Towering India

What this docket is all about
There are three important facts that emerge from the Gujarat High
Court order of September 5, 2014.
 Fact 1: Radio signals are not a health hazard
 Fact 2: In India, the level of radio frequencies has been lowered to
one-tenth of international levels
 Fact 3: Radio frequencies from Wi-Fi towards is comparable to or
less than radio frequencies from radio or TV broadcast
transmitters
As per the court order, the government is expected to disseminate
clarity around radiations from base transceiver stations for the public
at large. This docket captures the facts, simplifies them for mass
consumption and powers them with related reference documents.

Crux of the judgement
 Tower radiations are not harmful
 Public perception is misplaced
 Claims of activists are unsubstantiated
 WHO says there is no conclusive proof of harm
 Government should disseminate facts and educate public

Contents
 No reason to fear mobile towers: Gujarat High Court: Page 2
 Fact 1: Radio signals are not a health hazard: Page 3
 Fact 2: In India, the level of radio frequencies has been lowered to
one-tenth of international levels: Page 4
 Fact 3: Radio frequencies from Wi-Fi towards is comparable to or
transmitters: Page 6
Annexures
 Annexure 1: Gujarat High Court Order of September 5, 2014
 Annexure 2: WHO Fact Sheet of May 2006
 Annexure 3: Committee Report of January 17, 2014, on Issues
Page 1 of 7
Related to EMF Radiation

No reason to fear mobile towers: Gujarat High Court
In its September 5, 2014 order, the Gujarat High Court finally laid to
rest all controversy around radiations from base transceiver stations
or Wi-Fi mobile towers. They are safe, with levels that are one-tenth
of global norms.
Delivered by Honourable Mr Justice J.B. Pardiwala, the order further
states that the government must educate the people about the
safety of the towers. “We deem it necessary to mention that the
concerned authorities should, by way of communication through TV,
radio etc bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no
reason for them to fear the erection” of these towers. “The reason
why we are saying so is that the impression in the mind of a common
man is that the Wi-Fi mobile towers erected all over the state (of
Gujarat) has the potential to cause health hazard due to the emission
of radio active waves from the said tower.”
[Reference – Annexure 1: Gujarat High Court Order]
Accordingly, in tune with the order and in the interest of the public,
we are bringing out three facts that should ease the minds of the
people and tell them that Wi-Fi mobile towers are safe.
Page 2 of 7
---

Fact 1: Radio signals are not a health hazard
According to a World Health Organisation May 2006 backgrounder
titled, ‘Electromagnetic fields and public health: Base stations and
wireless technologies’, radio frequency signals are not a health
hazard.
• “Considering the very low exposure levels and research results
collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the
weak RF [radio frequency] signals from base stations and wireless
networks cause adverse health effects,” the report states.
It further makes the following points regarding why the general
public perceives risks from radio frequency signals:
• Media announcements of new and unconfirmed scientific
studies, leading to a feeling of uncertainty and a perception that
there may be unknown or undiscovered hazards.
• Aesthetic concerns.
• A feeling of a lack of control or input to the process of
determining the location of new base stations.
“Experience shows that education programmes as well as effective
communications and involvement of the public and other
stakeholders at appropriate stages of the decision process before
installing radio frequency sources can enhance public confidence and
acceptability,” the report concludes.
[Reference – Annexure 2: WHO Fact Sheet]
Page 3 of 7
---

Fact 2: In India, the level of radio frequencies has been lowered to
one-tenth of international levels
In 2010, the Report of the Inter-Ministerial Committee on EMF
[electromagnetic field] Radiation by the Ministry of Communications
and Information Technology, Department of Telecommunications
made the following recommendation:
• The radio frequencies exposure limits in India may be lowered
to 1/10th of the existing level keeping in view the data submitted by
COAI/ AUSPI during presentation made to the committee and trend
adopted by other developed countries.
Further, following the January 10, 2012 direction of the Lucknow
Bench of the Allahabad High Court, a committee gave its report on
Issues Related to EMF [electromagnetic field] Radiation on January
17, 2014. The members of this committee included scientists from
comprising professionals from IIT Karakpur, IIT Kanpur, IIT Delhi, IIT
Roorkee, IIT Bombay, Indian Council of Medical Research, AIIMS,
Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Science and Engineering
Research Board and Telecom Engineering Centre. The report stated
the following:
• On November 4, 2008, India adopted the EMF radiation limits
recommended by the International Commission on Non-Ionising
Radiation Protection (ICNIRP).
• Further, based on a November 17, 2011 Office Memorandum
of Department of Telecom, India has adopted stricter norms,
following a precautionary approach on EMF exposure limits for
mobile base stations which are 1/10th of the limits prescribed by
ICNIRP. This has been effective since September 1, 2012.
Page 4 of 7

