This document summarizes a study comparing non-specific health symptoms reported by inhabitants living near a mobile phone tower versus those living in an area without a tower. Questionnaires assessed 13 symptoms like headache, dizziness, and muscle pain. Power densities were measured and found to be much higher near the tower. Statistical analysis found significantly higher reports of headache, dizziness and muscle pain among those near the tower. Women near the tower reported significantly more muscle pain than men.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Theoretical work submitted to the Journal should be original in its motivation or modeling structure. Empirical analysis should be based on a theoretical framework and should be capable of replication. It is expected that all materials required for replication (including computer programs and data sets) should be available upon request to the authors.
Assessment of electromagnetic radiations from communication transmission towe...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects of exposure from electromagnetic radiations of wireless cellular transmission towers to human health have attracted the attention of many researchers. Different works have revealed the harmful of electromagnetic radiation exposure to human health based on distance from the source and period of exposure. As one stays closer and at a pro-longed period from the transmission sites, the possibility of being affected by the radiation source becomes higher. In this work, we review some of the works on assessment of electromagnetic radiation exposure and propose measures for determining safety zones based on the cases of cellular transmission towers in the Tanzania environment to avoid extended exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Key words- Cellular transmission towers; Electromagnetic radiations; Health effects; Exposure limits
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
RESEARCH REVIEW FOR POSSIBLE RELATION BETWEEN MOBILE PHONE REDIATION AND BRAI...ijitcs
The aim of this paper is to introduce a research review for the effect of Mobile phone radiation on human
health and the possible relation between Mobile phone radiation and brain tumor. Mobile phones become
increasingly prevalent throughout our society. In the year 2016, it was estimated that there were 4 billion
cellular phone users worldwide; the number is growing by one million every month in the US. The goal of
this paper is to give a brief overview and also discuss the biological effects of the exposure to mobile
phones radiation. Many effects have been reported with the use of mobile phones on human organisms due
to the exposure to electromagnetic radiation. Concerns about the links between using the mobile phones
and biological effects, in particular, the brain tumors have been under research. As the other radio signals
transmition devices, cellular phone emits radiofrequency energy, which can heat the brain tissues and
cause damage to the brain cells. But even mobile phones operates at power level below the level at which
such heating effects occur, long term exposure to low level RF from mobile phones could cause other types
of health effects, such as brain cancer, due to energy absorption in the brain tissues. Some human
biological experiments, such as Aly et al. 2014, Aly, et al. 2008 indicates, the average time for the human
cells to respond to the effect of RF radiation was approximately 2.5 min, Hardell et al.2002, and Repacholi
et al.1997 indicated increased risk with exposure to mobile phones radiation. The British Association
festival of science was told recently that using a mobile telephone mor
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
'...the concerned authorities should...bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no reason for them to fear [Wi-Fi mobile towers]...'
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
Review adverse effects on environment due to cell tower radiation (microwa...Nripesh Gupta
This paper tells u about the adverse effects on enviornment and human being due to cell tower radiation and what are different ways i.e governmental and basic ways to minimize the radiation.
MOBILE TOWER RADIATION IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENTIAEME Publication
Mobile Phone usage has increased exponentially across the globe in the past two
decades and to deliver proper signal strength, the number of mobile phone towers is
also increasing globally, creating widespread speculation and concern among both
the cell phone users and non-users alike. In this paper, a detailed account of the
various biological effects of mobile tower radiation on humans and the norms adopted
in different countries has been conferred. Furthermore, various case studies and
surveys from around the world relevant to this issue have been discussed to put forth
the alarming status of the mobile tower radiation.
Radiofrequency Radiation and Children’s Health – Sustainability Challenges fo...Mikko Ahonen
Presented in the 14 Scandinavian Workshop on E-Goverment. By post-doc researcher, PhD Mikko Ahonen and researcher, PhD student Tarmo Koppel.
Includes discussion about outdated RF Guidelines and risk-management from schools' perspective.
