This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water qu...Alexander Decker
The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
Final Project Report - The Evaluation and Expansion of the Solar Disinfection...Kristine Lilly
The document summarizes Phase I of a research project evaluating the use of solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat residential greywater in the United States. In Phase I, students standardized a laboratory greywater solution and cultured a chemically resistant strain of E. coli to test SODIS prototype vessels. Testing of prototypes like glass and acrylic tubes demonstrated at least a 4-log (99.99%) reduction in E. coli viability, showing the potential for SODIS to safely treat greywater for reuse. Phase II of the project is proposed to further optimize vessel designs and expand testing of the SODIS method for residential greywater treatment and recycling.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
1
Martinez
Guadalupe Martinez
11/19/19
Environmental Science
Prof. Foreman
Case Study
Recently, there have been several complaints concerning high levels of lead in American water, specifically in the City of Newark, New Jersey. The residents of Newark City have opted to use bottled water because of the lead contamination in the tapped water. It is so uncommon to find lead at the sources of water, but it gets into water as a result of corrosion of water pipes. The homes that were built in the year 1986 and before have lead fixtures, pipes, and solders. That, however, does not mean that homes that were built afterward don't face the risk of high lead levels in the water they are using. The pipes that are considered lead free have almost eight percent of lead. Lead is a very major hazard in environmental health. Lead is widely used in different commercial products, such as household paint and lead gas. However, lead is very toxic component that affects the ecosystem as well as the human beings living in the ecosystem, especially the young children whose brains are still developing (Schweitze & Nobler, 2018). In the ecosystem, the lead in water can end up in soils because of the corrosion of the leaded pipes. After the soil is corroded, then the plants are highly affected. Lead can as well get into the environment through exhausts of cars. This case study will explore the problems that lead water has in the ecosystem and the possible solutions to those problems.
Disadvantages of Lead Water to the Ecosystem
The first environmental effect of lead water is that the lead gas usually increases the lead concentration in the environment. Lead ends up in the soils and water through the corrosion of the leaded pipes and leaded paints. Lead cannot be broken down, but instead, it is converted into other forms. There are many families in this City that practices fish farming, and they use lead water to carry out the practice. Hence, these water organism faces health problems caused by the presence of lead in the water that they are surviving into. A high level of lead in water is a major problem in the ecosystem as it reduces the number of organisms that survives in the ecosystem specifically, Newark.
Secondly, phytoplankton is usually disturbed when there is interference by lead. Phytoplankton is a very crucial source of oxygen production. This means that lead pollution through water can really affect global balances. Global imbalance brings about problems to the ecosystem (Pieper et, Al., 2018).
The third disadvantage of lead water is the effect that it has on plants. As mentioned in the introduction part, major sources of lead water are the corrosion of the plumbing system. Therefore, there are many places in Newark City that are not rainy. In such places, irrigation is done for farming to take place. When plants absorb lead from the lead water through irrigation, they absorb the lead metal through their leaves. The consumers of planted foods are hu ...
Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of...ijtsrd
The study of water sources used by the population of Ndian for drinking with the exception of the Ekondo Titi beach was carried out by investigating 51 water sources. Due to the lack of pipe borne water in this area, the population is compelled to consume water from unprotected shallow aquifers and surface water sources, there by exposing the population to infections form of water borne diseases. In this perspective, the present study was aimed to check the suitability of these water sources for drinking. The bacteriological quality of the water sources was performed using the Most Probable Number MPN technique. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity EC and total dissolved solids TDS were also determined. The pH values reflect slightly acidic, neutral and basic water sources. Sixty percent 60 of the ground water samples where slightly acidic 5.5 6.4 and out of the WHO 2011 guideline limit 6.5 8.5 for drinking water. This situation puts the inhabitants at risk to stomach ulcer. The electrical conductivity values 3.00 274 us cm for groundwater sources represents water experiencing slight mineralization. Based on the total coliform bacteria, 96 of water sources were polluted to grossly polluted 75 2400 MPN 100 ml and 4 excellent following the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the World Health Organization Standards which exposes the population to water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery. The bacteria contamination of the water sources may result from the waste of pit toilets that intersect the water tables of shallow unconfined aquifers and also from poor sanitation practices carried out along stream channels and springs. Proper water treatment at household levels is highly recommended. Engome R. Wotany | Samuel N. Ayonghe | Mengnjo J. Wirmvem | Wilson Y. Fantong "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of Ndian, South West Region, Cameroon: Health Implications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26626.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/26626/physico-chemical-and-bacteriological-quality-of-water-sources-in-the-coast-of-ndian-south-west-region-cameroon-health-implications/engome-r-wotany
Implications of Household (Domestic) Use of Hard water on Molepolole Residentskoketso Kanekane
This document summarizes a study on the implications of using hard water for household purposes in Molepolole, Botswana. The study acknowledges contributions from participants, course lecturers, and internet sources. It contains an introduction on water scarcity issues in Botswana and Molepolole's reliance on underground water sources. The study aims to document residents' awareness, satisfaction, and actions regarding hard water usage and its effects on health and appliances. Results indicate residents are aware of water quality differences but still use hard water, affecting children under 12 and causing appliance clogging. Residents support water treatment despite costs. The study concludes a water treatment plant is needed to provide safe, soft water and improve lives in Molepolole.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Save water and safe water evaluation of design and storage period on water qu...Alexander Decker
The document evaluates the design and water quality of rainwater harvesting systems installed in Chitra Topi, AJK. It finds that non-painted galvanized iron rooftops provide high quality rainwater, while painted roofs lead to unsafe lead levels. Water quality declines with storage time due to increased microbial activity in summer months. Turbidity exceeds standards in 96% of samples year-round. Total hardness and iron levels meet standards. The study concludes rainwater harvesting can improve access if systems use appropriate designs and management practices.
Final Project Report - The Evaluation and Expansion of the Solar Disinfection...Kristine Lilly
The document summarizes Phase I of a research project evaluating the use of solar disinfection (SODIS) to treat residential greywater in the United States. In Phase I, students standardized a laboratory greywater solution and cultured a chemically resistant strain of E. coli to test SODIS prototype vessels. Testing of prototypes like glass and acrylic tubes demonstrated at least a 4-log (99.99%) reduction in E. coli viability, showing the potential for SODIS to safely treat greywater for reuse. Phase II of the project is proposed to further optimize vessel designs and expand testing of the SODIS method for residential greywater treatment and recycling.
Determinants of household water quality in the tamale metropolis, ghanaAlexander Decker
This study assessed factors influencing household water quality in Tamale, Ghana. Water samples were collected from 250 households and tested for contaminants. The results showed that 83% of samples tested positive for E. coli, and the majority had feacal coliform bacteria present. Water source, distance to source, and water storage practices were found to impact household water quality. Those fetching water from outside sources like public standpipes were less likely to have quality water compared to those with in-home sources. On-site water treatment is needed to ensure water safety for domestic use in Tamale.
1
Martinez
Guadalupe Martinez
11/19/19
Environmental Science
Prof. Foreman
Case Study
Recently, there have been several complaints concerning high levels of lead in American water, specifically in the City of Newark, New Jersey. The residents of Newark City have opted to use bottled water because of the lead contamination in the tapped water. It is so uncommon to find lead at the sources of water, but it gets into water as a result of corrosion of water pipes. The homes that were built in the year 1986 and before have lead fixtures, pipes, and solders. That, however, does not mean that homes that were built afterward don't face the risk of high lead levels in the water they are using. The pipes that are considered lead free have almost eight percent of lead. Lead is a very major hazard in environmental health. Lead is widely used in different commercial products, such as household paint and lead gas. However, lead is very toxic component that affects the ecosystem as well as the human beings living in the ecosystem, especially the young children whose brains are still developing (Schweitze & Nobler, 2018). In the ecosystem, the lead in water can end up in soils because of the corrosion of the leaded pipes. After the soil is corroded, then the plants are highly affected. Lead can as well get into the environment through exhausts of cars. This case study will explore the problems that lead water has in the ecosystem and the possible solutions to those problems.
Disadvantages of Lead Water to the Ecosystem
The first environmental effect of lead water is that the lead gas usually increases the lead concentration in the environment. Lead ends up in the soils and water through the corrosion of the leaded pipes and leaded paints. Lead cannot be broken down, but instead, it is converted into other forms. There are many families in this City that practices fish farming, and they use lead water to carry out the practice. Hence, these water organism faces health problems caused by the presence of lead in the water that they are surviving into. A high level of lead in water is a major problem in the ecosystem as it reduces the number of organisms that survives in the ecosystem specifically, Newark.
Secondly, phytoplankton is usually disturbed when there is interference by lead. Phytoplankton is a very crucial source of oxygen production. This means that lead pollution through water can really affect global balances. Global imbalance brings about problems to the ecosystem (Pieper et, Al., 2018).
The third disadvantage of lead water is the effect that it has on plants. As mentioned in the introduction part, major sources of lead water are the corrosion of the plumbing system. Therefore, there are many places in Newark City that are not rainy. In such places, irrigation is done for farming to take place. When plants absorb lead from the lead water through irrigation, they absorb the lead metal through their leaves. The consumers of planted foods are hu ...
Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of...ijtsrd
The study of water sources used by the population of Ndian for drinking with the exception of the Ekondo Titi beach was carried out by investigating 51 water sources. Due to the lack of pipe borne water in this area, the population is compelled to consume water from unprotected shallow aquifers and surface water sources, there by exposing the population to infections form of water borne diseases. In this perspective, the present study was aimed to check the suitability of these water sources for drinking. The bacteriological quality of the water sources was performed using the Most Probable Number MPN technique. Temperature, pH, electrical conductivity EC and total dissolved solids TDS were also determined. The pH values reflect slightly acidic, neutral and basic water sources. Sixty percent 60 of the ground water samples where slightly acidic 5.5 6.4 and out of the WHO 2011 guideline limit 6.5 8.5 for drinking water. This situation puts the inhabitants at risk to stomach ulcer. The electrical conductivity values 3.00 274 us cm for groundwater sources represents water experiencing slight mineralization. Based on the total coliform bacteria, 96 of water sources were polluted to grossly polluted 75 2400 MPN 100 ml and 4 excellent following the acceptable maximum limits prescribed by the World Health Organization Standards which exposes the population to water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera and dysentery. The bacteria contamination of the water sources may result from the waste of pit toilets that intersect the water tables of shallow unconfined aquifers and also from poor sanitation practices carried out along stream channels and springs. Proper water treatment at household levels is highly recommended. Engome R. Wotany | Samuel N. Ayonghe | Mengnjo J. Wirmvem | Wilson Y. Fantong "Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Quality of Water Sources in the Coast of Ndian, South West Region, Cameroon: Health Implications" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26626.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/geology/26626/physico-chemical-and-bacteriological-quality-of-water-sources-in-the-coast-of-ndian-south-west-region-cameroon-health-implications/engome-r-wotany
Implications of Household (Domestic) Use of Hard water on Molepolole Residentskoketso Kanekane
This document summarizes a study on the implications of using hard water for household purposes in Molepolole, Botswana. The study acknowledges contributions from participants, course lecturers, and internet sources. It contains an introduction on water scarcity issues in Botswana and Molepolole's reliance on underground water sources. The study aims to document residents' awareness, satisfaction, and actions regarding hard water usage and its effects on health and appliances. Results indicate residents are aware of water quality differences but still use hard water, affecting children under 12 and causing appliance clogging. Residents support water treatment despite costs. The study concludes a water treatment plant is needed to provide safe, soft water and improve lives in Molepolole.
Designing of PoU Water Disinfection Unit using CopperSONAL GARG
Poster presented on "DESIGNING AND EVALUATION OF WATER DISINFECTION UNIT TO IMPROVE WATER QUALITY USING COPPER" describing use of copper for disinfecting microorganisms and keeping water safe from recontamination
This document summarizes a research paper that uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze whether fracking, fisheries management, and conservation can be environmentally compatible. The paper uses the disciplines of fisheries management and conservation science. It analyzes insights from each discipline and identifies some conflicts, but also common goals around conserving water resources and fish habitats. The paper finds that while fracking poses some threats to aquatic ecosystems, with strict regulations on well integrity and wastewater management, fracking may be compatible with the environment and uses less water than other energy extraction methods.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Essay On Integrated Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water Management
The Pros And Cons Of Water Contamination
Abstract On Water Pollution
Watershed Management Essay
New Water Management System Essay
Maintaining Drinking Water Quality Essay
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Essay on Water Treatment Process
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
Warrenville Storm Water Management Essay
Protecting Our Water Resources Essay
Lead can enter drinking water through lead-containing pipes, solder, and faucets. It is a toxic heavy metal that can cause neurological, cardiovascular, and renal problems even at low doses. A 1975-1976 UK survey found that many households had lead concentrations above the current WHO guideline of 0.01 mg/L. A case study in Washington DC from 2001-2004 found that changing the disinfectant used increased the corrosiveness of the water system, causing lead to leach from pipes into the water supply and resulting in elevated blood lead levels in thousands of children. Methods to manage lead in drinking water include educating consumers, adjusting water treatment to reduce corrosivity, replacing lead service lines, and removing
The Blacktown Water Treatment Plant project brief outlines the treatment process in 6 steps: 1) preliminary treatment to remove large objects, 2) grit removal, 3) primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids, 4) biological treatment using activated sludge to remove dissolved organic matter, 5) filtration using crushed coal and sand filters as a final step, and 6) chlorination and dechlorination of the effluent. The plant is designed to remove harmful substances from wastewater and safely discharge treated effluent while also producing agro-ash.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
This study examined how microplastics contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are taken up by marine snow aggregates. Microplastic beads were exposed to PAHs and introduced to seawater in rolling bottles to generate marine snow aggregates. Aggregates containing contaminated microplastics formed chain-like structures with high plastic content, unlike aggregates with uncontaminated plastics which contained more algae. The composition and structure of aggregates were analyzed using imaging software and flow cytometry. The results suggest POPs cause microplastics to incorporate differently into marine snow aggregates than uncontaminated plastics.
Daniele Lantagne has over 20 years of experience in environmental engineering, with a focus on household water treatment in developing countries. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Tufts University, where she teaches and conducts research related to global public health engineering. Prior to her current role, she held positions at the CDC, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, MIT, and engineering consulting firms, working on projects in over 40 countries related to water treatment, sanitation, and hygiene. She has a PhD from LSHTM and MS and BS from MIT, and has advised over a dozen graduate students.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Solar Desalination Plant for South African industryLungisani Miya
South Africa faces water scarcity issues due to uneven freshwater distribution and a growing population. Desalination is a potential solution to produce fresh water from saline sources, but conventional desalination technologies require large amounts of energy not available in many rural areas. The document describes the development of a prototype solar desalination plant that uses renewable solar energy. The system is a low-cost, sustainable solar-assisted distillation design that mimics the natural water cycle to produce potable water from brackish sources for rural communities lacking access to clean water or electricity. Initial tests found the prototype's flow rate compares favorably to other small-scale solar desalination systems developed locally.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
This document summarizes a study that investigated fecal contamination of drinking water in urban slum households in Hyderabad, India. The study tested water samples at distribution points and from household storage containers to measure changes in water quality over time. It also conducted surveys of household water handling practices and hygiene. The results showed that while 92% of samples at supply points were adequately chlorinated, 36% of samples from household storage containers showed increased bacterial contamination. However, households with contaminated stored water did not significantly differ in demographics, water handling, hygiene, or sanitation from those without. This indicates that water quality deteriorates substantially between distribution and household storage, likely due to poor water handling and storage practices.
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
A MULTI WATER QUALITY PARAMETER STUDIES FORM VELLAR RIVER, TAMIL NADUIAEME Publication
In recent days, environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic input into rivers has become a serious problem. Studies on physiochemical characteristics of water on major rivers in Tamil Nadu have been done. However, minor rivers such as Vellar have less attention. At the same time, studies on microbial diversity are useful for environmental monitoring. In this regard, we collected samples from the Vellar River to examine physiochemical characters and microbial diversity to understand the present state of the river. The result shows that physiochemical characters (pH, Temperature, Salinity, TDS, and EC) are varied spatially. Whereas, the microbial diversity studies suggest that the most of water samples contact with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s (Escherichia coli, streptococcus, salmonella typhi, bacillus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal diversity. The overall result suggests that the water quality of the Vellar River is classified in the D (poor) category. This is an alarming situation and immediate mitigative actions are needed.
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing boa.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing board (county commission, city council, etc.) to outline the prevention and preparedness programs that should be implemented in your community.
Create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of 8−10 slides (excluding the title slide, table of contents slide, and references slide) that covers the following:
Evaluation of the threats specific to your community (man-made and natural)
Threat mitigation techniques that should be incorporated
Important partnerships that should be maintained with both public and private entities
Cost effectiveness of mitigation versus the expense of response to an incident
Business continuity considerations for returning government services to normal operations
.
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersec.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersecurity best practices for EnergyA. In this course, you examined 10 design and security principles (Deception, Separation, Diversity, Commanlity, Depth, Discretion, Collection, Correlation, Awareness, Response) in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection
.
More Related Content
Similar to Comparison of Three Household Water TreatmentTechnologies in.docx
This document summarizes a research paper that uses an interdisciplinary approach to analyze whether fracking, fisheries management, and conservation can be environmentally compatible. The paper uses the disciplines of fisheries management and conservation science. It analyzes insights from each discipline and identifies some conflicts, but also common goals around conserving water resources and fish habitats. The paper finds that while fracking poses some threats to aquatic ecosystems, with strict regulations on well integrity and wastewater management, fracking may be compatible with the environment and uses less water than other energy extraction methods.
The Kailash Ecovillage project converting human excreta into organic foodstuf...Kimberly L. King
Since March 2014, a sustainably focused community located on a 0.7 hectares site in Portland, Oregon, USA, has
been undertaking an experimental composting toilet system modeled after the Water Efficiency and Sanitation
Standard (WE-Stand) set out by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO).
This system collects urine and hot composts human excreta in a dry-composting toilet system for eventual
use on the community’s organic gardens. The system design reduces the need to access municipal water,
sewer, and electrical infrastructure, enhancing emergency preparedness. It conserves an otherwise wasted
nutrient flow, and safely produces a valuable compost. The system consists of urine collection vessels, multiple
portable collection containers for excreta, toilet paper, and additive, and a compost processor. Urine diversion
has allowed the community to reclaim nitrogen and other nutrients otherwise lost in conventional sewage systems,
resulting in large savings of potable water and significant carbon sequestration via topsoil creation. Logs
showed thermophilic compost temperatures. Compost and urine pathogen testing met American National Standards
Institute and National Sanitation Foundation Standard 41 requirements.
Essay On Integrated Water Management
Essay The Glegg Water Management
The Pros And Cons Of Water Contamination
Abstract On Water Pollution
Watershed Management Essay
New Water Management System Essay
Maintaining Drinking Water Quality Essay
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Essay on Water Treatment Process
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
Warrenville Storm Water Management Essay
Protecting Our Water Resources Essay
Lead can enter drinking water through lead-containing pipes, solder, and faucets. It is a toxic heavy metal that can cause neurological, cardiovascular, and renal problems even at low doses. A 1975-1976 UK survey found that many households had lead concentrations above the current WHO guideline of 0.01 mg/L. A case study in Washington DC from 2001-2004 found that changing the disinfectant used increased the corrosiveness of the water system, causing lead to leach from pipes into the water supply and resulting in elevated blood lead levels in thousands of children. Methods to manage lead in drinking water include educating consumers, adjusting water treatment to reduce corrosivity, replacing lead service lines, and removing
The Blacktown Water Treatment Plant project brief outlines the treatment process in 6 steps: 1) preliminary treatment to remove large objects, 2) grit removal, 3) primary sedimentation to remove settleable solids, 4) biological treatment using activated sludge to remove dissolved organic matter, 5) filtration using crushed coal and sand filters as a final step, and 6) chlorination and dechlorination of the effluent. The plant is designed to remove harmful substances from wastewater and safely discharge treated effluent while also producing agro-ash.
