIII on International measures, cooperative
procedures and institutional mechanisms and for
dealing with possible non-compliance
– This text is further elaborated in Resolutions and Decisions
and specific cases of application
– The Convention’s measures to ensure compliance have
been developed over the years and continue to evolve
– They have proven to be effective in improving compliance
with the Convention and have probably contributed to the
absence of disputes between and among Parties
7. 7
Codifying CITES compliance procedures
• In 2001 the Standing Committee instructed the
Secretariat to prepare an analysis of the range of
actions that might be taken in response to problems
of non-compliance with the Convention, Resolutions
and Decisions
• In 2003 the Secretariat was directed to prepare a set
of Guidelines on Compliance for consideration by the
Standing Committee
• In 2004 the Committee established a Working Group
on Compliance to finalize the guidelines, and the
Parties adopted Resolution Conf. 14.3 in 2007
8. 8
Resolution Conf. 14.3
• Contains the Guide to CITES compliance procedures
and recommends that it be referred to, when dealing
with compliance matters
• The Guide addresses:
– Objective and scope
– General principles
– The various bodies and their compliance-related tasks
– Handling of specific compliance matters (identification of
potential compliance matters, consideration of compliance
matters, measures to achieve compliance) and
– Reporting and reviews
9. 9
Objective and scope
• The objective of the Guide is to inform Parties and
others of CITES procedures concerning promoting,
facilitating and achieving compliance with obligations
under the Convention and, in particular, assisting
Parties in meeting their obligations regarding such
compliance
• Specifically, the Guide describes existing procedures
in order to facilitate consistent and effective handling
of compliance matters relating to obligations under
the Convention, taking into account relevant
Resolutions and Decisions, in both specific and
general compliance matters
10. 10
Key obligations under CITES
• The Guide says particular attention should be paid to
the following obligations under the Convention:
– Designating Management Authorities and
Scientific Authorities (Article IX)
– Permitting trade in CITES-listed specimens only to
the extent consistent with procedures laid down in
the Convention (Articles III, IV, V, VI, VII and XV)
– Taking appropriate domestic measures to enforce
the provisions of the Convention and prohibit trade
in violation thereof (Article VIII, paragraph 1)
11. 11
Key obligations under CITES
• The Guide says particular attention should be paid to
the following obligations under the Convention:
– Maintaining records of trade and submitting periodic
reports (Article VIII, paragraphs 7 and 8); and
– Responding as soon as possible to communications
of the Secretariat related to information that a
species in Appendix I or II is being adversely
affected by trade in specimens of that species or
that the provisions of the Convention are not being
effectively implemented (Article XIII)
12. 12
General principles
• A supportive and non-
adversarial approach is taken
towards compliance matters,
with the aim of ensuring long-
term compliance
• Compliance matters are
handled as quickly as
possible; measures are
applied in a fair, consistent,
transparent manner
• Generally, findings, reports
and communications in
compliance matters are not
treated confidentially
• Communications between the
Secretariat and individual
Parties on specific compliance
matters are generally
confidential
• Decisions on whether to close
or keep open debates in are
taken according to the Rules of
Procedure of the body
considering the matter and
generally reasons are given
• The Secretariat communicates
compliance-related decisions
to the relevant authorities
13. 13
Compliance bodies
• The Conference of the Parties
– provides general policy guidance on compliance issues;
– directs and oversees the handling of compliance matters,
particularly through the identification of key obligations and
procedures;
– reviews as needed decisions of the Standing Committee
related to specific compliance matters; and
– may delegate certain authority to the Standing Committee or
other CITES bodies in accordance with the Convention
14. 14
Compliance bodies
• The Standing Committee, acting in accordance with
instructions from and authority delegated by the CoP,
handles general and specific compliance matters,
including
– monitoring and assessing overall compliance with
obligations under the Convention;
– advising and assisting Parties in complying with obligations
under the Convention;
– verifying information; and
– taking compliance measures as described below.
15. 15
Compliance bodies
• The Animals and Plants Committees, acting in
accordance with instructions from and authority
delegated by the CoP, advise and assist the SC and
the CoP by undertaking necessary reviews,
consultations, assessments and reporting.
• These Committees are entrusted with specific tasks
in the handling of matters related to the Review of
Significant Trade
16. 16
Compliance bodies
• The Secretariat
– assists and supports the AC, PC, SC and CoP in carrying out
their functions concerning compliance matters as described in
this Guide and, where applicable, according to the procedures
set out in relevant Resolutions and Decisions;
– receives, assesses and communicates to Parties information
on compliance matters;
– advises and assists Parties in complying with obligations
under the Convention;
– makes recommendations for achieving compliance; and
– monitors the implementation of compliance-related decisions.