Project-based works, cause of their temporary nature involve some particular problems and challenges that are not normally experienced by operational and functional activities. Project manager, as the highest authority of a project, is exposed to these challenges more than anyone else. This study takes into consideration “authority”, “cross-functional team”, and “workforce motivation challenge” as the three main challenges that are faced by a project manager in interaction with project human resources. Also some solutions are recommended to avoid undesirable effects of mentioned challenges
Measurement of Electromagnetic Waves Radiated from Base Transceiver Stations...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
'...the concerned authorities should...bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no reason for them to fear [Wi-Fi mobile towers]...'
Voltage Transients and Health - Is There a Connection?Mikko Ahonen
Discussion about voltage transients and harmonic overwaves (aka "dirty electricity"). How 'smart grids" and "smart meters" could be made more healthier and sustainable. What 'Power Factor Correction' really means. Based on my research paper and presentation at The 4th International HYVITE Symposium on Wellbeing Technology, 9th June 2010 in Tampere, Finland.
Review adverse effects on environment due to cell tower radiation (microwa...Nripesh Gupta
This paper tells u about the adverse effects on enviornment and human being due to cell tower radiation and what are different ways i.e governmental and basic ways to minimize the radiation.
MOBILE TOWER RADIATION IMPACT ON BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENTIAEME Publication
Mobile Phone usage has increased exponentially across the globe in the past two
decades and to deliver proper signal strength, the number of mobile phone towers is
also increasing globally, creating widespread speculation and concern among both
the cell phone users and non-users alike. In this paper, a detailed account of the
various biological effects of mobile tower radiation on humans and the norms adopted
in different countries has been conferred. Furthermore, various case studies and
surveys from around the world relevant to this issue have been discussed to put forth
the alarming status of the mobile tower radiation.
Radiofrequency Radiation and Children’s Health – Sustainability Challenges fo...Mikko Ahonen
Presented in the 14 Scandinavian Workshop on E-Goverment. By post-doc researcher, PhD Mikko Ahonen and researcher, PhD student Tarmo Koppel.
Includes discussion about outdated RF Guidelines and risk-management from schools' perspective.
Project-based works, cause of their temporary nature involve some particular problems and challenges that are not normally experienced by operational and functional activities. Project manager, as the highest authority of a project, is exposed to these challenges more than anyone else. This study takes into consideration “authority”, “cross-functional team”, and “workforce motivation challenge” as the three main challenges that are faced by a project manager in interaction with project human resources. Also some solutions are recommended to avoid undesirable effects of mentioned challenges
Depth Estimation and Source Location of Magnetic Anomalies from a Basement Co...IOSR Journals
Source locations and depths to magnetic contacts were estimated from the total intensity magnetic
field of an area of 3,025.25 square kilometres on geographical latitude 7o00' N to N o ' 7 30 and longitude
E o ' 3 00 to E o ' 3 30 within Abeokuta area, using local wavenumber method. This study was carried out using
digitised airborne magnetic data of basement complex formation. Structural interpretation of the magnetic data
was achieved through applying advanced processing techniques that provide automatic delineation and depth
estimation of the magnetic structures. Local wavenumber method was used for locating and estimating depth to
magnetic contact. The magnetic contact depth ranges from 0.145km to 2.692km.
Comparative Assessment of Two Thermodynamic Cycles of an aero-derivative Mari...IOSR Journals
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thermal recuperation as an engineering option available in the design of gas turbines and offered for marine
applications. It examines the off-design performance of two different cycle designs of a 25MW aero-derivative
engine by modelling and simulating each of them to operate under conditions other than those of their design
point. The simple cycle model consists of a single-spool dual shaft layout while the advanced model is
represented by an intercooled-recuperated cycle that runs on a dual-spool and is driven through a three shaft
configuration. In each case, the output shaft is coupled to a power turbine through which the propulsion power
may be transmitted to the propeller of the vessel to operate in a virtual marine environment. An off-design
performance simulation of both engines has been conducted in order to investigate and compare the effect of
ambient temperature variation during their part-load operation and particularly when subjected to a variety of
marine operating conditions. The study assesses the techno-economic impact of the complex design of the
advanced cycle over its simple cycle counterpart and demonstrates its potential for improved operating cost
through reduced fuel consumption as a significant step in the current drive for establishing the marine gas
turbine engine as a viable alternative to traditional prime movers in the ship propulsion industry.