Effects of pH, Dosage, Temperature and Mixing Speed on The Efficiency of Wate...IJAEMSJORNAL
Studies were carried out to determine the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pH, dosage and mixing speed on the efficiency of watermelon seed in removing the turbidity and colour of Atabong River, which serves the people of Eket and their environs in Akwa-Ibom State. Results obtained showed that at an ideal pH of 7.5, temperature of 25oC, dosage of 0.6g/l and mixing speed of 120rpm the water melon coagulum removed turbidity and colour of the raw river water by 87.9% and 84.3% respectively. At this optimum conditions, water melon coagulum decreased the raw water turbidity from 67.7 to 8.18 NTU and colour, 318 to 50 TCU. The findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of water melon seeds as a possible replacement for chemicals like alum and ferric salts normally used in coagulation-flocculation water treatment.
This document summarizes a student's health risk assessment of using rainwater for toilet flushing. The student assessed potential health risks by employing a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. The literature review found mixed results on the safety of consuming rainwater, with some studies finding rainwater safe and others finding potential pathogens. The student conducted their own designed experiment and theoretical modeling study to estimate microbial risks. Their results showed the risk of infection from inhaling Campylobacter and Salmonella after flushing a toilet supplied with rainwater was very low.
Bacteriological and physicochemical studies on three majorAlexander Decker
This study analyzed bacteriological and physicochemical properties of water samples from three major dams in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study found elevated coliform and E. coli counts in the samples, indicating fecal contamination. 140 E. coli isolates were tested against antibiotics and showed high levels of resistance, with over 90% resistant to at least four antibiotics. Plasmid profiling of 20 multidrug resistant isolates found they all carried plasmids ranging in size from 2.03 to 3.13 kilobase pairs, suggesting plasmid-mediated resistance. Physicochemical tests of the water found parameters within acceptable limits. The presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the public water supply poses a public health risk.
This study examined how microplastics contaminated with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are taken up by marine snow aggregates. Microplastic beads were exposed to PAHs and introduced to seawater in rolling bottles to generate marine snow aggregates. Aggregates containing contaminated microplastics formed chain-like structures with high plastic content, unlike aggregates with uncontaminated plastics which contained more algae. The composition and structure of aggregates were analyzed using imaging software and flow cytometry. The results suggest POPs cause microplastics to incorporate differently into marine snow aggregates than uncontaminated plastics.
Daniele Lantagne has over 20 years of experience in environmental engineering, with a focus on household water treatment in developing countries. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Tufts University, where she teaches and conducts research related to global public health engineering. Prior to her current role, she held positions at the CDC, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, MIT, and engineering consulting firms, working on projects in over 40 countries related to water treatment, sanitation, and hygiene. She has a PhD from LSHTM and MS and BS from MIT, and has advised over a dozen graduate students.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Solar Desalination Plant for South African industryLungisani Miya
South Africa faces water scarcity issues due to uneven freshwater distribution and a growing population. Desalination is a potential solution to produce fresh water from saline sources, but conventional desalination technologies require large amounts of energy not available in many rural areas. The document describes the development of a prototype solar desalination plant that uses renewable solar energy. The system is a low-cost, sustainable solar-assisted distillation design that mimics the natural water cycle to produce potable water from brackish sources for rural communities lacking access to clean water or electricity. Initial tests found the prototype's flow rate compares favorably to other small-scale solar desalination systems developed locally.
The document summarizes a study that was conducted to determine sources of water pollution in Appiakrom community, Ghana. The study examined a dam, pond, and two boreholes used by the community. Laboratory analysis of water samples found that the dam, which supplies water to the district, had been polluted by anthropogenic activities. The rusty nature of one borehole was attributed to underground parent materials. The pond interfaced with the dam, and pollution could flow between the two sources. The authors recommend blocking channels between the pond and dam, and practicing zero-fertilizer farming near the dam to reduce pollution.
Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks Pit Latrines on Drinking Water...ijtsrd
Water is one of the most indispensible elements of life. One of the major uses of water by man is for drinking, hence drinking water quality has become a major concern in this regard because poor quality water can cause outbreak of major epidemics and death. In this study, impact of locating boreholes near septic tanks pit latrines on drinking water quality in Uyo metropolis, Akwa Ibom State was investigated. The water samples were collected from thirty 30 locations and categorized into i water from boreholes near W near and ii far from septic tanks pit latrines W far . Some physicochemical parameters analyzed were temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen DO , biochemical oxygen demand BOD5 , salinity i.e. sulphate, carbonate, nitrate, phosphate and chloride ions , total hardness TH , total dissolved solids TDS , total suspended solids TSS and total alkalinity. Pairwise comparison between quality of W near and W far revealed that only BOD 5, TH and TDS had significant mean difference MD at 5 level of probability while their comparison with World Health Organization permissible limit P WHO showed higher significant MD. All the values of parameters were within P WHO, except that of temperature and pH. Based on the results, the water chemistry is tolerable and may not cause any critical damage to the water distribution system as well as utility components. However, treatment is still suggested and boreholes should be drilled some reasonable distances far away from septic tanks pit latrine to guarantee safe drinking water. Akpan, Samuel A | Eze, Bassey E | Assian, Ubong E "Impact of Locating Boreholes Near Septic Tanks/ Pit Latrines on Drinking Water Quality in Uyo Metropolis, Akwa Ibom State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33314.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/33314/impact-of-locating-boreholes-near-septic-tanks-pit-latrines-on-drinking-water-quality-in-uyo-metropolis-akwa-ibom-state/akpan-samuel-a
Biometric Assessment of Bacteriological Profile of Borehole Water in Relation...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that assessed the bacteriological profile of borehole water from nine student hostels in relation to sewage disposal units. Water samples were tested for total bacteria counts and fecal coliform counts. Higher counts were found in samples from hostels closer to sewage units and from older boreholes. Bacteria isolated included E. coli, Klebsiella, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, and Vibrio cholerae. Total bacteria counts correlated with fecal coliform counts and negatively correlated with distance from sewage units. The study concludes that boreholes should be farther from sewage units and older boreholes require treatment to improve water quality.
1) The document discusses the ecological impact of sewage discharge on coral reefs. Sewage pollution introduces excess nutrients into coral reef ecosystems, which can cause eutrophication and algal overgrowth that damages corals.
2) A 3-year study found that doubling nutrient levels from sewage led to a doubling of coral bleaching events in Florida Keys reefs. Removing the nutrient pollution allowed for reef recovery.
3) About 96% of coral reef areas near human populations face sewage pollution problems. The majority of sewage in developing areas enters the ocean untreated. Even in developed nations, aging infrastructure can lead to sewage leaks that pollute coastal waters.
This document summarizes a study that investigated fecal contamination of drinking water in urban slum households in Hyderabad, India. The study tested water samples at distribution points and from household storage containers to measure changes in water quality over time. It also conducted surveys of household water handling practices and hygiene. The results showed that while 92% of samples at supply points were adequately chlorinated, 36% of samples from household storage containers showed increased bacterial contamination. However, households with contaminated stored water did not significantly differ in demographics, water handling, hygiene, or sanitation from those without. This indicates that water quality deteriorates substantially between distribution and household storage, likely due to poor water handling and storage practices.
Performance of EcoSan Toilets at Majumbasita in Dar Es Salaam – TanzaniaIJEABJ
This document summarizes a study on the performance of Ecological Sanitation (ECOSAN) toilets in Majumbasita, Tanzania. Samples of faecal sludge and urine were collected from 10 ECOSAN toilets and analyzed. The results showed that faecal sludge had a high pH between 8.3-10.3 due to ash addition, temperatures of 27-31 degrees C, and COD, TS and VS levels within reported ranges. Ascaris eggs were efficiently removed when pH was above 10. Ammonium, TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels in faecal sludge were between specified ranges. Urine samples had TKN, phosphorus and potassium levels within
A MULTI WATER QUALITY PARAMETER STUDIES FORM VELLAR RIVER, TAMIL NADUIAEME Publication
In recent days, environmental pollution caused by anthropogenic input into rivers has become a serious problem. Studies on physiochemical characteristics of water on major rivers in Tamil Nadu have been done. However, minor rivers such as Vellar have less attention. At the same time, studies on microbial diversity are useful for environmental monitoring. In this regard, we collected samples from the Vellar River to examine physiochemical characters and microbial diversity to understand the present state of the river. The result shows that physiochemical characters (pH, Temperature, Salinity, TDS, and EC) are varied spatially. Whereas, the microbial diversity studies suggest that the most of water samples contact with gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria’s (Escherichia coli, streptococcus, salmonella typhi, bacillus sp, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and fungal diversity. The overall result suggests that the water quality of the Vellar River is classified in the D (poor) category. This is an alarming situation and immediate mitigative actions are needed.
Similar to Comparison of Three Household Water TreatmentTechnologies in.docx (20)
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing boa.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen to present in front of your local governing board (county commission, city council, etc.) to outline the prevention and preparedness programs that should be implemented in your community.
Create a PowerPoint presentation consisting of 8−10 slides (excluding the title slide, table of contents slide, and references slide) that covers the following:
Evaluation of the threats specific to your community (man-made and natural)
Threat mitigation techniques that should be incorporated
Important partnerships that should be maintained with both public and private entities
Cost effectiveness of mitigation versus the expense of response to an incident
Business continuity considerations for returning government services to normal operations
.
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersec.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been charged with overseeing the implementation of cybersecurity best practices for EnergyA. In this course, you examined 10 design and security principles (Deception, Separation, Diversity, Commanlity, Depth, Discretion, Collection, Correlation, Awareness, Response) in the context of national and critical infrastructure protection
.
