Energy in Adhoc networks

1. ENERGY EFFICIENT
ROUTING APPROACHES IN
AD-HOC NETWORKS
Prepared By
Kishan Patel

2. CONTENTS:
• ROUTING
• FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN ROUTING
• MANET VS TRADITIONAL ROUTING
• ROUTING PROTOCOLS/TYPES OF
MANETS ROUTING
 REACTIVE PROTOCOL
 PROACTIVE PROTOCOL
 HYBRID PROTOCOL
• SECURITY IN MANET’S
• BIBLOGRAPHY
1

3. ROUTING
Routing is to find correct path between the source and destination for
forwarding packets.
Routing is complex task in MANET’s because
• The Traditional algorithm will not be suitable.
• Centralized approaches will not be appropriate.
• “Flooding” can be applied in ad-hoc network but is not efficient
method.
• For removing that we use hop counter.
2

4. Start
Node send the signal to find the no. of other nodes within
range.
Synchronization b/w nodes
Sender node send msg. to receiver node
Is
receiving
node
Ready
Receiving
node send
back
Ready signal
Wait for
sometime
Comm.begins
Term. process
Stop
YES
NO
3

5. FUNDAMENTAL STEPS IN ROUTING
• Forwarding the packets to next hop. Is it like input
interface to an output interface in a traditional network.
• While forwarding packet sender much check the
parameters:
a) Packet reaching the destination.
b) Minimize the number of hops/path length.
c) Minimize the delay.
d) Minimize the packet loss.
e) Minimize the cost involved.
4

6. MANET VS TRADITIONAL ROUTING
There is limited physical security in a MANET compared to a traditional
routing
Increased possibility of eavesdropping, spoofing, and denial-of-security attacks
Traditional routing protocols for wired networks do not work well in most
MANETs
MANETs are too dynamic
Wireless links present problems of interference, limited capacity, etc.
The MANETs consider the layer 2 and 3 information whereas in
traditional routing must consider on layer 3 information.
 Main Issue to be addressed by routing protocol in MANET are:-
1) Routing discovery
2) Data forwarding.
3) Route maintenance
5

7. TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Mobile ad hoc network’s routing protocols are characteristically subdivided
into three main categories. These are proactive routing protocols, reactive
routing protocols, hybrid routing protocols and hierarchical routing protocols
6

8. REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS
 AD HOC ON DEMAND DISTANCE VESTOR(AODV)
 DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING(DSR)
7

9. Re-active routing protocols
• Does not take initiative for finding routes
• Establishes routes “on demand” by flooding a query
• Pros and cons:
• Does not use bandwidth except when needed (when
finding a route)
• Much network overhead in the flooding process when
querying for routes
• Initial delay in traffic
8

10. Re-active routing
9

11. Re-active routing
10

12. Re-active routing
11

13. PROACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS
 DESTINATION SEQUENCED DISTANCE
VECTOR (DSDV)
OPTIMIZATION LINK STATE ROUTING
(OLSR)
12

14. Pro-active routing protocols
• Routes are set up based on continuous control traffic
• All routes are maintained all the time
1. Neighbor/link sensing
2. Optimized flooding/forwarding(Multi point
relaying)
3. Link-State messaging and route calculation
• Pros and cons:
• Constant overhead created by control traffic
• Routes are always available
13

15. MULTI POINT RELAYING
14

16. MULTI POINT RELAYING..
15

17. MULTI POINT RELAYING..
16

18. MULTI POINT RELAYING..
17

19. MULTI POINT RELAYING..
18

20. HYBRID ROUTING PROTOCOLS
• A mix of both proactive and reactive routing protocols
• Basic idea behind hybrid routing protocols is to use
19
Example :
ZONE ROUTING PROTOCOL(ZRP)

21. HIERARCHICAL ROUTING
PROTOCOLS
• Hierarchical routing protocol is a scalable routing strategy
which is based on multiple level clustering.
• If node in one cluster want to send a request to another outside
cluster’s node, sanction of outside cluster will be required.
• Node’s hierarchical information is stored in a Hierarchical
State routing Protocol (HSR) table denote the location of the
node in a hierarchy.
Example :
• CLUSTER BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL (CBRP)
20

