Complete It T Cells and MHC Molecules Fill in the blanks to complete.pdf
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Complete It: T Cells and MHC Molecules Fill in the blanks to complete the following paragraph that describes the properties of MHC molecules and their relationship to cytotoxic and helper T cells. The T cell receptor can only bind to portions of antigen bound to on he surface of cells. Nearly all cells have molecules on their cell uurface that display antigens. molecules are found unly on antigen-presenting cells and display antigens. Tr cells bind to molecules only, whereas Tc cells bind to Describe It: The Inflammatory Response, Part 1 Describe the sequence of events of the first part of the influmasory response in Figure 20I. In adseitn, label and color-code each important component of the process. Describe it: The Inflammatory Response, Part 2 Describe the sequence of events of the socond part of the inflammatory response in Figure 20.4. In addition, label and color-code each important component of the process..
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Adaptive immunity.pptx
The adaptive immune response has specificity and immunological memory. Antibodies and T cell receptors recognize specific epitopes on antigens. Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion. Memory T and B cells remain after infection to facilitate a faster response upon reinfection. The MHC presents antigen peptides to T cells in a haplotype-restricted manner. CD4+ T cells require three signals for activation: antigen recognition, co-stimulation, and cytokines. Effector CD4+ T cell subsets secrete distinct cytokines and provide different forms of immune help.
Antigen processing lecture-nkn
Antigen processing and presentation involves two pathways: 1) Exogenous antigens are internalized, processed in the endosome, and presented on MHC class II to CD4+ T cells. 2) Endogenous antigens are processed by the proteasome in the cytosol, transported to the ER by TAP, loaded onto MHC class I, and presented to CD8+ T cells. For an immune response, antigen must be degraded into peptides and bound to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells to activate T cells through TCR recognition and co-stimulation.
Budgets 27shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresp.docx
1. T cell development occurs in the bone marrow and thymus, beginning with a hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow that develops into a thymocyte in the thymus.
2. In the thymus, thymocytes undergo maturation which involves testing their ability to recognize self-MHC molecules in a process called positive selection.
3. Mature T cells that pass positive selection leave the thymus and circulate between secondary lymphoid organs and blood until they encounter antigen, at which point activation and differentiation occurs.
Budgets 27shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresp.docx
Budgets 27
shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresponding budget set is the vol-
ume of the tetrahedron formed by the budget surface and the three axes. The
three dots along the axes show consumption bundles where all the income is
spent on that good; at any point on the budget surface, the consumer spends
all her income on some combination of the three goods.
In general, if there are n goods where x i denotes the ith good and pi its
price, the budget constraint is
p1 x 1 + p2 x 2 + . . . + pn x n ≤ m. (2.4)
2.3 Changes in Prices or Income
By changing prices of goods or income one at a time, we can see how budgets
are affected. The simplest way to see these consequences is to begin with
equation (2.3) and to observe what happens to the intercept and the slope of
the budget line as we change each price or income in isolation.
5 8
10
x 2
x 10
– 1.25
x 1 x 15
10
0
5
–1
x 2
5
10
0
x 2
3
6
– 2
Figure 2.4 Budgets after changes in p1, p2 and m
Starting with the budget in Figure 2.2 where p1 = $2, p2 = $1, and m =
$10, consider each of the following changes. In Figure 2.4, the new positions
of the budget lines after each of the changes are shown with magenta arrows.
(a) Suppose p1 decreases to $1.25 per unit. This leaves the vertical inter-
cept unchanged but makes the slope of the budget –1.25, as depicted ¶b
in the left panel.
. = B== 7 EA 2 = E= A = 3A = EA - 8 D .MAD A ? - M D= ?= 4 M= 1: C /= D
=: C = D IM= E DA: M = AD A , 20
/ = = E M
/
A?
P
M
D=
?=
-
DD
A?