You have been commissioned to create a manual covering the installat.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been commissioned to create a manual covering the installation planning issues relating to the following network servers:
A domain controller
A DNS server
A Terminal Access Gateway
A Web server
A database server
A file and print server
In covering the installation planning issues, you should provide hardware advice in terms of a) system capabilities (internal and input/output); b) which systems should be replicated to ensure high availability [assume 99.999% uptime]; and c) which systems can be co-located on one or more virtualized servers
.
You have been challenged by a mentor you respect and admire to demon.docxmaxinesmith73660
A mentor has challenged you to demonstrate your commitment to early childhood by choosing an issue affecting children's development, examining it in your state, and identifying advocacy strategies to champion the cause.
You have been chosen as the consultant group to assess the organizat.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been chosen as the consultant group to assess the organization’s readiness to perform in a high value care environment
(better care, lower cost)
. Using the tools in
CEO Checklist
(ATTACHED)
how would you brief management in your assessment of the organization under those principles?
Interview key stakeholders in the organization to gain information and categorize in the subsection provided in the checklist (ATTACHED).
Two Pages (one for each element)
Please focus on these two elements as these are my sections to complete!
1) Governance priority—visible and determined leadership by CEO and Board (one page)
2) Culture of continuous improvement—commitment to ongoing, real-time learning (one page)
Thanks!
.
You have been assigned a reading by WMF Petrie; Diospolis Parva (.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been assigned a reading by WMF Petrie; Diospolis Parva (posted as a pdf folder).
You needn’t read the whole volume; I would like you to concentrate on pp.(4-12) which outlines Petrie’s method.
Further information about Petrie’s method can be found in Bard in box 5-A, pp. 100-102.
For this discussion, answer the following questions;
1. Why does Petrie invent sequence dating? What kinds of artifacts does Petrie use to construct his relative sequence?
2. Why is the following statement important for “anchoring” Petrie’s method in time?
“The most clear series of derived forms is that of the wavy handled vases (Class W)…side by side with this (Class) W pottery… we have seen to be later than the rest, as it links to the historic age… lettered L,” (Petrie 1901:5).
3. Why do you think Petrie’s method reflects the passage of time?
Your answer should be 3-4 paragraphs.
This is a digital copy of a book that was preserved for generations on library shelves before it was carefully scanned by Google as part of a project
to make the world’s books discoverable online.
It has survived long enough for the copyright to expire and the book to enter the public domain. A public domain book is one that was never subject
to copyright or whose legal copyright term has expired. Whether a book is in the public domain may vary country to country. Public domain books
are our gateways to the past, representing a wealth of history, culture and knowledge that’s often difficult to discover.
Marks, notations and other marginalia present in the original volume will appear in this file - a reminder of this book’s long journey from the
publisher to a library and finally to you.
Usage guidelines
Google is proud to partner with libraries to digitize public domain materials and make them widely accessible. Public domain books belong to the
public and we are merely their custodians. Nevertheless, this work is expensive, so in order to keep providing this resource, we have taken steps to
prevent abuse by commercial parties, including placing technical restrictions on automated querying.
We also ask that you:
+ Make non-commercial use of the filesWe designed Google Book Search for use by individuals, and we request that you use these files for
personal, non-commercial purposes.
+ Refrain from automated queryingDo not send automated queries of any sort to Google’s system: If you are conducting research on machine
translation, optical character recognition or other areas where access to a large amount of text is helpful, please contact us. We encourage the
use of public domain materials for these purposes and may be able to help.
+ Maintain attributionThe Google “watermark” you see on each file is essential for informing people about this project and helping them find
additional materials through Google Book Search. Please do not remove it.
+ Keep it legalWhatever your use, remember that you are responsible for ensuring that what you are doing is legal. Do n.
You have been asked to speak to city, municipal, and state elected a.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to speak to city, municipal, and state elected and appointed officials who investigate disaster management at the next governmental meeting. Your main task is to recommend policy actors who could be involved in disaster management planning after a catastrophic event. These individuals will be involved during the entire process.
Develop a PowerPoint presentation to guide your presentation. Be sure to address the following:
Identify key local, state, and federal partners as policy actors.
Provide rationale for the selection of each policy actor.
Determine how these specific people will aid the community amid the devastation.
As you develop your PowerPoint, you may wish to interview someone in your community that is involved in disaster planning. Interviews can be conducted in-person, via telephone, or by email. However, this is not required. Incorporate appropriate animations, transitions, and graphics as well as speaker notes for each slide. The speaker notes may be comprised of brief paragraphs or bulleted lists.
Support your presentation with at least five scholarly resources. In addition to these specified resources, other appropriate scholarly resources may be included.
Length: 12 slides (with a separate reference slide)
Notes Length: 200 words for each slide
Be sure to include citations for quotations and paraphrases with references in APA format and style.
.
You have been asked to provide a presentation, covering the history .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to provide a presentation, covering the history of the juvenile court system in the United States. In your history, be sure to address the following issues:
10-12 slides
When was the first juvenile court established?
What was the child-saver movement during the 1800s? How did this social movement lead to the creation establishment of the juvenile justice
system?
What is
parens patriae
, and how has this concept influenced juvenile courts in the United States?
Identify and describe 2 significant changes in the legal rights of juvenile offenders since the establishment of the juvenile justice
system.
3-4 paragraphs
Peter is a 14-year-old boy living in New York in the year 1870. Peter has stolen a horse and has been arrested by local law enforcement.
Discuss what life may have been like for Peter as a young person in the United States at this time.
How were young people treated in everyday life?
How were their criminal actions handled?
How would Peter's punishment be different as compared to an adult who was arrested for the same crime?
.
You have been asked to organize a community health fair at a loc.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to organize a community health fair at a local public school. The health fair will provide information and education on the following topics related to health promotion:
*Immunizations
*Importance of healthy diet and exercise
*Avoidance of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol
*Responsible sexual behaviors (use of condoms, risk of sexually transmitted infections including HIV, and concerns related to unintended pregnancies)
*Injury and violence prevention (motor vehicle crashes, firearms, poisonings, suffocation, falls, fires, and drowning)
The volunteers who will be manning the stations are from the health care community (i.e., doctors, nurses, dietitians, and social workers). You want to ensure that the team members take into consideration the familial health traditions, personal beliefs, and the values of the people who will be attending the health fair. In a three- to four-page paper (excluding title and reference pages), address the following points:
-Identify potential areas where health care providers’ culture may influence the treatment approach/recommendations, which may be in conflict with the health belief of a community member’s culture and practices.
-Describe the differences.
-Describe the role, if any, social control will play in the development of the educational materials presented by differentiating health and wellness rituals among people of different cultures.
-Recommend potential strategies that the health care team can use when faced with a cultural practice that conflicts with the medical model.
-Recommend strategies to increase community participation and enhance the relationships/partnerships between the medical community and members of the culturally diverse community.
The Critical Thinking Paper
^Must be three to four double-spaced pages in length (not including title and references pages) and formatted according to APA style.
^Must use at least two scholarly sources in addition to the course text.
^Must document all sources in APA style.
^Must include a separate references page that is formatted according to APA style.
.
You have been asked to explain the differences between certain categ.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to explain the differences between certain categories of crimes. For each of the following categories of crime, provide a general definition of the category of crime and give at least 2 detailed examples of specific crimes that fall into each category:
Violent crimes
Crimes against persons
Crimes against property
Crimes of public morality
White-collar crime
Cyber crime
Then, for the following scenarios, discuss the categories of crimes involved in each scenario, and explain the specific criminal charges that you would apply to each scenario. You can utilize the Library, Internet, and other resources to research the criminal statutes of a state of your choice to help you determine which criminal charges should be applied:
David S. was running around a public park at 3 AM without his clothes on, singing and shouting loudly. Police arrived after neighbors called to complain. They saw David S. tipping over a garbage can and when they shouted for him to stop, he threw the garbage can into a car, breaking one of its side windows. The police arrested David S. His blood alcohol level was twice the legal limit.
Gary M. was arrested by the FBI when he showed up at a local mall to meet a 14-year-old girl for a date, which he arranged over the Internet. He didn't know that the “14-year-old girl" was actually a 35-year-old male FBI agent.
Elaine R. was an accountant working for a large corporation. She had been falsifying the accounting records and sending some of the corporate funds to her own bank accounts in an offshore bank. The corporation found out what she had been doing and reported her to the police.
Your complete answer to this assignment should be 1–3 pages.
.
You have been asked to evaluate a 3-year-old child in your clinic. .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to evaluate a 3-year-old child in your clinic. Riley’s mother is concerned that “her speech has sounded “bumpy” over the last two weeks. She also reports that Riley has a cousin who stutters. During the evaluation, Riley demonstrated occasional whole word repetitions and hesitations in her speech. She did not appear to notice these disfluencies.
.
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict .docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict and describe the architecture of two (2) unrelated software systems. The first system is for an automated ticket-issuing system used by passengers at a railway station. The second system is for a computer-controlled video conferencing system, located in a corporate office and accessible to senior management that allows video, audio, and computer data to be visible to several participants at the same time.
Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:
Create two (2) UML diagrams, one (1) showing a conceptual view and one (1) showing a process view of the architectures for each of the two (2) following systems (for a total of four [4] diagrams) through the use of Microsoft Visio or its open source alternative, Dia.
Note:
The graphically depicted solution is not included in the required page length.
An automated ticket-issuing system used by passengers at a railway station.
A computer-controlled, video-conferencing system that allows video, audio, and computer data to be visible to several participants at the same time.
Describe how you created the conceptual and process view for all four (4) diagrams. In the description, be sure to provide a justification for each key decision in the design.
Explain how you arrived at your final solution for the four (4) conceptual and process view diagrams that you have created.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.
Include charts or diagrams created in Visio or an equivalent such as Dia. The completed diagrams / charts must be imported into the Word document before the paper is submitted.
.