Gravitational Blue Shift Confirms the New Phenomenon of the Vertical Aether F...IOSR Journals
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The Prevalence of Alcohol Consumption among Commercial Drivers in Uyo Local G...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to assess the prevalence of alcohol consumption among commercial
drivers in Uyo metropolis. Five research questions and three null hypothesis design was adopted, and the
instrument for the study was mainly interview schedules.
Due to the transitory nature of drivers in Uyo motor parks, convenient sampling was used to draw 160 drivers
who use Uyo motor parks.
The descriptive statistics percentage was used to answer the research questions, while chi – square statistics
was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. All the drivers interviewed drink alcohol for several
reasons. The sale of alcohol in the park and its environs has significant (P< 0.05) influence on their use. There
is no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) in the perceived influence of the use of alcohol on health with
respect to years of experience and age of drivers. The study was concluded with appropriate recommendation to
help the situation.
Key words: alcohol, drivers, prevalence and Uyo
Building Consumer Loyalty through Servicescape in Shopping MallsIOSR Journals
India is experiencing exponential growth in retail sector and Global Retail Development Index
consecutively ranked as one of the most promising retail destinations of the world. Due to this reason lot of
investments are happening in India and new players are entering the market. Shopping Mall being the latest
organized retail format entering the market witnessed huge popularity and consumer attention, luring mall
developers going all out to launch their projects. However the mushrooming growth of shopping malls has
posed lot of challenges. Recent studies have revealed that 45% of the malls in cities are vacant. Poor mall
management and poor tenant mix have resulted in poor mall traffic and low conversion rate. This paper
attempts to explore the possibility of building consumer loyalty through effective use of servicescape (physical
environment) in a shopping mall to attract and retain serious buyers. Study revealed that seven servicescape
dimensions considered i.e., ambient factor, aesthetic factor, layout, variety, cleanliness, signs, symbols &
artifacts, and social factor are all relevant in shopping mall context and capable of inducing significant
variations in consumer loyalty.
Analysis of Multimedia Traffic Performance in a Multi-Class traffic environme...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The computer networks have evolved themselves into an altogether new generation with Mobile Ad-Hoc networks. The Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are increasingly becoming more sophisticated and complex in terms of topology, routing and security[1][2][3]The new age MANETs incorporate routing of heavier traffic classes like audio, video and multimedia. It has become important to study the performance characteristics of the multimedia traffic class in MANETS [10] that includes packet loss rate and throughput. In this paper we will discuss these performance parameter throughput under different scenarios like varying Bandwidth, channel error rate, delay and fragment size. Keywords: MANET, Packet loss rate, Throughput, Bandwidth, Fragment size
The Role Of Non Market Capability Moderation In The Relationship Between Envi...IOSR Journals
This study aims to: 1) explain the influence of government involvement and resources on the efficiency and performance of Water Supplier Companies; 2) explain the role of non market capability moderation in the relationship between environment, strategies, and the performance of Water Supplier Companies. The data were collected by using a survey on 60 Water Supplier Companies in Sulawesi. From those companies, 54 gave consent to participate in this study, but only 50 questionnaires can be analysed by using PLS. This reserach reveals that: 1) financial support from the local government was on time, and the water production capacity and distribution wereon optimal level; 2) the financial supportwas strengthened by the ability of the Water Supplier Companies to communicate with local government; and 3) the availability of resources - including pipe networks, machines, and pumps – suited the necessity.
Isolation and Characterization of Thermostable Protease Producing Bacteria fr...IOSR Journals
This study is a search for potential thermostable protease producing strain. Among nine protease
producing strains screened from soap industry effluent, one was selected as promising thermostable protease
producer and identified as Bacillus subtilis. The activity of the protease produced by this organism is stable up
to 70ºC. The optimum yield was achieved after 48 hours of culture, at 65ºC with the pH 8.0. The maximum
protease activity was observed at 65ºC and at pH 8.0.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...IOSR Journals
Recently in this laboratory the viscometric measurement of 4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl]-4-hydroxy piperidin-1-yl]-N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylbutanamide[CPHDD] and (2S, 6R)-7-chloro -2, 4, 6-trimethoxy-6'-methyl-3H, 4'H-spiro[1-benzofuran 2, 1’-] cychohex-2-ene]-3,4'-dione[CTMBCD] were carried out at different percentage compositions of solvent to investigate the solute-solvent interactions of drugs with solvent and the effect of dilution of the solvent. The effects of various substituents were also investigated. The results obtained during this investigation gave detail information about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these drugs.