=
=
=
28 Chapter 2
(b) Suppose p2 increases to $2 per unit. This lowers the vertical intercept
and flattens the slope of the budget from –2 to –1, as shown in the
center panel.
(c) Suppose m decreases to $6. This decreases both the horizontal and ver-
tical intercepts but leaves the slope unchanged, as shown in the right
panel.
2.3.1 Endowment budgets
Ms. i comes into the world with 4 apples and 3 bananas. We refer to this
initial amount of the two goods as i’s individual endowment and write this
commodity bundle as ωi = (4, 3).5 Suppose the price of an apple is $1 and
each banana is priced at $2. Then we may think of the value of an individ-
ual’s endowment as ($1 × 4) + ($2 × 3) = $10 and refer to this as i’s income,
since this is the amount of money she would have if she sold all her apples
and bananas. With this income of $10, we can draw her budget line with
slope –0.5 which is shown in Figure 2.5 with a thin blue line. If the price of
an apple remains at $1 but the price of a banana falls to $1, then i’s income
becomes $7 and the the budget line is steeper with a slope of –1, i.e., the bud-
get line pivots around the individual endowment point as the relative price
ratio changes.
0
3
5
7
apples
bananas
4 107
–1
ωi
– 0.5
Figure 2.5 Budgets with endowments
5The Greek letter ω is read as ‘omega’.
. = B== 7 EA 2 = E= A = 3A = EA - 8 D .MAD A ? - M D= ?= 4 M= 1: C /= D
=: C = D IM= E DA: M = AD A , 20
/ = = E M
/
A?
P
M
...
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T Cell.pdf
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T Cell?
Solution
Activation of T-cell:
There are two signals that will fully activate the T-cells. These are described as follows:
A first signal,
It is antigen-specific,
It includes the interaction between TCR ( T cell receptor)and peptide-MHC(major
histocompatibility complex) molecules on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (APC).
A second signal,
It is antigen nonspecific
It is provided by the interaction between co-stimulatory molecules expressed on the membrane
of APC (antigen presenting cells) and the T cell.
It is also known as the co-stimulatory signal because it stimulates those T-cell in conjunction
with antigens. let us see this a little more in detail: T - cell has CD -28 cells on it\'s surface. now,
these T-cells binds with the resting APC with the help of T-cell receptor. now, if it does not
recognise and binds with the antigen, it will remain non -responsive and will die. Whereas, If the
APC process the antigen and present it on it\'s surface then CD-28 cells will bind with this
antigen. note that here still from the other side it is already bound to the APC with the T-Cell
receptor. now, these two bindings together only would result in the activation of the T-cell. so,
therefore it is known as co-stimulatory signal..
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
Pharm immuno7&8 cytokines r
1. The document discusses antigen presentation by MHC class I and II molecules and the roles of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells, while MHC class II presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells.
2. Cytokines secreted by lymphocytes regulate immune cell activation, growth, and differentiation. They also mediate immune-related inflammation. T helper cells activate other immune cells and help induce antibody production.
3. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells presenting antigens from intracellular pathogens like viruses. Natural killer cells can also kill infected or abnormal cells through both MHC-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity by waqar ahmed baber
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. It describes how antigens are processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, which then activate T cells. There are three main classes of T cells: cytotoxic T cells that directly attack foreign cells, helper T cells that promote other immune responses, and memory T cells that provide future immunity. The document also outlines antibody-mediated humoral immunity, where B cells produce antibodies against antigens to help remove them from the body.
Recommended
Adaptive immunity.pptx
The adaptive immune response has specificity and immunological memory. Antibodies and T cell receptors recognize specific epitopes on antigens. Activated T cells undergo clonal expansion. Memory T and B cells remain after infection to facilitate a faster response upon reinfection. The MHC presents antigen peptides to T cells in a haplotype-restricted manner. CD4+ T cells require three signals for activation: antigen recognition, co-stimulation, and cytokines. Effector CD4+ T cell subsets secrete distinct cytokines and provide different forms of immune help.