You have been asked to develop UML diagrams to graphically depict an.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to create UML diagrams depicting the conceptual and process views of two unrelated software systems: 1) an automated ticket-issuing system for a railway station, and 2) a computer-controlled video conferencing system for a corporate office. You must create two diagrams for each system (one conceptual view diagram and one process view diagram), for a total of four diagrams. You then need to write a 3-5 page paper describing how you created the diagrams and justifying the key design decisions.
You have been asked to develop a quality improvement (QI) process fo.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to develop a quality improvement (QI) process for your medical facility employer. You have previously established the skill sets required for QI team members. The chief information officer has asked you what areas you will be analyzing and how you will determine if your project was successful or not. Complete the following:
Write a paper that details the method that you will use to quantitatively and qualitatively measure your QI process for various QI areas in your health care facility.
.
You have been asked to design and deliver a Microsoft PowerPoint pre.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to design and deliver a Microsoft PowerPoint presentation to your team regarding the upgrade and the integration of the WATCH network into SHG's Active Directory forest. Since your team is geographically dispersed, you must create the slides and record the presentation so that when you distribute it to your team, they can watch and listen to the recording to understand the upgrade and integration.
You will need to do the following:
Explain how to integrate the existing WATCH networking standards, protocols, and access methods.
Select which is the most appropriate protocols and access standard to use without any loss of existing functionality to the billing department, the intranet, or the existing Internet site.
These functionalities will be migrated later, but for now your team needs only the migration plans for the administrative and bookkeeping functions.
.
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of an information technology (IT) project. The system to be developed will allow a large company to coordinate and maintain records of the professional development of its employees. The company has over 30,000 employees who are located in four sites: Florida, Colorado, Illinois, and Texas. The system needs to allow employees to locate and schedule professional development activities that are relevant to their positions. Sophisticated search capabilities are required, and the ability to add scheduled events to the employees’ calendars is desired. The system needs to support social networking to allow employees to determine who is attending conferences and events. This will promote fostering relationships and ensure coverage of conferences that are considered of high importance.
Once an activity has been completed, employees will use the system to submit the documentation. The system should support notifications to management personnel whenever their direct reports have submitted documentation. The system should also notify employees if their deadline to complete professional-development requirements is approaching and is not yet satisfied.
There are several types of architectural views. For the given scenario, develop 2 architectural views.
There must be enough detail for the design to be handed off to an implementation team.
.
You have been asked to conduct research on a past forensic case to a.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to conduct research on a past forensic case to analyze how digital data was used to solve the case. Choose one of the following digital forensic cases:
S. v. Doe (1983), Doe U.S. (1988), People Sanchez (1994), Michelle Theer (2000), Scott Tyree (2002), Dennis Rader (2005), Corey Beantee Melton (2005), James Kent (2007), Brad Cooper (2008)
Using the Stayer Library or the Internet, search for the case notes and reports for the case and answer the following:
Summarize the case, the pertinent actors, evidence, and facts.
Outline the specific digital evidence that was used in the case.
Describe how the investigators found and documented the evidence, if any.
Describe the procedures and tool(s) used for acquiring potential evidence.
Describe the obstacles faced in the investigation.
Outline the most significant improvement to digital forensic investigations/tools that assisted with efficiency and reliability.
Provide the links to two modern tools that could have assisted with the collection of evidence.
Use at least five (5) quality resources in this assignment.
Note:
Wikipedia and similar websites do not qualify as quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date.
.
You have been asked for the summary to include the following compone.docxmaxinesmith73660
Telehealth is defined as the use of telecommunications technologies to provide clinical health care at a distance. It allows nurses to assess, diagnose, and treat patients using telecommunications technology. Telehealth has expanded access to care for rural communities by enabling virtual visits and remote patient monitoring. The evidence shows that telehealth improves health outcomes for patients in remote areas by overcoming barriers to accessing specialists. A recommended strategy is for healthcare organizations to implement telehealth programs that use remote patient monitoring for chronic disease management in rural communities, as studies have found it reduces hospitalizations and healthcare costs while improving patient outcomes and satisfaction.
You have been asked to be the project manager for the developmen.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked to be the project manager for the development of an information technology (IT) project. The system to be developed will allow a large company to coordinate and maintain its records of the professional development of its employees. The company has over 30,000 employees, who are located in four sites: Florida, Colorado, Illinois, and Texas. The system must allow employees to locate and schedule professional-development activities that are relevant to their positions. Sophisticated search capabilities are required, and the ability to add scheduled events to the employees' calendars is desired. The system needs to support social networking, which will allow employees to determine who is attending various conferences and events. This will promote the fostering of relationships and ensure that the company has representation at important conferences.
Once an activity has been completed, employees will use the system to submit the documentation. The system should support notifications, which will allow managers to receive notice whenever their direct reports have submitted documentation. The system should also notify employees if their deadline to complete a professional-development requirement is approaching and it has not yet been completed. Because the expenditure has been approved for the project, it is now time to justify the start-up of the project with a business case.
Using the above scenario, develop a business case and project charter (2–3 pages each). Include the following:
Section 1: Business Case (Unit 1)
Description of the problem or opportunity being presented to the business
Costs and benefits of each alternative solution
Recommended solution needed for approval
List of alternative solutions, feasibility of each in a table, and the selected solution
Section 2: Project Charter and WBS (Unit 1)
Identify project vision
Define scope of project
List project deliverables
List roles and responsibilities
List risks, issues, and assumptions
.
You have been asked by management, as a senior member of your co.docxmaxinesmith73660
You have been asked by management, as a senior member of your corporate IT team, to provide insight into the meaning of IoT wireless services and foundational concepts. You want to discuss the foundational IoT wireless concepts and influence IoT will have on the organization’s wireless and mobile connectivity and services. Provide a response to the following:
Discuss the real meaning of Internet of Things and its impact everything that has the ability to communicate.
What types of “Things” communicate within the IoT concept?
How do these types of “Things” communicate?
How do “mobile technologies” relate to IoT?
Provide definitions for the following concepts within the IoT sphere:
RFID, Sensors, Smart technology and Nano technology
.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Comparison of Three Household Water TreatmentTechnologies in.docx
1. Comparison of Three Household Water Treatment
Technologies in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala
Jonathan E. Mellor1; Erin Kallman2; Vinka Oyanedel-Craver,
A.M.ASCE3; and James A. Smith, F.ASCE4
Abstract: Silver-impregnated ceramic water filters (CWFs) are a
simple and sustainable low-cost technology that has shown
promise in
improving household drinking water quality and reducing
incidences of early childhood diarrhea in a variety of settings.
Despite this promise,
lower reservoir contamination is thought to be a contributing
factor to the decline in the effectiveness being seen over time.
A novel silver-
impregnated ceramic torus that can be placed in the lower
reservoir was designed to minimize this contamination. This
study uses a one-year
randomized trial to compare the relative effectiveness of the
CWF þ torus design with a standard CWF and point-of-use
chlorination. The
effectiveness of each technology was measured at project
inception and subsequently after six and 12 months. Results
indicate that the
toruses, as designed, are not able to consistently maintain
lower-reservoir silver concentrations above those of the simple
CWF design
and are hence unable to prevent contamination. Furthermore,
after six months, only 65% of households that used point-of-use
chlorination
maintained sufficient chlorine levels above the 0.2 mg=L
needed to be effective. All three technologies showed
3. nano-particle coating. Contaminated water can be poured into
the
top from where it gradually percolates down through the
ceramic
and is collected in a plastic lower reservoir. CWFs have been
shown
to be highly effective at removing bacteria in both laboratory
(97.8–100% removal) (Oyanedel-Craver and Smith 2008) and
field
environments (∼90% average removal) (Kallman et al. 2011)
and
reducing diarrhea incidences both generally (Hunter 2009) as
well
as in human immunodeficiency virus-positive adult populations
(Abebe et al. 2014). CWFs are also likely able to remove
viruses
and protozoa, but with lower and higher respective effectiveness
(Bielefeldt et al. 2010). Indeed, recent work has shown Crypto-
sporidium parvum removal to be 99.2% through ceramic disks
(Abebe 2013).
Although these are positive results, some researchers have
recently questioned the ability of ceramic filters and other
point-
of-use interventions to reduce diarrhea incidence especially
over
the long term. Hunter (2009) found that the effectiveness of
point-of-use interventions as a means of diarrhea reduction
declines with follow-up duration and that blinded studies
indicate
lower effectiveness. Others have suggested that household water
treatment technologies should not be promoted widely until
further
research is conducted (Schmidt and Cairncross 2009). One
possible
4. cause of the long-term decline in effectiveness is biological
buildup
that has been shown to be present in household water storage
con-
tainers (Jagals et al. 2003) (which are similar in form and
function
to the lower reservoir of CWFs). This, along with biological re-
growth, may be a significant contributing factor to early-
childhood
diarrhea incidence in South Africa (Mellor et al. 2012a). In fact,
previous results obtained by the authors have suggested that this
biological buildup coupled with poor cleaning regimes might be
significant factors in CWFs’ declining effectiveness (Mellor et
al.
2014).
CWFs effectively remove bacteria both through size exclusion
and the antimicrobial action of colloidal silver or silver nitrate
that
is painted on or infused into the ceramic. The bactericidal
proper-
ties of the applied silver are dependent on the applied mass of
colloidal silver (Oyanedel-Craver and Smith 2008) and the
reten-
tion of silver in the filter (Ren et al. 2013). The bacterial
growth
inhibition by silver is dependent on the silver dose applied to
the
CWF (Rayner et al. 2013) and the number of bacteria present
(Sondi and Salopek-Sondi 2004).
1Postdoctoral Research Associate, Dept. of Chemical and
Environmen-
tal Engineering, Yale Climate and Energy Institute, Yale Univ.,
P.O. Box
208286, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail: [email protected]
9. 2.0 mg=L (Lantagne 2008). The safe water storage containers
have
small openings to prevent contamination and a spigot to allow
easy
access.