To Study The Viscometric Measurement Of Substituted-2-Diphenylbutanamide And ...
Similar to Comparative Study of Non Specific Health Symptoms Faced By Inhabitants Exposed To High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation
REVIEWS
Review: Weak radiofrequency radiation exposure from mobile phone radiation
on plants
Malka N. Halgamuge
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
ABSTRACT
Aim: The aim of this article was to explore the hypothesis that non-thermal, weak, radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have an effect on living plants. Subject and methods: In this study,
we performed an analysis of the data extracted from the 45 peer-reviewed scientific publications
(1996–2016) describing 169 experimental observations to detect the physiological and morpho-
logical changes in plants due to the non-thermal RF-EMF effects from mobile phone radiation.
Twenty-nine different species of plants were considered in this work. Results: Our analysis
demonstrates that the data from a substantial amount of the studies on RF-EMFs from mobile
phones show physiological and/or morphological effects (89.9%, p < 0.001). Additionally, our
analysis of the results from these reported studies demonstrates that the maize, roselle, pea,
fenugreek, duckweeds, tomato, onions and mungbean plants seem to be very sensitive to RF-
EMFs. Our findings also suggest that plants seem to be more responsive to certain frequencies,
especially the frequencies between (i) 800 and 1500 MHz (p < 0.0001), (ii) 1500 and 2400 MHz (p <
0.0001) and (iii) 3500 and 8000 MHz (p = 0.0161). Conclusion: The available literature on the effect
of RF-EMFs on plants to date observed the significant trend of radiofrequency radiation influence
on plants. Hence, this study provides new evidence supporting our hypothesis. Nonetheless, this
endorses the need for more experiments to observe the effects of RF-EMFs, especially for the
longer exposure durations, using the whole organisms. The above observation agrees with our
earlier study, in that it supported that it is not a well-grounded method to characterize biological
effects without considering the exposure duration. Nevertheless, none of these findings can be
directly associated with human; however, on the other hand, this cannot be excluded, as it can
impact the human welfare and health, either directly or indirectly, due to their complexity and
varied effects (calcium metabolism, stress proteins, etc.). This study should be useful as a reference
for researchers conducting epidemiological studies and the long-term experiments, using whole
organisms, to observe the effects of RF-EMFs.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 6 May 2016
Accepted 1 August 2016
KEYWORDS
Base station; mobile phones;
physiological and
morphological changes;
plant growth; plants;
radiofrequency
electromagnetic fields;
RF-EMF
Introduction
The number of mobile phones users was increased from
about 2.2 to 5.9 billion between 2005 and -2011 (Key global
telecom indicators, 2012). Approximately four mobile
phone service providers exist in a given geographical area
(Hyland, 2005). Consequently, the number of base stations
was al.
Survey of emf emitted by lab equipments in pharmacy labs of southeast univers...eSAT Journals
Abstract The aim of this survey is to investigate whether the Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted by various lab equipments affects the students. There is a standard threshold value recommended by WHO for both electric and magnetic fields. Electro-Magnetic Fields commonly known as Non Ionizing Radiation is emitted from high power transmission lines, computer monitor/video display unit, radio waves of different frequencies (extremely low frequency to microwaves), telecommunication, satellite, radar etc. which causes health hazards to living system and environment. The WHO/ International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) has classified radio frequency electromagnetic field as possibly carcinogenic to humans. There has been no such study performed in Bangladesh. The data were collected from various labs of department of pharmacy at Southeast University in Dhaka, Bangladesh. These labs are Pharmaceutical, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutical Lab, Pharmacology Lab, Organic Pharmacy and Pharmacognosy Lab, Inorganic Pharmacy Lab and Microbiology Research Lab. Both threshold values of Electric and Magnetic fields were measured for various electronic equipments. Also the maximum value of the magnetic field results showed that in many cases the magnetic field radiated from the different sources are greater than the threshold limit which are the main point of our findings. As a result of the long time efforts of world scientist community WHO formed ICNIRP in 1969. Key Words: EMF, NIR, DNA, EMC, AML and ICNIRP
Amplitude and phase modulation for ultrasonic wireless communicationijwmn
Short range wireless communications have been used more and more frequently in our life. But the
electromagnetic fields waves also have some disadvantages. One of these disadvantages is health problems.