Antigen processing lecture-nkn
Antigen processing and presentation involves two pathways: 1) Exogenous antigens are internalized, processed in the endosome, and presented on MHC class II to CD4+ T cells. 2) Endogenous antigens are processed by the proteasome in the cytosol, transported to the ER by TAP, loaded onto MHC class I, and presented to CD8+ T cells. For an immune response, antigen must be degraded into peptides and bound to MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells to activate T cells through TCR recognition and co-stimulation.
Budgets 27shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresp.docx
1. T cell development occurs in the bone marrow and thymus, beginning with a hematopoietic stem cell in the bone marrow that develops into a thymocyte in the thymus.
2. In the thymus, thymocytes undergo maturation which involves testing their ability to recognize self-MHC molecules in a process called positive selection.
3. Mature T cells that pass positive selection leave the thymus and circulate between secondary lymphoid organs and blood until they encounter antigen, at which point activation and differentiation occurs.
Budgets 27shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresp.docx
Budgets 27
shaded triangle in Figure 2.3, while the corresponding budget set is the vol-
ume of the tetrahedron formed by the budget surface and the three axes. The
three dots along the axes show consumption bundles where all the income is
spent on that good; at any point on the budget surface, the consumer spends
all her income on some combination of the three goods.
In general, if there are n goods where x i denotes the ith good and pi its
price, the budget constraint is
p1 x 1 + p2 x 2 + . . . + pn x n ≤ m. (2.4)
2.3 Changes in Prices or Income
By changing prices of goods or income one at a time, we can see how budgets
are affected. The simplest way to see these consequences is to begin with
equation (2.3) and to observe what happens to the intercept and the slope of
the budget line as we change each price or income in isolation.
5 8
10
x 2
x 10
– 1.25
x 1 x 15
10
0
5
–1
x 2
5
10
0
x 2
3
6
– 2
Figure 2.4 Budgets after changes in p1, p2 and m
Starting with the budget in Figure 2.2 where p1 = $2, p2 = $1, and m =
$10, consider each of the following changes. In Figure 2.4, the new positions
of the budget lines after each of the changes are shown with magenta arrows.
(a) Suppose p1 decreases to $1.25 per unit. This leaves the vertical inter-
cept unchanged but makes the slope of the budget –1.25, as depicted ¶b
in the left panel.
. = B== 7 EA 2 = E= A = 3A = EA - 8 D .MAD A ? - M D= ?= 4 M= 1: C /= D
=: C = D IM= E DA: M = AD A , 20
/ = = E M
/
A?
P
M
D=
?=
-
DD
A?
=
=
=
28 Chapter 2
(b) Suppose p2 increases to $2 per unit. This lowers the vertical intercept
and flattens the slope of the budget from –2 to –1, as shown in the
center panel.
(c) Suppose m decreases to $6. This decreases both the horizontal and ver-
tical intercepts but leaves the slope unchanged, as shown in the right
panel.
2.3.1 Endowment budgets
Ms. i comes into the world with 4 apples and 3 bananas. We refer to this
initial amount of the two goods as i’s individual endowment and write this
commodity bundle as ωi = (4, 3).5 Suppose the price of an apple is $1 and
each banana is priced at $2. Then we may think of the value of an individ-
ual’s endowment as ($1 × 4) + ($2 × 3) = $10 and refer to this as i’s income,
since this is the amount of money she would have if she sold all her apples
and bananas. With this income of $10, we can draw her budget line with
slope –0.5 which is shown in Figure 2.5 with a thin blue line. If the price of
an apple remains at $1 but the price of a banana falls to $1, then i’s income
becomes $7 and the the budget line is steeper with a slope of –1, i.e., the bud-
get line pivots around the individual endowment point as the relative price
ratio changes.
0
3
5
7
apples
bananas
4 107
–1
ωi
– 0.5
Figure 2.5 Budgets with endowments
5The Greek letter ω is read as ‘omega’.