Attempting to address the problem of lower-reservoir reconta-
mination, members of the nonprofit organization Potters for
Peace
proposed placing a ceramic torus painted with colloidal silver
(Fig. 1) in the lower reservoir of the filter system (Fig. 2). It
was
hypothesized that the release of silver ions from the colloidal
silver-impregnated torus in the lower reservoir would help to
pre-
vent microbial regrowth and biofilm formation. To test this
claim,
the microbial effectiveness of three technologies was compared
concurrently in the same community over the course of a year:
a CWF; a CWF with the torus placed in the lower reservoir; and
the safe water system. Therefore, the overarching goal of this
study
was to compare the longitudinal microbial effectiveness of the
three technologies over a year-long period while testing the
novel
silver-impregnated torus’s ability to slowly release silver thus
im-
proving the water quality in the lower reservoir. This goal was
achieved through the recruitment of 107 participants from San
Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala, who were randomly divided into
three
study groups. Each group received one intervention.
Methods
10. Community Setting and Cohort
The study was undertaken in the community of San Mateo
Ixtatán
in the Guatemalan highlands. Access to suitable WASH infra-
structure is severely limited and diarrhea is common in this
region
making it a leading cause of death among children in Guatemala
(Guatemala 2002). San Mateo Ixtatán is the poorest community
in
the poorest department of Huehuetenango and has a population
of
approximately 30,000. Although the community has an
extensive
spring-fed water distribution system, the water is not treated
and
is of poor quality (Kallman et al. 2011). This system is the only
source of drinking water and is used by all members of the com-
munity with the exception of the occasional use of bottled
water.
In June 2009, 107 participants were recruited to participate
in the study and were randomly assigned to one of three groups
of approximately equal size as shown in Fig. 3. Participants
were
invited through flyers and radio announcements. Technology as-
signments were done via a rotation where the first person in line
got a CWF, the second a CWF þ torus, the third the SWS, etc.
The
SWS group received their first chlorine bottles free of charge
and
could purchase dosed chlorine bottles from a local distributor
for
approximately 25 quetzales (≈US$3.14) for a six-month supply.
Instructions were given to the participants about operation and
maintenance of their technologies at project inception.
11. However,
there was no systematic attempt to assesses actual compliance
or
maintenance practices. Study attrition was mostly due to partici-
pants not being present during the Period 2 and 3 sampling
rounds.
Two attempts were made at each household to find participants.
Institutional review board approval was obtained for this study
from the University of Virginia.
Torus Fabrication
The toruses were fabricated in San Mateo Ixtatán using a
method
similar to the one described by Kallman et al. (2011) to
fabricate
CWFs, however they were hand-molded instead of pressed. In
brief, approximately 60 lb (27.2 kg) of locally collected clay is
combined with 8–10 lb (3.6–4.5 kg) of sieved sawdust. Once
mixed, 10 L of water is added and the toruses are molded by
hand.
They are then allowed to air-dry for 8 days, after which time
they
are fired at a temperature of 800°C. The temperature was slowly
increased from ambient by 75°C=h for 4 h and then by 150°C=h
until the maximum temperature was reached. They are then
hand-painted with approximately 23 mL of 200 ppm silver
nano-particle solution and allowed to dry. The finished torus
mean
mass was 175 g with a range of 158–213 g.
Fig. 1. Silver-impregnated torus investigated in this study
(image by
James Smith)
15. ri
gh
ts
r
es
er
ve
d.
Analytical Methods
For each household sampling event, water samples were
collected
from the household tap (which was the source water) and from
the
spigot of the CWF or SWS. Sampling took place in June 2009,
January 2010, and June 2010, which will hereafter be referred
to as Periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Period 1 sampling was
con-
ducted within approximately two days of a household receiving
their filter.
Silver concentration was measured in the field each time using a
Hach DR/4000 spectrophotometer and the Hach 8120 silver
colori-
metric method (Hach 2003) (Hach Company, Loveland,
Colorado).
The detection limits for that method are 0.02–0.70 mg=L. Free
chlorine levels were measured during Periods 1 and 2 using
Hach
16. Chlorine Color Disk Test Kits Model CN-66 (Hach Company,
Loveland, Colorado). The effective range is 0.1–3.4 mg=l Cl2.
The samples taken from each household at each period were
tested for total coliform bacteria during each of the three visits
and
E. coli bacteria during the last two visits using standard
membrane
filtration methods. All samples were collected in sterile, 250
mL
plastic bottles and stored in a cooler with ice during transport to
the field laboratory. All samples were tested within eight hours
of
collection. The selective media m-ColiBlue24 (Millipore,
Billerica,
Massachusetts) was not available during the first sampling
period
necessitating the use of m-Endo Total Coliform Broth
(Millipore,
Billerica, Massachusetts), which does not differentiate between
E. coli and total coliforms. m-ColiBlue24 was used for the
subse-
quent periods.
The membrane filtration protocol is as follows. A hand pump
was first used to pass 100 mL of each undiluted sample through
a sterilized 0.45 μm membrane filter (Fisher Brand, Pittsburgh).
The filter was then placed in a petri dish containing m-
ColiBlue24
or m-Endo total coliform broth and incubated at 35°C for 24 h
in
a portable incubator (Millipore, Billerica, Massachusetts).
Colonies
were then counted and reported as CFU=100 mL. Plates with
too
17. many colonies to count were recorded as having 2,000 CFU=
100 mL. Daily boiled water samples all had zero colonies.
Statistical Methods
Mean differences in silver concentrations over time (within-
subjects effects) and between technologies (between-subjects
ef-
fects) were assessed using repeated-measures analysis of
variance
(ANOVA). Shapiro-Wilk’s tests of normality, Levene’s test for
equality of error variances, Box’s test of equality of covariance
and
Mauchly’s test for sphericity were all conducted on the data to
test
if ANOVA assumptions were met.
A paired t-test was conducted to assess the chlorine concentra-
tion changes.
Log reduction values were calculated from the influent and
effluent water samples and used in the subsequent analyses of
the microbial concentrations. One-way ANOVA analyses were
conducted at each time period to assess the equity of the
influent
water for the three technologies and two bacteria types. The
micro-
bial effectiveness of the three technologies was assessed using a
repeated-measures ANOVA in an identical manner to the silver
concentrations. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated
to
see if effluent water silver concentrations were correlated to the
log
removal efficiency of the filters.
Finally, Student’s t-test were conducted to assess the difference
18. in log removal rates between households with and without suffi-
cient chlorine during Period 2. F-tests were used to assess
variance
for t-test analyses.
IBS SPSS statistical analysis software version 21.0 (IBM SPSS,
Chicago, 2011) as well as Microsoft Excel were used for all
analy-
ses. All tests were conducted with a significance level of 0.05.
Results
Fig. 4 presents mean silver concentrations (with 95%
confidence
intervals) in treated water for the CWF and CWF þ torus inter-
ventions for each of the three sampling periods. All samples
were
107 Initial Participants
37 CWF 36 CWF + Torus 34 SWS
P
e
ri
o
d
1
(
Ju
n
e
2
19. 0
0
9
)
21 CWF 25 CWF + Torus 19 SWS
P
e
ri
o
d
3
(
Ju
n
e
2
0
1
0
)
27 CWF 26 CWF + Torus 20 SWS
P
e
ri
o
d
2
(
20. Ja
n
2
0
1
0
)
Fig. 3. Three-product study design; 107 initial participants were
re-
cruited in June 2009 and were approximately evenly divided
randomly
into three study arms; there was significant dropout during the
subse-
quent follow-up visits
Sampling Period
[A
g
]
m
g
/l
1 2 3
CWF
CWF + Torus
0
.0
24. ;
al
l
ri
gh
ts
r
es
er
ve
d.
below the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendation
for
silver concentration, which is 0.1 mg=L (WHO 2011). Although
apparent mean differences in effluent water silver concentration
were seen over time (Fig. 4), these differences were not
statistically
significant according to the repeated measures ANOVA analysis
[Fð2; 34Þ ¼ 0.812, p ¼ 0.412]. Likewise, there were no
significant
differences between technologies [Fð1; 17Þ ¼ 0.160, p ¼
0.694].
Chlorine concentrations fell from Period 1 to Period 2 for
house-
holds that received the safe water system, however, this result
was not statistically significant according to a paired t-test (p ¼
25. 0.125). During the first sampling round, chlorine concentration
was 1.43 mg=L on average with 100% (n ¼ 34) having more
than
0.2 mg=L. However, during the Period 2 sampling only 65% (n
¼
20) had levels of 0.2 mg=L or higher although the average rose
to 2.66 mg=L. This is due to the fact that 20% of households
had
concentrations in excess of 5 mg=L, indicating a minority of
house-
holds were possibly overchlorinating.
Table 1 summarizes mean tap (influent) water quality for the
three technologies, two bacteria types, and three sampling
periods.
According to one-way ANOVA analyses, mean tap water
samples
for both E. coli and total coliform bacteria were statistically
equiv-
alent for all three technologies for Periods 2 and 3. However,
they
were not equivalent for Period 1 (p ¼ 0.037) as is shown in
Table 1.
Mean log reduction values for all three technologies over the
sam-
pling periods for the two bacteria types are shown in Figs. 5 and
6,
while the same data is displayed as boxplots in Fig. 7.
Combined
average log removal efficiencies for all three technologies for
total
coliform bacteria ranged from 2.22 � 0.21 initially but declined
to
1.45 � 0.35 after six months and to 1.42 � 0.29 after 1 year.
Total
coliform removal declined between Period 1 and Period 3 from
26. 2.20 to 1.18 for CWF, from 2.10 to 1.48 for the CWF þ torus
design, and from 2.37 to 1.60 for the SWS. E. coli removal
changed
from the Period 2 to Period 3 sampling rounds from 1.45 to 1.37
for
the CWFs, from 1.51 to 1.87 for the CWF þ torus design and
from
1.26 to 1.05 for the SWS.