Many studies shows the electromagnetic field waves using for communication may damage our health. And
in most hospitals, they also have bans on the use of mobile phones and wide area networks because of
Electromagnetic Interference. So this paper studied the use of ultrasound for wireless communication in
air, instead of using electromagnetic field wave. In order to find an advisable modulation method for
ultrasound wireless communication, Amplitude modulation method and Phased modulation method has
been test.
A STUDY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION EFFECTS FROM MOBILE PHONE BASE STATIONS ...IAEME Publication
Nowadays, several electrical appliances such as the radio, television, computer, microwave oven, mobile phone are inevitably involved with events in our lives. All of them commonly generate electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies, especially mobile phones, the fifth basic necessity which has recently become part of our everyday lives. During the last decade, the rate of mobile phone subscription has extensively increased to 6.8 million people in 2012 and tends to further increase to 9.7 million people worldwide by 2017. Therefore, it is required that the number of base stations for signal transmission through radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation be expanded by 1.4 so as to support the increasing consumption needs of the present. Such rise in the number of base stations may make people living nearby concerned about electromagnetic radiation effects on both short- and long-term health problems. In order to explain the previous studies of electromagnetic radiation effects on human body, this research focuses on the effects of electromagnetic radiation on various health aspects, i.e. an increase in body temperature, cancer incidence, and abnormalities at cellula r and DNA levels. All the contents in this paper can enable us to understand the overall picture of study and research methodologies from the past up to the present. This will lead to development of Thailand’s research in the future.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
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In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
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Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
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VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
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Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
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spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
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and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
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Comparative Study of Non Specific Health Symptoms Faced By Inhabitants Exposed To High And Low Power Densities of Mobile Phone Tower Radiation
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP)
e-ISSN: 2278-4861.Volume 7, Issue 1 Ver. I (Jan.-Feb. 2015), PP 39-44
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Comparative Study of Non Specific Health Symptoms Faced By
Inhabitants Exposed To High And Low Power Densities of Mobile
Phone Tower Radiation
Lalrinthara Pachuau, Zaithanzauva Pachuau
Department of Physics, Mizoram University
Abstract: In the present paper, we presented the study of complaints on thirteen (13) different health symptoms
faced by inhabitants living near mobile tower – Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM 900) and those
inhabitants living in the area where there is no mobile tower. The study was conducted in two different localities
in Aizawl city in the year 2014. For the study, questionnaires were conducted in both the localities. Power
densities were measured in different places in both the localities. Frequency spectrum was taken in each
locality. Health complaints between the two localities were compared. It was found that power density is much
higher in the area where there is mobile tower than the area where there is no mobile tower. Inhabitants living
near mobile tower are having more health complaints than those inhabitants living in the area where there is no
mobile tower. Responses from inhabitants who participated in the questionnaires from both the localities were
statistically analysed and compared by performing Kruskal Walli’s t-test. Out of the thirteen (13) different
symptoms studied it was found that the comparisons are statistically significant with p < 0.05 in three (3)
symptoms. Women were statistically more affected (p < 0.05) than male in muscle pain.
Keywords: frequency spectrum, mobile tower radiation, power density, RF radiation.
I. Introduction
Cellular wireless telephones have become ubiquitous. Wireless technology is based on extensive
networks of base stations that connect the users through Radio Frequency (RF) signals. Over the last decade,
there has been a great deal of concern about possible health consequences caused by human exposure to RF in
general and radiations from base stations in particular[1],[2],[3]
. It is believed that mobile phones produce RF
energy of non-ionizing radiation which is too low to heat the body’s tissues, and hence is unlikely to have the
same impact on human health as those produced by ionizing radiations such as X-rays[4]
. Nonetheless, there is
still a need to determine the level of health risks caused by RF radiations. Many studies address the impact of
mobile phone radiations on human body, only a few consider the effect of human exposure to base stations
although such an effect may be greater as more body parts can absorb RF energy2
.