22. CONVENTIONAL PROTOCOLS
COMPARISION
Parameter OLSR DSDV AODV DSR ZRP CBRP
Full Form Optimization
Link State
Routing
Destination
Sequence
Distance
Vector
Ad-hoc
On-demand
Distance
Vector
Dynamic
Source Routing
Zone Routing
Protocol
Cluster Based
Routing
Protocol
Protocol Type Proactive Proactive Reactive Reactive Hybrid Hierarchical
Central
Administrator
No No No No Yes Cluster Head
Control
Message
HELLO,
TC
HELLO,
UPDATE
RREQ, RREP,
RERR
RREQ, RREP,
RERR
For inter-zone
RREQ,
RREP
HELLO,
RREQ, RREP,
RERR
Metric Cost Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path Shortest Path
Scalable No No Yes No Yes No
21

23. CONTINUE…
Parameter OLSR DSDV AODV DSR ZRP CBRP
Merit Does not require
central point to
handle the route
process;
It is more
suitable in
dynamic
behaviour of
nodes;
Does not allow
packets that take
more time in
terms of packet
traversal.
Suitable for
small network;
Infinity count
problem can be
solve by DSDV;
Best path
selection instead
of choosing the
multipath.
Does not require
central point to
handle the route
process;
It is loop free that
share higher
bandwidth;
Reduce the
control message
overhead by
keeping the
address into the
packet.
It maintains the
nodes into the
routing process to
reduce the routing
maintenance
overhead;
Route discovery
overhead can be
reducing.
Repeatedly
flooding packet is
useful in reducing
the control
packet;
Require less
bandwidth than
proactive
approach.
Minimize the
reactive rout-
discovery and
overhead;
“Locally Repair”
mechanism is use
in terms of link
break.
Demerit Require high
bandwidth to
discover shortest
routes;
Consuming more
power resources
Takes more time
to find a broken
link.
Require mode
battery power for
maintaining the
route table;
Sequence number
must be generated
new whenever
topology of
network changes;
Not scalable in
complex network.
Inconsistent
routes due to esse
of source
sequence number;
Heavy control
overhead due to
multiple RREP
packets;
Consuming
maximum
bandwidth;
Time takes more
in terms of route
construction.
Not scalable in
astronomically
immense;
networks
Require more
processing
resources;
Higher delay
time to establish
the connections.
Difficult to find
new route due to
the overlapping
routing zone;
Communication
with outer zone
node is not
possible.
Packet size
increase
proportional to
network size;
Not scalable in
large cluster.
22

24. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ISSUES
• The energy-efficient routing is voluminous concern in the
MANET. All nodes are battery-driven, powered by
constrained battery capacity. Due to the lack of energy,
Node cannot communicate efficiently with another node.
• The parameters or process define as below in which node
consuming more Energy.
- During transmit the packets
- On receiving the packets
- In a idle mode
- In a slumber mode
23

25. CONTINUE…
Various Energy Challenges :
• Limited bandwidth
• Battery constraint
• Packet losses due to transmission errors
• Security threats
• Mobility-induced route changes
• Routing overhead
Other few reasons for energy efficient is:
• Lack of central administration
• Difficult to supersede battery during exchange information
• Limited power supply
24

26. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protoc
ol
Description Mechanism
/ Algorithm
Methodology Performance /
QoS
Energy-Efficient
Adaptive Routing for
Ad hoc Networks with
Time-Varying
Heterogeneous Traffic
EAGER Eager Protocol works
based on two routing
protocol: Intra-cell
proactive routing and
Inter-cell reactive
protocol
Energy Aware
Geo-location
aided Routing
Partitioning the
network into equal
sized cells
Large-scale
energy,
Overhead,
Difficult to
maintain the
location of nodes
LRCA: Enhanced
Energy-Aware Routing
Protocol in MANET
LRCA LRCA is utilized to
transmute the route if a
node is dead or have a
less battery life
Local Route
Change
Algorithm
Route change with
the help of HELP,
OK, RCRQ message
Packet loss rate,
Route recovery,
Power
consumption
Enhanced Optimized
Link State Routing
Protocol for VANET
using Fuzzy Rough Set
FR-
OLSR
FR-OLSR based on
Fuzzy Rough Set
theory which is obviate
the problem that is
incapable to defence
Fuzzy Rough
Set Theory
FR is used to define
the similarity
between objects to
remove the
uncertainty
Uncertainty in
routing
information,
Vagueness due to
broken link in
OLSR
Power Optimization
Using EPAR Protocol
In MANET
EPAR EPAR aim to check the
discrepancy among
energy level of sundry
nodes into the network
Power Aware
Routing
Protocol
Path selection based
in energy using min-
max composition
Network lifetime,
Packet delievery
ratio,
High load
networks
25

27. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protocol Description Mechanism
/ Algorithm
Methodology Performance /
QoS
A Routing Protocol for
throughput
Enhancement and
Energy Saving in
Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks
TEES based
on DSR
TEES find the
optimal path based
on two levels
Lower Bound and
Upper Bound
Throughput
Enhancement and
Energy Saving
Choose path by
comparing three
cases
(LC,MC,HC) with
two energy level
UB and LB.
Throughput,
Control packet
overhead
Designing Energy
Routing Protocol with
Power Consumption
Optimization in
MANET
EPAR,
MTPR,
DSR
EPAR calculate
the lowest hop
energy which is
given battery
power for each
path
Conventional
Power Aware
Algorithm
Path selection
based on energy
Network lifetime,
Energy
consumption,
PDR,
Throughput
EE-OLSR: Energy
Efficient OLSR Routing
Protocol For Mobile
Ad-Hoc Networks
EE-OLSR Modified OLSR
works on two
method such as
Willingness
setting and
Overhearing
exclusion
EA-Willingness
Setting Mechanism
Node willingness
can quantified by
battery capacity
and predicted life
time
Battery
consumption,
Network lifetime,
Network
performance
26

28. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protoco
l
Description Mechanis
m
/
Algorithm
Methodolo
gy
Performance /
QoS
A Novel Energy-
Efficient Approach to
DSR Based Routing
Protocol for Ad Hoc
Network
NCE-
DSR
NCE-DSR calculate the cost
function by considering two
values Mean and Max for
elongate the duration of
network lifetime
Number of
times send
Constraint
Energy DSR
Route
selection using
cost function
Energy
consumption,
Hardware
overhead,
Network lifetime
Energy-Efficient
Reliable Routing
Considering Residual
Energy in Wireless Ad
Hoc Networks
RMECR,
RMER
New routing protocol use
genetic routing algorithm
which calculate the MECP
between every two nodes of
the network
Genetic
Routing
Algorithm
Energy
reduction
using MECP
(Minimum
Energy Cost
Path)
Energy efficiency,
Reliability,
Network lifetime,
End-to-end
delivery
Efficient Routing
Algorithm for MANET
using Grid FSR
Grid FSR GFSR partitioning the
network in two dimensional
virtual grid and select the best
gateway through minimum
distance between virtual grid
and node
Fisheye State
Routing
Algorithm
Path selection
by choosing
alternative
gateway in
grid
Bandwidth
27

29. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protoco
l
Description Mechanis
m
/
Algorithm
Methodolo
gy
Performance /
QoS
An Efficient DSDV
Routing Protocol for
MANET and its
usefulness for providing
Internet Access to Ad
Hoc Hosts
Eff-
DSDV
Eff-DSDV utilizes the
temporary routes in case of
broken link
Efficient
DSDV
Route
establish by
creating the
temporary
link.
End-to-end delay,
PDR,
Mobile-IP
overhead
Energy Efficient Cluster
Based Routing in
MANET
CBRP SEEC consider the alternative
node as a cluster head (CH)
while previous CH’s power
level fall down to the certain
threshold value
Signal and
Energy
Efficient
Clustering
(SEEC)
Minimize the
energy cost by
selecting the
other node as
a cluster head
Energy level,
Signal strength,
Battery power
level
A New Approach to
Geographic Routing for
Location Aided Cluster
Based MANETs
ILCRP ILCRP (Improved Location
aided Cluster based Routing
Protocol) used to maintain the
nodes location using GPS.
Due to advantages of GPS, it
reduce the control overhead
Cluster Based
Routing
Algorithm
Providing
location
information of
nodes by
utilizing the
GPS
Performance
metrics (end-to-
end delay, control
overhead, PDR)
28

30. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protoco
l
Description Mechanis
m
/
Algorithm
Methodolo
gy
Performance /
QoS
An Efficient Cluster
based Routing Protocol
for MANET.
MCGSR MCGSR amalgamate the two
approaches, proactive and
reactive, to improve the
routing performance by
utilizing the cluster head and
good candidate
Modified
Cluster Head
Gateway
Switch
Routing
Protocol
By utilizing
the cluster
heads and
gateways
Performance
metrics
PEEBR: Predictive
Energy Efficient Bee
Routing Algorithm for
Ad-hoc Wireless
Mobile Networks
PEEBR PEEBR is a swarm based
optimization algorithm that
work on two phases, Node
level and Network-level
Swarm
Intelligent
Routing
Algorithm
Potential path
selection
based on
integrity ratio
Optimal path,
Energy
consumption,
Battery power
saving
FEA-OLSR: An
Adaptive Energy Aware
Routing Protocol for
MANETs Using Zero-
Order Sugeno Fuzzy
System
FEA-
OLSR
The paper utilizes the FLS to
adjust the willingness
parameter to check the
willingness of node
Zero-order
Sugeno
Fuzzy Logic
System
Node
willingness
computes by
the use of FLS
Energy-efficient
routing
29

31. LITERATURE REVIEW
Topic Name Protoco
l
Description Mechanis
m
/
Algorithm
Methodolo
gy
Performance /
QoS
Energy Efficient
Routing Protocol to
Increase MANET Life
Time Using Cluster
AODV The CH aim is to amass the
energy related information
from the group member node
Cluster Based
Routing
Algorithm
Partitioning
the network
into clusters.
Network lifetime,
Power level
Tuning ZRP Framework
for CR Networks and
MANETs
ZRP Bordercasting use IERP to
broadcast the packet to node
in zone boundary to control
the overhead packet
Query
Control
Mechanism,
Selective
Bordercasting
Procedure
By utilizing
IERP
mechanism
which is differ
from IERP in
ZRP
Delay in route
acquisition,
Congestion,
Throughput
Energy Efficient
Routing in MANET
With ZRP and
ANYCAST
ZRP ZRP with anycast is utilized
to calculate the total energy
consuming by node, as well
as , check the total active
nodes of network
ZRP with
Anycast
Addressing
By applying
anycast in
ZRP
Energy-efficient
30

32. CONCLUSION
• Maintaining the energy level and network life is voluminous
concern in ad-hoc network. For that, efficient routing protocols
are required to discover the routes which facilitate the secure and
reliable communication.
• It is infeasible to compare the routing protocols with one another
because protocols are dependent on network parameters or each
protocol has a different goal with different postulation.
• The network parameters affect the overall performance of the
protocol in the network. As well as, each modified routing
protocols perform independently in case of energy cognate issue.
Due to this reasons, Results cannot be compared with one
another.
31

33. FUTURE SCOPE
• There are many open questions in case of maintaining the energy
level such as QoS guarantees, adaptability, and security.
• QoS and adaptability is most crucial during communication
process in ad-hoc network which are found missing in most of
the routing protocol being proposed.
• Therefore, new optimization techniques or energy-efficient
routing protocol that address QoS and adaptability need to be
developed.
32

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37

39. Thanks
For Your Support And
Understanding…
39