A repeated-measures ANOVA of all three technologies indi-
cated that there were mean differences over time [Fð2; 92Þ ¼
12.410, p < 0.001], but not between the technologies [Fð2; 46Þ
¼
0.417, p ¼ 0.661] for total coliform bacteria. Pairwise
comparisons
identified mean differences between Period 1 and Period 2 (p <
0.001), but not between Period 2 and Period 3 (p ¼ 1.000).
How-
ever, there was no similar temporal decline for E. coli [Fð1; 32Þ
¼
0.008, p ¼ 0.930] nor was there a difference between
technologies
for E. coli [Fð2; 32Þ ¼ 1.409, p ¼ 0.259]. The lack of temporal
decline for E. coli is likely due to the lack of data for Period 1.
There was also no correlation between silver concentration in
the effluent water and log reduction values for total coliform (R
¼
0.08) or E. coli (R ¼ 0.087).
Results are also displayed in terms of the WHO risk categories
of <1, 1–10, 10–100, 100–1,000 and >1,000 CFU=100 mL in
Figs. 8 and 9. There plots are largely consistent with the
previous
results and indicate that the effectiveness of all three
technologies
27. declines between Periods 1 and 2, but remains relatively
constant
between Periods 2 and 3. There are few differences between the
three technologies.
Finally, the log removal rates for households with and without
sufficient residual chlorine during the Period 2 sampling was
com-
pared. Households with chlorine concentrations of 0.2 mg=L
had
Table 1. Mean Tap/Influent Water Quality for the Three
Sampling Periods
for Each of the Three Technologies and Two Bacteria Types; P-
Values are
the Result of One-Way ANOVA Analyses to Compare Means;
Results
Indicate that Means are Statistically Equivalent Except for the
First
Sampling Period
Sampling
period
Bacteria
type
Mean tap (influent) water quality
(CFU=100 mL)
p-ValueCWF CWF þ torus SWS
1 TC 465 499 914 0.037
2 TC 525 773 651 0.746
2 EC 352 328 255 0.886
3 TC 798 632 328 0.333
3 EC 269 221 66 0.405
28. Note: EC = E. Coli; TC = total coliform.
Total Coliform
Sampling Period
L
o
g
R
e
d
u
ct
io
n
0
.5
1
.0
1
.5
2
.0
2
.5
1 2 3
29. CWF
CWF + Torus
SWS
Fig. 5. Mean log reduction over the three sampling periods for
total
coliform bacteria; repeated-measure ANOVA test indicates
temporal
decline for total coliform bacteria between Periods 1 and 2; no
signif-
icant differences were found between technologies; plot is
consistent
with a temporal decline in effectiveness, but limited differences
between technologies; error bars indicate 95% CI
E. Coli
Sampling Period
L
o
g
R
e
d
u
ct
io
n
0
.5
33. l
us
e
on
ly
;
al
l
ri
gh
ts
r
es
er
ve
d.
significantly higher log removal rates for total coliform bacteria
than those that did not (1.79 versus 0.41, p ¼ 0.022) (Student’s
t-test). However, log removal rates were equivalent for E. coli
bacteria (1.09 versus 1.09, p ¼ 0.936) (Student’s t-test).
Discussion
This paper reports on a randomized trial of the longitudinal
field
34. effectiveness of three point-of-use water treatment systems. To
the
best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first concurrent,
compar-
ative study of these three technologies. Results indicate that all
three technologies decline in effectiveness over the first six
months
and that the toruses, as designed, are not sufficient to improve
performance over the simple CWF. However, it is also
noteworthy
that the microbial effectiveness decline appears to level off
after
six months for all three technologies. Furthermore, it is evident
that chlorination adherence falls precipitously during the first
six months, which is something that can affect its suitability as
a
sustainable point-of-use intervention.
The longitudinal declines in CWF effectiveness are consistent
with those reported previously from a study conducted in South
Africa (Mellor et al. 2014) and are likewise consistent with that
of
Hunter (2009) who found that longer duration studies of POU
devices showed decreased effectiveness at reducing diarrhea.
The
high variability and negative log reduction values have likewise
been seen by Brown (2007) who found that 17% of CWF
effluent
samples had higher E. coli concentrations in the treated water
com-
pared to the influent water.
One reason for the apparent effectiveness declines seen in the
CWF and the CWF þ torus designs may be the depletion of the
silver in the filters. As noted by Ren et al. (2013), silver
35. nanopar-
ticles are relatively mobile through a ceramic porous media, and
colloidal silver solutions that are painted onto porous ceramic
filters
(as they were in this case) result in silver nanoparticle release
into
the treated water at a rate much faster than filters fabricated by
firing the nanosilver into the filter.
The relative ineffectiveness of the torus design is surprising.
If designed properly, such a technology should reduce the
biofilm
buildup quantified by others (Jagals et al. 2003) and help to
mit-
igate regrowth in such settings (Mellor et al. 2013). One
possibility
is that the reservoir silver concentrations, which ranged from
∼15 to
45 ppb (Fig. 4), were insufficient to deactivate high
concentrations
of bacteria. However, prior research indicates that ∼2 log
reduction
occurs in about 30 min at concentrations down to at least 50 ppb
(Jung et al. 2008). In the filter design, the microbes pass
through the
pores of the silver-impregnated ceramic, which forces them into
very close contact with the silver-impregnated pore surfaces.
This
is apparently not occurring as efficiently in the toruses because
the
water is not forced through the torus. It is possible that the
toruses
could be more effective if they were painted with higher
concen-
trations of colloidal silver, had different pore sizes, or had a
differ-
36. ent geometry. However, the Pearson’s test indicates that there is
no
L
o
g
R
e
d
u
ct
io
n
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
TC Period 1 TC Period 2 TC Period 3 EC Period 2 EC Period 3
SWS
Technology
CWF + Torus CWF
37. Fig. 7. Boxplots of log reductions for the three sampling periods
for
each of the three technologies and two bacteria types [EC (E.
coli) and
TC (total coliform)]
CWF CWF+Torus SWS CWF CWF+Torus SWS CWF
CWF+Torus SWS
P
e
rc
e
n
t
(%
)
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
41. gh
ts
r
es
er
ve
d.
relationship between silver concentrations and log reduction
values.
It is also notable that silver concentrations showed little varia-
tion with time or between the two CWF configurations. The one
exception to this was during the second sampling period when
the
torus design appears to have had higher levels of silver. This
could
have led to the statistically insignificant mean increase in log
reduction for that period for both total coliform (1.42 versus
1.59,
p ¼ 0.636) and E. coli (1.41 versus 1.53, p ¼ 0.738) for the
CWF
versus CWF þ torus designs, respectively. Another possibility is
that reservoir contamination was not due to contamination from
the reservoir itself, but rather from the ceramic filter walls or
pores as was found by others in a controlled laboratory
experiment
(Bielefeldt et al. 2009). Also, the detection range of the chosen
method (Hach 8120) is 0.02–0.70 mg=L. Since the silver
concen-
42. trations were near the lower detection limit, there might be
uncer-
tainty in those measurements (Hach 2003). It is important to
note
that this does not mean that lower-reservoir biofilm buildup is
not
occurring, or that silver-impregnated toruses are infective
gener-
ally, but it does call for an improved torus design and further
research to pinpoint the source of the recontamination.
The mean log reduction values seen for the CWFs in this study
were 2.20 � 0.30 initially and declined to 1.34 � 0.65 and to
1.18 � 0.49. This makes these filters comparable to those
reported
previously by Brown (2007) who found log reduction values of
∼2.
A recent study that compared the effectiveness of chlorination
with a silver-coated porous ceramic candle element found a
mean
log reduction value of 1.21 for households provided
WaterGuard
(a dilute hypochlorite solution) while the ceramic candles
provided
a log reduction of only 0.91 (Albert et al. 2010). Likewise, the
73%
reduction in the number of households with detectable levels of
E. coli before and after chlorination for Period 2 was consistent
with a major meta-analysis that found an 80% reduction in the
pro-
portion of stored water samples with detectable E. coli (Arnold
and
Colford 2007) after chlorination interventions. Although the
per-
centage in this study declined to 58% during Period 3, the
Arnold
43. and Colford meta-analysis relied on studies that had a median
length of only 30 weeks. Finally, it is worth noting that if the
log
reduction values measured in the current study were 3 or better,
it could lead to improved outcomes (Mellor et al. 2012a; Enger
et al.
2012). However, given that the influent water frequently had
less
than 1,000 CFU=100 mL of bacterial contamination, the
reported
log reduction values might be higher if the influent water were
more
highly contaminated.
The use of silver in water treatment technologies is not without
risk, however, this risk is minimal and the WHO has not
established
a firm limit due to inadequate data (WHO 2011). Indeed, the
WHO
suggests that the only known risk for silver ingestion is argyria,
which is a condition that discolors the skin and hair. To prevent
this, the WHO recommends a lifetime limit of 10 g of silver.
Based
on this limit, the WHO recommends that silver concentrations
of
0.1 mg=L can be tolerated for 70 years without any health risk
(WHO 2011). The WHO limit for chlorine is 5 mg=L and there
are no specific adverse health effects that have been observed
(WHO 2011).
The current study had a number of limitations that warrant
discussion. First of all, the nonuniform influent water supplies
may
have biased some of the results. Secondly, the torus design did
not
44. generally increase the silver concentration in the lower
reservoir,
which is likely why it proved to be equally as effective at
removing
bacteria as the filter only design. This does not mean that the
torus
cannot be effective, or that biofilm layer buildup is not
occurring,
but it does mean that the torus needs to be redesigned to
increase
efficiency. That improved design should then be tested in future
laboratory and field trials. Also, systematic baseline
demographic
data about socioeconomic status or other covariates was not
con-
ducted. Such factors might have affected the use and
maintenance
of the three technologies. The fact that the participants using
chlo-
rine had to purchase chlorine bottles every six months, while
the
filter users did not have any additional costs, might have biased
the
results. However, the periodic purchase of chlorine is realistic
for
that method. Finally, the high drop-out rate might have biased
the
results and lowered their statistical power.