With the significant increase in mobile phone usage, possible health risks related to RF exposure have
become the subject of considerable attention[3],[5]
. This includes effect from exposure to both cell phones and
base stations. Health concerns can be divided into two main categories : short term and long term effects. The
short term effect includes brain electrical activity, cognitive function, sleep, heart rate and blood pressure[6]
.
However, the long term effects includes tinnitus, headache, dizziness, fatigue, sensations of warmth, dysesthesia
of the scalp, visual symptoms, memory loss and sleep disturbance, muscle problem and epidemicological effects
including cancer and brain tumours[7],[8]
.
In May 2011, International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified RF field as possibly
carcinogenic to human (group 2B) based on increased risk for glioma, a malignant type of brain cancer
associated with wireless phone use[9]
.
II. Materials and Methods
The mobile base station in Chanmari was erected in 2007 in Aizawl, Mizoram, India. The present study
was carried out in 2014, i.e. the inhabitants had been exposed to RF radiation for a period of seven (7) years.
Whereas in Lawipu, there is no mobile tower ever.
2.1 Questionnaire
To study the health hazards and problems faced by the inhabitants living close to the base station (all
living within 100m), questionnaire surveys were conducted on 13 different symptoms at two different localities
in Aizawl city. The questionnaire was similar to that developed for the study on mobile phone users by Santini
et al [10]
. The surveys were conducted in two different localities – Chanmari and Lawipu where the inhabitants
had been exposed and not exposed respectively. In Chanmari a tower is installed on a roof top in 2007, whereas
in Lawipu there is no mobile phone tower, the nearest tower is located in another locality called Maubawk
2. Comparative Study of Non specific Health Symptoms Faced by Inhabitants Exposed to High…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 40 | Page
which is about 1 km away. Questionnaires from those inhabitants living within 100m from the tower are
considered in Chanmari (as another tower comes within 100 m if we go farther). The health complaints of both
the localities are compared. The level of complaints for the studied symptoms was expressed by using a scale of
: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often.
2.2 Power density measurement
Power density measurement was carried out at different houses in both the localities. No mobile phone
was turned on in the vicinity while taking readings. Background radiation was measured to be -60 dBm in
Chanmari, - 78dBm in Lawipu. At the same time, absolute power (in dBm) was measured at each site. The main
purpose of the measurement is to ensure that RF field emission from each site does not exceed the safe public
limits and to find whether there is relation between the health complaints and the measured power densities. The
power density Pd of the RF energy is given by[11]
:
2
4
t
d
nPG
P
D
where, n, is number of transmitters; Pt, maximum power from each transmitter; G, antenna gain (decibel); D,
distance of the site from the transmitter. However, power density measurement was done with the instrument
HF-60105V4, manufactured by Aaronia, Germany.
2.3 Frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum of the RF radiation has been taken at both the localities. The frequency peak for
each measurement had been recorded. The same instrument HF-60105V4, manufactured by Aaronia, Germany
was used to analyse frequency spectrum. The instrument is capable of measuring non-ionizing radiation for
frequency in the range of 1 MHz - 9.4 GHz.
III. Results And Discussions
3.1 Analysis of questionnaire
Analysis of the questionnaire from all the participants is given in Table I. Scale numbers 2 and 3 are
given more considerations. From the table it has been observed that health complaints are very few in Lawipu in
comparison to that of Chanmari. It has been observed that those living within 100 m from the base station in
Chanmari are having more health complaints than those in Lawipu who are exposed to very weak RF Radiation.
In table II, comparisons of health complaints between male and female in Chanmari are given. In figs. 1 & 2
comparisons between health complaints of inhabitants of Lawipu and Chanmari are given (for all the males and
females participated in the questionnaire). From each locality fifty (50) individuals each were participated. In
Chanmari, 24 males and 26 females, and in Lawipu the same number 24 males and 26 females participated in
the questionnaire.
The detail analysis of comparison of questionnaires between Chanmari and Lawipu is given in table III.