. = B== 7 EA 2 = E= A = 3A = EA - 8 D .MAD A ? - M D= ?= 4 M= 1: C /= D
=: C = D IM= E DA: M = AD A , 20
/ = = E M
/
A?
P
M
...
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T Cell.pdf
What are the first and second signals in activation of a T Cell?
Solution
Activation of T-cell:
There are two signals that will fully activate the T-cells. These are described as follows:
A first signal,
It is antigen-specific,
It includes the interaction between TCR ( T cell receptor)and peptide-MHC(major
histocompatibility complex) molecules on the membrane of antigen presenting cells (APC).
A second signal,
It is antigen nonspecific
It is provided by the interaction between co-stimulatory molecules expressed on the membrane
of APC (antigen presenting cells) and the T cell.
It is also known as the co-stimulatory signal because it stimulates those T-cell in conjunction
with antigens. let us see this a little more in detail: T - cell has CD -28 cells on it\'s surface. now,
these T-cells binds with the resting APC with the help of T-cell receptor. now, if it does not
recognise and binds with the antigen, it will remain non -responsive and will die. Whereas, If the
APC process the antigen and present it on it\'s surface then CD-28 cells will bind with this
antigen. note that here still from the other side it is already bound to the APC with the T-Cell
receptor. now, these two bindings together only would result in the activation of the T-cell. so,
therefore it is known as co-stimulatory signal..
T-Cell Mediated Immunity
T cells are activated through the recognition of antigen peptides presented on MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells (APCs). This leads to T cell proliferation and differentiation into effector T cells. Cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenous antigens on MHC I to kill infected cells, while helper T cells recognize exogenous peptides on MHC II and secrete cytokines to stimulate macrophage activation or B cell antibody production. Full T cell activation requires both antigen recognition by the TCR and co-stimulatory signaling between molecules such as B7 and CD28.
Pharm immuno7&8 cytokines r
1. The document discusses antigen presentation by MHC class I and II molecules and the roles of cytokines and cell-mediated immunity. MHC class I presents intracellular antigens to CD8+ T cells, while MHC class II presents extracellular antigens to CD4+ T cells.
2. Cytokines secreted by lymphocytes regulate immune cell activation, growth, and differentiation. They also mediate immune-related inflammation. T helper cells activate other immune cells and help induce antibody production.
3. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells presenting antigens from intracellular pathogens like viruses. Natural killer cells can also kill infected or abnormal cells through both MHC-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Cell mediated and antibody mediated immunity by waqar ahmed baber
The document summarizes key aspects of cellular and humoral immunity. It describes how antigens are processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells, which then activate T cells. There are three main classes of T cells: cytotoxic T cells that directly attack foreign cells, helper T cells that promote other immune responses, and memory T cells that provide future immunity. The document also outlines antibody-mediated humoral immunity, where B cells produce antibodies against antigens to help remove them from the body.
Pharm immuno9-11 portal
This document summarizes key concepts about cell-mediated immunity:
1. T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and are activated, leading to clonal expansion and differentiation into effector T cells.
2. Effector T cells migrate to sites of infection where they carry out functions like activating macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens.
3. CD8+ T cells recognize antigens on infected cells and kill the infected cells through release of granzymes and perforin.
4. Cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is needed to eliminate intracellular pathogens from infected cells and reservoirs.
MHC I molecules
All of the information are collected , it's not a research work but I think it will help the students to know about the basic information.
Immunology
The document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and the mechanisms of immunologically mediated diseases. It describes the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I (immediate) involves IgE antibodies and mediators like histamine; Type II (antibody-mediated) involves IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cells and tissues; Type III (immune complex-mediated) involves deposition of antigen-antibody complexes activating complement; Type IV (delayed) is mediated by T cells and involves reactions that develop over 24-48 hours. The document also provides examples of prototype disorders for each type and their characteristic immune mechanisms and pathologic lesions.