Conclusions
The first randomized trial has been conducted to study the rela-
tive microbial effectiveness of three different point-of-use water
CWF CWF+Torus SWS CWF CWF+Torus SWS
45. P
e
rc
e
n
t
(%
)
0
2
0
4
0
6
0
8
0
1
0
0 Period 2 Period 3
Risk Category (CFU/100ml)
<1 1-10 10-100 100-1000 >1000
Fig. 9. Bar plots showing the percent of samples with E. coli
concentrations in WHO risk categories at the two periods
49. treatment technologies in the developing-world community of
San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala. The POU technologies studied
were
chlorination (i.e., the safe water system advocated by the
Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention), CWFs, and CWFs with a
ceramic torus impregnated with silver placed in the lower filter
res-
ervoir. Surprisingly, the CWF þ torus design did not
significantly
increase silver concentrations in lower reservoirs as expected.
Furthermore, the percent of households in the chlorination
group
with adequate residual chlorination dropped from 100 to 65%
be-
tween Periods 1 and 2 of the study. Log removal efficiency was
highly variable and declined over the first six months with all
three
technologies, and there were no statistically significant
differences
seen between the three technologies in terms of microbial
removal
efficiency. These results highlight the need for further study
into
the causes of lower-reservoir contamination in CWFs and ways
to
remedy this problem. Improved silver-impregnated ceramic
toruses
might be an effective technology, but further research is needed
to
improve their design.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Beth Neville Evans and the Ixtatán
Foundation
50. for assistance in participant enrollment and logistical field
support.
We would also like to thank Dr. Relana Pinkerton for her assis-
tance with some of our methods. This work was supported by
the National Science Foundation (CBET 651996). It was also
developed under STAR Fellowship Assistance Agreement no.
FP91728601 awarded by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA). It has not been formally reviewed by USEPA.
The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the
authors, and USEPA does not endorse any products or
commercial
services mentioned in this publication.
References
Abebe, L. (2013). “Silver-impregnated ceramic-water filters to
im-
prove water quality and health.” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Virginia,
Charlottesville, VA.
Abebe, L., et al. (2014). “Ceramic water filters impregnated
with silver
nanoparticles as a point-of-use water-treatment intervention for
HIV-
positive individuals in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A pilot
study
of technological performance and human health benefits.” J.
Water
Health, 12(2), 288–300.
Albert, J., Luoto, J., and Levine, D. (2010). “End-user
preferences for and
performance of competing POU water treatment technologies
among
the rural poor of Kenya.” Environ. Sci. Technol., 44(12), 4426–
4432.
51. Arnold, B. F., and Colford, J. M. (2007). “Treating water with
chlorine
at point-of-use to improve water quality and reduce child
diarrhea in
developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.”
Am. J.
Trop. Med. Hyg., 76(2), 354–364.
Bielefeldt, A. R., Kowalski, K., Schilling, C., Schreier, S.,
Kohler, A.,
and Scott Summers, R. (2010). “Removal of virus to protozoan
sized
particles in point-of-use ceramic water filters.” Water Res.,
44(5),
1482–1488.
Bielefeldt, A. R., Kowalski, K., and Summers, R. S. (2009).
“Bacterial
treatment effectiveness of point-of-use ceramic water filters.”
Water
Res., 43(14), 3559–3565.
Brown, J. M. (2007). “Effectiveness of ceramic filtration for
drinking
water treatment in Cambodia.” M.S. thesis, Univ. of North
Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC.
Enger, K., Nelson, K., Clasen, T., Rose, J., and Eisenberg, J.
(2012).
“Linking quantitative microbial risk assessment and
epidemiological
data: Informing safe drinking water trials in developing
countries.”
Environ. Sci. Technol., 46(9), 5160–5167.
52. Guatemala. (2002). Health in the Americas, Vol. 2, Pan
American Health
Organization, Washington, DC, 306–322.
Hach. (2003). Silver colorimetric method: Method 8120
DR/4000 pro-
cedure, 11th Ed., Hach Company, Loveland, CO.
Hunter, P. (2009). “Household water treatment in developing
countries:
Comparing different intervention types using meta-regression.”
Envi-
ron. Sci. Technol., 43(23), 8991–8997.
Jagals, P., Jagals, C., and Bokako, T. (2003). “The effect of
container-
biofilm on the microbiological quality of water used from
plastic house-
hold containers.” J. Water Health, 1(3), 101–108.
Jung, W. K., Koo, H. C., Kim, K. W., Shin, S., Kim, S. H., and
Park, Y. H.
(2008). “Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of the
silver
ion in Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.” Appl.
Environ.
Microbiol., 74(7), 2171–2178.
Kallman, E., Oyanedel-Craver, V., and Smith, J. (2011).
“Ceramic filters
impregnated with silver nanoparticles for point-of-use water
treatment
in rural Guatemala.” J. Environ. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-
7870
.0000330, 407–415.
53. Lantagne, D. S. (2008). “Sodium hypochlorite dosage for
household and
emergency water treatment (PDF).” J. Am. Water Works Assoc.,
100(8),
106–119.
Mellor, J., Abebe, L., Ehdaie, B., Dillingham, R., and Smith, J.
(2014).
“Modeling the sustainability of a ceramic water filter
intervention.”
Water Res., 49, 286–299.
Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Learmonth, G. P., Netshandama, V.
O., and
Dillingham, R. A. (2012a). “Modeling the complexities of
water,
hygiene, and health in Limpopo Province, South Africa.”
Environ. Sci.
Technol., 46(24), 13512–13520.
Mellor, J. E., Smith, J. A., Samie, A., and Dillingham, R. A.
(2013). “Coli-
form sources and mechanisms for regrowth in household
drinking water
in Limpopo, South Africa.” J. Environ. Eng.,
10.1061/(ASCE)EE
.1943-7870.0000722, 1152–1161.
Mellor, J. E., Watkins, D., and Mihelcic, J. (2012b).“Rural
water usage
in east Africa: Does collection effort really impact basic
access?”
Waterlines, 31(3), 215–225.
Mintz, E. D., Reiff, F. M., and Tauxe, R. V. (1995). “Safe water
54. treatment
and storage in the home: A practical new strategy to prevent
waterborne
disease.” JAMA, 273(12), 948–953.
Onda, K., LoBuglio, J., and Bartram, J. (2012). “Global access
to safe
water: Accounting for water quality and the resulting impact on
MDG
progress.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 9(3), 880–894.
Oyanedel-Craver, V. A., and Smith, J. A. (2008). “Sustainable
colloidal-
silver-impregnated ceramic filter for point-of-use water
treatment.”
Environ. Sci. Technol., 42(3), 927–933.
Prüss-Ustün, A., et al. (2014). “Burden of disease from
inadequate water,
sanitation and hygiene in low-and middle-income settings: A
retrospec-
tive analysis of data from 145 countries.” Trop. Med. Int.
Health., 19(8),
894–905.
Rayner, J., Zhang, H., Schubert, J., Lennon, P. D. L., and
Oyanedel-Craver, V. (2013). “Laboratory investigation into the
effect
of silver application on the bacterial removal efficacy of filter
material
for use on locally produced ceramic water filters for household
drinking
water treatment.” ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng., 1(7), 738–745.
Ren, D., Colosi, L. M., and Smith, J. A. (2013). “Evaluating the
sus-
60. Many of the questions below relate to that article.
1. Notice that the article you are reading is divided into these
sections: Title, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results,
Discussion, Conclusion, and References. Most research articles
are divided into these same sections. The Introduction section
of an article will describe the research problem that the authors
investigated. Look over the Introduction and summarize the
research problem that the author's investigated:
[type your response here]
2. Notice that the authors cite a lot of other research articles in
the introduction, before they start describing the research that
they investigated. It is typical for authors to do this in the
Introduction section. Why do you think authors do this? What
purpose does it serve?
[type your response here]
3. Which section of the article provides a short summary of the
entire article?
[type your response here]
4. To find out what the authors learned from their research
project, you can skip to the Discussion and Conclusions
sections of the article. Take a look at those sections. Were the
authors successful in solving their research problem? Explain
your answer.
[type your response here]
5. Why do you think the authors of this article took to the time
to write it and get it published?
[type your response here]
6. Imagine that you are the owner of a private engineering
company and you want to manufacture and sell high-quality,
long-lasting, ceramic water filters to people at risk from using
unsafe water. Would reading this article be useful to you?
Explain why or why not.
[type your response here]
7. Do you think this article is a reliable source of information?
Think about reasons why or why not. List at least two reasons in
61. any mix of categories below.
Reasons I think this article is likely to be reliable:
Reasons why it is hard for me to tell if this article is reliable:
Reasons why I think this article might not be reliable:
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
8. What type of publication is the citation below? (Pick from:
journal article, conference paper, book, or website.)
X. Zhu and X. Wu, “Class noise vs. attribute noise: A
quantitative study of their impacts,” Artificial Intelligence
Review, vol. 22, no. 3/4, pp. 177–210, Nov. 2004. doi:
10.1007/s10462-004-0751-8
[type your response here]
9. Name the parts of this citation:
· X. Zhu and X. Wu: [type your response here]
· Class noise vs. attribute noise: A quantitative study of their
impacts: [type your response here]
· Artificial Intelligence Review: [type your response here]
· 22: [type your response here]
· 3/4: [type your response here]
· 177–210: [type your response here]
· Nov. 2004: [type your response here]
· 10.1007/s10462-004-0751-8: [type your response here]
10. Are the references listed at the end of the article you've
been reading (Comparison of Three Household Water Treatment
Technologies in San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala ) formatted in
the IEEE citation style? What clues helped you determine if
they are or are not?
62. [type your response here]
11. What is the most comprehensive engineering database for
finding articles and conference papers?
[type your response here]
12. Let's say you were just getting familiar with the topic of
ceramic water filters. In what order would you do the following:
Random Order:
Your Order:
· Look for books covering the topic
· Look for research articles on the topic
· Search the web for information on this topic
1.
2.
3.
Explain the order you chose:
[type your response here]
Page 1