For the analysis Kruskal-Walli’s t-test is used. It has been observed that the health complaints are significant (p
< 0.05, where p is significant level) in different three (3) health symptoms - Headache, Dizziness and Muscle
pain out of the studied thirteen (13) symptoms. Out of the three (3) significant symptoms, two (2) of them –
headache and dizziness are significant (p < 0.05) only on scale 3 and 2 respectively. Muscle pain is significant
on both scales 2 and 3. The significance shows that the inhabitants living in the area where mobile tower is
located are having more chance of developing those health problems than the inhabitants living in the area
where there is no mobile tower.
In eight (8) different health symptoms – Fatigue, Nausea, Sleep disruption, feeling of discomfort,
memory loss, visual disruption, hearing problem and dizziness no comparison were done as the response was
zero (0) in scale 2 or 3 in Lawipu from each of these symptoms.
Due to high significant variations of health complaints in Chanmari comparison between health
complaints of male and female has been done (table II). Statistical analysis of the comparison is given in table
IV. It has been found that in muscle pain the comparisons are significant on both scales 2 and 3. Females are
having more complaints than male. The same trend was also observed by R.Santini [10]
and Lalrinthara Pachuau
and Zaithanzauva Pachuau [15]
.
3. Comparative Study of Non specific Health Symptoms Faced by Inhabitants Exposed to High…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 41 | Page
Table I . Comparison of health complaints (on scales 2 and 3) between inhabitants in Lawipu and
Chanmari for all those who participated in Questionnaire.
Reference : 0 = never, 1= sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often.
Table II. Comparison of health complaints (on scales 2 and 3) between Male (M) and Female (F) inhabitants in
Chanmari. Reference : 0 = never, 1= sometimes, 2 = often, 3 = very often
Sl. No. symptoms 2 3
M F M F
1. Fatigue 2 3 2 2
2. Nausea 3 2 1 5
3. Sleep disruption 2 4 1 3
4. Feeling of
discomfort
1 2 0 3
5. Headache 3 4 1 5
6. Cramp 0 3 1 2
7. Difficulty in
concentration
2 1 1 1
8. Memory loss 1 1 1 1
9. Skin problem 1 2 0 2
10. Visual disruption 0 2 1 1
11. Hearing problem 1 2 2 2
12. Dizziness 1 5 2 3
13. Muscle pain 3 8 2 8
Fig. 1 : Comparison of complaints between Lawipu and Chanmari for the scale of 2 (all the figures are in
percentage).
Sl. No. Symptom 2 3
Lawipu Chanmari Lawipu Chanmari
1. Fatigue 1 5 0 4
2. Nausea 2 5 0 5
3. Sleep disruption 2 6 0 5
4. Feeling of discomfort 0 3 0 3
5. Headache 3 7 1 6
6. Cramp 2 3 1 3
7. Difficulty in concentration 1 3 1 2
8. Memory loss 2 2 0 2
9. Skin problem 2 3 1 2
10. Visual disruption 1 2 0 2
11. Hearing problem 3 3 0 4
12. Dizziness 1 6 0 5
13. Muscle pain 3 11 2 10
4. Comparative Study of Non specific Health Symptoms Faced by Inhabitants Exposed to High…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 42 | Page
Fig. 2 : Comparison of complaints between Lawipu and Chanmari for the scale of 3 (all the figures are in
percentage).
3.2. Power density measurement
Power density of the mobile phone tower radiation from the selected tower was measured at twenty
(20) different randomly selected sites in Chanmari. The lowest measured value was 105µW/m2
, highest
measured value was 28.5 mW/m2
. The average value of the measured power density was 5.3 mW/m2
. Most of
the measured values are higher than that of the safety limits recommended by Bioinitive Report 2012 (0.5
mW/m2
) [12]
, Salzburg resolution 2000 (1 mW/m2
), EU (STOA) 2001 (0.1mW/m2
) [13]
. However, all the
measured values were well below the current ICNIRP safe level (4700 mW/m2
) [13]
and the current Indian
Standard (450 mW/m2
) [14]
. In Lawipu, where there was no mobile tower, power density was measured in twelve
(12) different places selected randomly. The lowest measured value was 0.711µW/m2
, the highest measured
value was 22µW/m2
(which is 1295 times lower than the corresponding value in Chanmari). The average value
of the measured power density was 11 µW/m2
(which is 481 times lower than the corresponding value in
Chanmari), which is well below Bioinitive Report 2012 (0.5mW/m2
), Salzburg resolution 2000 (1mW/m2
), EU
(STOA) 2001 (0.1mW/m2
), the current ICNIRP safe level (4700mW/m2
) and the current Indian Standard
(450mW/m2
).