Manisha t cell
This document summarizes the key stages in T-cell maturation, activation, and differentiation. It discusses how T-cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to screen for self-MHC restriction and eliminate self-reactive cells. Activation requires signal 1 through TCR-antigen-MHC interaction and signal 2 via co-stimulatory molecules. Upon activation, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or effector cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cells leave the thymus as naive cells and, upon antigen recognition, can become activated and further differentiate.
Antigens, hapteins, immunogens lectures 10.1.06
An antigen is any substance that reacts with lymphocytes, while immunogens generate immune responses. Haptens are small molecules that require coupling to carriers to induce responses. Antibody-antigen binding depends on weak interactions between sites on antibodies and epitopes on antigens. Antibodies are produced with a wide variety of binding sites to recognize different antigenic determinants. Factors like foreignness, size, structure, and route of administration influence a substance's immunogenicity.
Advanced Immunology: Antigen Processing and Presentation
1. Antigens are internalized by antigen presenting cells through endocytosis and degraded within lysosomes into peptide fragments.
2. Peptide fragments from extracellular antigens bind to MHC class II molecules within antigen processing vesicles. The vesicles containing MHC class II-peptide complexes fuse with the cell membrane and present the complexes to CD4+ T cells.
3. Peptide fragments from intracellular antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by TAP proteins. The peptides bind to MHC class I molecules and the complexes are presented on the cell surface to CD8+ T cells.
Antigen presenting cells
Detail mode of action of macrophages and dendritic cells.
How these immune cells work to kill foreign particle from our body.
Mhc hla
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. It discusses that MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and are classified into classes I, II, and III. MHC proteins in humans are called HLA genes and are located on chromosome 6. The document describes HLA classification, functions in infectious disease, graft rejection, and autoimmunity, as well as genetics and methods of HLA typing including serotyping, phenotyping, and allele names.
Mhc
The document discusses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), which are glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigen fragments to T cells. It describes MHC Class I and Class II molecules, which present antigens from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. MHC genes were first identified as important in tissue graft rejection and show high polymorphism between individuals.
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
Major histocompatibility complex dr. ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Presentation 2.pptxxxxxxxxxxxxrezghyyhggg
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function of mhc
MHC class I molecules present intracellular antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This allows the immune system to detect and eliminate cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens. CD8+ T cells will only kill a target cell if it presents viral antigens along with the same MHC class I molecule. MHC molecules play a key role in organ transplantation, as organs transplanted between individuals with mismatched MHC antigens will be rejected unless immunosuppressive drugs are used.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules display antigen peptides on the surface of cells to be recognized by T cells. There are two main types of MHC molecules: class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells on most nucleated cells, while class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells on antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages. MHC molecules bind peptides promiscuously but polymorphisms among individuals influence peptide binding. Dendritic cells are especially effective at antigen capture and presentation to initiate primary T cell responses.
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The document discusses adaptive immunity and the specific immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity provides lifelong protective immunity through antigen-specific responses that are mediated by lymphocytes, including B cells, T cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Lymphocytes have antigen receptors like the B cell receptor and T cell receptor that provide specificity. The adaptive immune response develops over a person's lifetime through somatic recombination and clonal selection that generates a diverse repertoire of lymphocytes each with a unique receptor.
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The document summarizes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It discusses how the MHC was discovered through studies of tissue transplantation in mice. The MHC locus contains genes that encode MHC class I and class II molecules that present antigens to T cells and play a key role in immune responses. MHC molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells for class I and specifically on antigen presenting cells for class II. The genomic organization and structures of MHC class I and II molecules allow them to present peptides to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, activation of B cells requires two signals - antigen binding and T cell help through interactions such as CD40 ligand/CD40. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory B cells. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes and other immune cells mediate and regulate immune responses by activating and directing immune cells.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, B cell activation requires signals from both antigen binding and CD4 T cell help through cell contact and cytokine signaling, leading to B cell proliferation, class switching, and plasma cell formation. T cell activation similarly requires antigen presentation and co-stimulatory signals to differentiate into effector T cell subsets that activate immune responses.