17. 17
1. Identification of potential compliance matters
– Annual and biennial reports, legislative texts as well as
other special reports and responses to information
requests provide the primary, but not exclusive, means of
monitoring compliance with obligations under the
Convention
– Any Party concerned over matters related to trade in
specimens of CITES-listed species by another Party may
bring the matter up directly with that Party and/or call upon
the Secretariat for assistance
Handling of specific compliance matters
1
18. 18
1. Identification of potential compliance matters
– The Secretariat provides a Party concerned with
information it receives about that Party’s compliance, and
communicates with the Party regarding this matter
– In response, the Party informs the Secretariat as soon as
possible of any relevant facts in so far as its laws permit
and, where appropriate, proposes remedial action
– Where the Party considers that an inquiry is desirable,
such inquiry may be carried out by one or more persons
expressly authorized by the Party
Handling of specific compliance matters
1
19. 19
1. Identification of potential compliance matters
– Parties themselves are encouraged to give the Secretariat
early warning of any compliance matter, including the
inability to provide information by a certain deadline, and
indicate the reasons and any need for assistance
– Where compliance matters are identified, Parties are given
every opportunity to correct them within reasonable time
limits, if necessary with the assistance of the Secretariat
Handling of specific compliance matters
1
20. 20
2. Consideration of compliance matters
– If the Party fails to take sufficient remedial action within a
reasonable time limit, the compliance matter is brought to
the attention of the Standing Committee by the Secretariat,
in direct contact with the Party concerned
Handling of specific compliance matters
2
21. 21
2. Consideration of compliance matters
– If a compliance matter is otherwise brought to the attention
of the Standing Committee in accordance with the Rules of
Procedure, the Standing Committee:
• refers the matter to the Secretariat for action according to the
procedure above; or
• rejects it as trivial or ill-founded; or
• in exceptional circumstances, after consultation with the Party
concerned, follows the procedures as described in the
following slides
Handling of specific compliance matters
2
22. 22
2. Consideration of compliance matters
– When compliance matters are brought to the attention of
the Standing Committee it is generally done in writing and
include details as to which specific obligations are
concerned and an assessment of the reasons why the
Party concerned may be unable to meet those obligations
– The Secretariat immediately informs the Party or Parties
concerned
Handling of specific compliance matters
2
23. 23
2. Consideration of compliance matters
– The Standing Committee rejects compliance matters which
it considers are trivial or ill-founded
– Where the Standing Committee has decided that the
submission is not trivial or ill-founded, the Party concerned
is given the opportunity to provide comments within a
reasonable time limit
Handling of specific compliance matters
2
24. 24
2. Consideration of compliance matters
– The Standing Committee decides whether to gather or
request further information and whether to seek an invitation
from the Party to undertake the gathering and verification of
information
– The Party has the right to participate in discussions with
respect to its own compliance
• If a Party cannot access the financial resources needed to
participate in CITES meetings where its own compliance is being
considered, it is able to request assistance from the Secretariat
or the Standing Committee in identifying such resources
Handling of specific compliance matters
2
25. 25
3. Measures to achieve compliance
– If a compliance matter has not been resolved, the Standing
Committee decides to take one or more of the following
measures:
• provide advice, information and appropriate facilitation of
assistance and other capacity-building support
• request special reporting
• issue a written caution, requesting a response and offering
assistance
• recommend specific capacity-building actions to be undertaken
Handling of specific compliance matters
3
26. 26
3. Measures to achieve compliance
• provide in-country assistance, technical assessment and a
verification mission, upon the invitation of the Party concerned
• send a public notification of a compliance matter through the
Secretariat to all Parties advising that compliance matters have
been brought to the attention of a Party and that, up to that time,
there has been no satisfactory response or action
• issue a warning to the Party concerned that it is in non-
compliance; and
• request a compliance action plan to be submitted to the Standing
Committee
Handling of specific compliance matters
3
27. 27
3. Measures to achieve compliance
– In certain cases, the Standing Committee decides to
recommend the suspension of commercial or all trade in
specimens of one or more CITES-listed species
• Such a recommendation may be made in cases where a Party’s
compliance matter is unresolved and persistent and the Party is
showing no intention to achieve compliance, or a non-party is not
issuing the documentation referred to in Article X
• Such a recommendation is always specifically and explicitly
based on the Convention and on any applicable Resolutions and
Decisions of the Conference of the Parties (listed in footnote 1)
Handling of specific compliance matters
3
28. 28
3. Measures to achieve compliance
– When the Standing Committee decides upon one or more of
the measures mentioned above, it takes into account:
• the capacity of the Party concerned
• such factors as the cause, type, degree and frequency of the
compliance matters
• the appropriateness of the measures so that they are
commensurate with the gravity of the compliance matter; and
• the possible impact on conservation and sustainable use with a
view to avoiding negative results
Handling of specific compliance matters
3
29. 29
4. Monitoring and implementation of measures to
achieve compliance
– The Standing Committee, with the assistance of the
Secretariat, monitors the actions taken
– The Standing Committee may request progress reports in
accordance with a schedule and arrange, upon the invitation
of the Party concerned, for an in-country technical
assessment and for a verification mission
– In the light of progress, the Standing Committee decides
whether to adjust the measures it has taken, or to take other
measures
Handling of specific compliance matters
4
30. 30
4. Monitoring and implementation of measures to
achieve compliance
– Existing recommendations to suspend trade are generally
reviewed at each Standing Committee meeting, and are also
monitored intersessionally by the Secretariat
– A recommendation to suspend trade is withdrawn as soon as
the compliance matter has been resolved or sufficient
progress has been made.
– The Secretariat notifies Parties of any such withdrawal as
soon as possible
Handling of specific compliance matters
4
31. 31
4. Monitoring and implementation of measures to
achieve compliance
– The general guidelines above are in some cases
supplemented by more precise provisions regarding specific
categories of compliance matters (e.g. in the case of
significant trade in specimens of Appendix-II species)
Handling of specific compliance matters
4
32. 32
Periodic reporting / review
• Reporting and reviews
– The Standing Committee reports to the
Conference of the Parties on compliance matters
– The Secretariat reports to the Standing Committee
and the Conference of the Parties on compliance
matters
– The Conference of the Parties may review the
Guide periodically and revise it where appropriate