Table III. Determination of significance level of the comparisons between health complaints of inhabitants of
Lawipu and Chanmari on scales 2 and 3 using Kruskal-Walli’s t-test.
Ref : NS = Not Significant, NC = No comparison, S = Significant
Sl. No. Symptom Scale t value df p value Remark
1. Fatigue 2 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
3 NC
2. Nausea 2 -1.406 18 0.177 NS
3 NC
3. Sleep disruption 2 -1.897 18 0.074 NS
3 NC
4. Discomfort 2 NC
3 NC
5. Headache* 2 -1.852 18 0.081 NS
3 -2.611 18 0.018 S
6. Cramp 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
7. Difficulty in concentration 2 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
3 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
8. Memory loss 2 NC
3 NC
9. Skin problem 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
10. Visual disruption 2 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 NC
11. Hearing problem 2 NC
3 NC
12. Dizziness* 2 -2.611 18 0.018 S
3 NC
13. Muscle pain* 2 -2.530 18 0.021 S
3 -2.753 18 0.013 S
5. Comparative Study of Non specific Health Symptoms Faced by Inhabitants Exposed to High…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Table IV. Determination of significance level of the comparisons between health complaints of Male and
Female inhabitants in Chanmari on scales 2 and 3 using Kruskal-Walli’s t-test.
Ref : NS = Not Significant, NC = No comparison, S = Significant
Sl. No. Symptom Scale t value df p value Remark
1. Fatigue 2 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 NC
2. Nausea 2 0.493 18 0.628 NS
3 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
3. Sleep disruption 2 -0.949 18 0.355 NS
3 -1.095 18 0.288 NS
4. Discomfort 2 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 NC
5. Headache* 2 0.447 18 0.660 NS
3 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
6. Cramp 2 NC
3 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
7. Difficulty in
concentration
2 0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 NC
8. Memory loss 2 NC
3 NC
9. Skin problem 2 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 NC
10. Visual
disruption
2 NC
3 NC
11. Hearing problem 2 -0.600 18 0.556 NS
3 NC
12. Dizziness 2 -2.058 18 0.054 NS
3 -0.493 18 0.628 NS
13. Muscle pain* 2 -2.466 18 0.024 S
3 -2.496 18 0.022 S
3.3 Frequency spectrum
Frequency spectrum of the mobile tower was taken at both the localities and shown in figs. 3 and 4. Many
frequency peaks are observed at each site with peak frequencies at around 945MHz and 950MHz. In the
selected sites, other than RF radiation, the other electromagnetic signals present were of TV and radio, which lie
outside the GSM 900 frequency range. Hence, it has been assumed that the peaks observed were of RF radiation
only.
IV. Conclusion
It has been observed that in Chanmari the measured average value of power density is higher than that
of the safety limit recommendations of Bioinitiative 2012, Salzburg resolution 2000, EU (STOA) 2001; but well
below the safety limit recommendations of ICNIRP and the Department of Telecommunications, Govt. of India.
However it has been found that many inhabitants are still having health complaints on different symptoms after
the tower had been erected in 2007. The most common health complaint is muscle pain. The same trend was
Fig. 3 : Frequency spectrum taken in Lawipu Fig. 4 : Frequency spectrum taken in Chanmari
6. Comparative Study of Non specific Health Symptoms Faced by Inhabitants Exposed to High…
DOI: 10.9790/4861-07113944 www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
also observed by R.Santini[10], Lalrinthara Pachuau & Zaithanzauva Pachuau[15]. In Lawipu, power density is
very low, the inhabitants are having very few health complaints. Whereas in Chanmari, power density is much
higher, health complaints are much more compared to those of Lawipu. As it is observed, muscle pain is
significant both in scales 2 and 3, the authors suggested that the effect of RF radiation on muscle be more
studied. We conclude that inhabitants exposed to high power densities are having more chance of developing the
studied health symptoms; hence mobile tower should not be located in populated area.
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