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Similar to Complete It T Cells and MHC Molecules Fill in the blanks to complete.pdf
Pharm immuno9-11 portal
This document summarizes key concepts about cell-mediated immunity:
1. T cells recognize antigens presented by MHC molecules on antigen presenting cells and are activated, leading to clonal expansion and differentiation into effector T cells.
2. Effector T cells migrate to sites of infection where they carry out functions like activating macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens.
3. CD8+ T cells recognize antigens on infected cells and kill the infected cells through release of granzymes and perforin.
4. Cooperation between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is needed to eliminate intracellular pathogens from infected cells and reservoirs.
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All of the information are collected , it's not a research work but I think it will help the students to know about the basic information.
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The document discusses hypersensitivity reactions and the mechanisms of immunologically mediated diseases. It describes the four main types of hypersensitivity reactions: Type I (immediate) involves IgE antibodies and mediators like histamine; Type II (antibody-mediated) involves IgG and IgM antibodies binding to cells and tissues; Type III (immune complex-mediated) involves deposition of antigen-antibody complexes activating complement; Type IV (delayed) is mediated by T cells and involves reactions that develop over 24-48 hours. The document also provides examples of prototype disorders for each type and their characteristic immune mechanisms and pathologic lesions.
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This document summarizes the key stages in T-cell maturation, activation, and differentiation. It discusses how T-cells mature in the thymus through positive and negative selection to screen for self-MHC restriction and eliminate self-reactive cells. Activation requires signal 1 through TCR-antigen-MHC interaction and signal 2 via co-stimulatory molecules. Upon activation, T-cells can proliferate and differentiate into memory cells or effector cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cells leave the thymus as naive cells and, upon antigen recognition, can become activated and further differentiate.
Antigens, hapteins, immunogens lectures 10.1.06
An antigen is any substance that reacts with lymphocytes, while immunogens generate immune responses. Haptens are small molecules that require coupling to carriers to induce responses. Antibody-antigen binding depends on weak interactions between sites on antibodies and epitopes on antigens. Antibodies are produced with a wide variety of binding sites to recognize different antigenic determinants. Factors like foreignness, size, structure, and route of administration influence a substance's immunogenicity.
Advanced Immunology: Antigen Processing and Presentation
1. Antigens are internalized by antigen presenting cells through endocytosis and degraded within lysosomes into peptide fragments.
2. Peptide fragments from extracellular antigens bind to MHC class II molecules within antigen processing vesicles. The vesicles containing MHC class II-peptide complexes fuse with the cell membrane and present the complexes to CD4+ T cells.
3. Peptide fragments from intracellular antigens are degraded by the proteasome and transported into the endoplasmic reticulum by TAP proteins. The peptides bind to MHC class I molecules and the complexes are presented on the cell surface to CD8+ T cells.
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Detail mode of action of macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Mhc hla
The document provides an overview of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. It discusses that MHC molecules present antigen fragments to T cells and are classified into classes I, II, and III. MHC proteins in humans are called HLA genes and are located on chromosome 6. The document describes HLA classification, functions in infectious disease, graft rejection, and autoimmunity, as well as genetics and methods of HLA typing including serotyping, phenotyping, and allele names.
Mhc
The document discusses major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), which are glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigen fragments to T cells. It describes MHC Class I and Class II molecules, which present antigens from intracellular and extracellular pathogens, respectively. MHC genes were first identified as important in tissue graft rejection and show high polymorphism between individuals.
Mhc.anu
The document discusses the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which consists of glycoproteins found on cell surfaces that present antigens to T cells. MHC molecules are divided into class I and class II. Class I molecules are found on all nucleated cells and present antigens to CD8+ T cells, while class II molecules are found on antigen-presenting cells and present antigens to CD4+ T cells. The MHC was first identified as important for tissue graft compatibility.
T-cell
T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a major role in the immune system by fighting infection. There are different types of T-cells that act in various ways to identify and destroy pathogens. T-cells mature in the thymus gland, where they develop receptors called TCRs that allow them to recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules on other cells. The MHC presents antigen fragments to T-cells to trigger an immune response against invading microbes.
Major histocompatibility complex dr. ihsan alsaimary
Dr. ihsan edan abdulkareem alsaimary
PROFESSOR IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
mobile : 009647801410838
university of basrah - college of medicine - basrah -IRAQ
Presentation 2.pptxxxxxxxxxxxxrezghyyhggg
Dendritic cells serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity by transporting antigens from sites of infection to lymph nodes where they present antigens to T cells. They respond to microbes by producing cytokines that initiate inflammation and serve as antigen presenting cells. For an immune response to occur, antigens must be processed and presented to T helper cells by antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. This activates both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity.
function of mhc
MHC class I molecules present intracellular antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This allows the immune system to detect and eliminate cells infected with viruses or other intracellular pathogens. CD8+ T cells will only kill a target cell if it presents viral antigens along with the same MHC class I molecule. MHC molecules play a key role in organ transplantation, as organs transplanted between individuals with mismatched MHC antigens will be rejected unless immunosuppressive drugs are used.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules display antigen peptides on the surface of cells to be recognized by T cells. There are two main types of MHC molecules: class I molecules present intracellular peptides to CD8+ T cells on most nucleated cells, while class II molecules present extracellular peptides to CD4+ T cells on antigen-presenting cells like dendritic cells and macrophages. MHC molecules bind peptides promiscuously but polymorphisms among individuals influence peptide binding. Dendritic cells are especially effective at antigen capture and presentation to initiate primary T cell responses.
Adaptive immunity
The document discusses adaptive immunity and the specific immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity provides lifelong protective immunity through antigen-specific responses that are mediated by lymphocytes, including B cells, T cells, helper T cells, and killer T cells. Lymphocytes have antigen receptors like the B cell receptor and T cell receptor that provide specificity. The adaptive immune response develops over a person's lifetime through somatic recombination and clonal selection that generates a diverse repertoire of lymphocytes each with a unique receptor.
Lecture 4 immunobiology
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes and macrophages responding to antigens inside cells. It activates cytotoxic T cells to induce apoptosis in infected cells, and activates macrophages and natural killer cells to destroy intracellular pathogens. T cell activation requires two signals - antigen presentation via MHC and co-stimulation from antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells. Once activated, T cells differentiate into effector T cells that eliminate pathogens through cytotoxic killing or cytokine signaling.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The document summarizes the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). It discusses how the MHC was discovered through studies of tissue transplantation in mice. The MHC locus contains genes that encode MHC class I and class II molecules that present antigens to T cells and play a key role in immune responses. MHC molecules are expressed on nearly all nucleated cells for class I and specifically on antigen presenting cells for class II. The genomic organization and structures of MHC class I and II molecules allow them to present peptides to CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, respectively.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, activation of B cells requires two signals - antigen binding and T cell help through interactions such as CD40 ligand/CD40. Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies or memory B cells. Cytokines produced by lymphocytes and other immune cells mediate and regulate immune responses by activating and directing immune cells.
Activation and proliferating of B cell.pptx
The maturation of B cells involves two phases: an antigen-independent phase and an antigen-dependent phase. In the antigen-independent phase, B cells are activated by T-independent antigens through signals from antigen binding. In the antigen-dependent phase, B cell activation requires signals from both antigen binding and CD4 T cell help through cell contact and cytokine signaling, leading to B cell proliferation, class switching, and plasma cell formation. T cell activation similarly requires antigen presentation and co-stimulatory signals to differentiate into effector T cell subsets that activate immune responses.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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