• It said that the assertion that people living within 50-300 metre
radius of mobile tower are more prone to dangerous ill effects of
EMF radiation, are not backed by conclusive scientific evidences.
• It concluded that the issue had been over simplified: “Such
unfounded and hypothetical analysis is ill conceived. This is complete
misrepresentation of actual position and shall create only confusion,
misperception and unfounded fear in the minds of general public,
which should be avoided.”
[Reference – Annexure 3: Committee Report January 17, 2014]
Page 5 of 7
---

Fact 3: Radio frequencies from Wi-Fi towards is comparable to or
transmitters.
The WHO backgrounder above also made the following observations:
• Recent surveys have shown that the RF (radio frequencies)
exposures from base stations range from 0.002% to 2% of the levels
of international exposure guidelines, depending on a variety of
factors such as the proximity to the antenna and the surrounding
environment. This is lower or comparable to RF exposures from radio
or television broadcast transmitters.
• A common concern about base station and local wireless
network antennas relates to the possible long-term health effects
that whole-body exposure to the RF signals may have. To date, the
only health effect from RF fields identified in scientific reviews has
been related to an increase in body temperature (> 1 °C) from
exposure at very high field intensity found only in certain industrial
facilities, such as RF heaters. The levels of RF exposure from base
stations and wireless networks are so low that the temperature
increases are insignificant and do not affect human health.
• The strength of RF fields is greatest at its source, and
diminishes quickly with distance. Access near base station antennas
is restricted where RF signals may exceed international exposure
limits. Recent surveys have indicated that RF exposures from base
stations and wireless technologies in publicly accessible areas
(including schools and hospitals) are normally thousands of times
below international standards.
• Over the past 15 years, studies examining a potential
relationship between RF transmitters and cancer have been
published. These studies have not provided evidence that RF
exposure from the transmitters increases the risk of cancer. Likewise,
Page 6 of 7

long-term animal studies have not established an increased risk of
cancer from exposure to RF fields, even at levels that are much
higher than produced by base stations and wireless networks.
• From all evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short- or
long-term health effects have been shown to occur from the RF
signals produced by base stations. Since wireless networks produce
generally lower RF signals than base stations, no adverse health
effects are expected from exposure to them.
• Considering the very low exposure levels and research results
collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the
weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks cause
adverse health effects.
Page 7 of 7
---

Annexure 1
Gujarat High Court Order of September 5, 2014

================================================================ vs Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation ... on 5 September, 2014
Gujarat High Court
Gujarat High Court
================================================================ vs Ahmedabad
Municipal Corporation ... on 5 September, 2014
C/SCA/5548/2014 CAV JUDGMENT
IN THE HIGH COURT OF GUJARAT AT AHMEDABAD
SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 5548 of 2014
With
CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 5597 of 2014
In
With
In
SPECIAL CIVIL APPLICATION NO. 5548 of 2014
FOR APPROVAL AND SIGNATURE:
HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE MR. BHASKAR BHATTACHARYA and
HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE J.B.PARDIWALA
================================================================
1 Whether Reporters of Local Papers may be allowed to see the judgment ? Yes
2 To be referred to the Reporter or not ? Yes
3 Whether their Lordships wish to see the fair copy of the judgment ? No
4 Whether this case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the No Constitution of
India, 1950 or any order made thereunder ?
5 Whether it is to be circulated to the civil judge ? No
================================================================ MUKTIPARK CO
OPERATIVE SOCIETY - PART - IV....Petitioner(s) Versus
A H M E D A B A D M U N I C I P A L C O R P O R A T I O N & 3 . . . . R e s p o n d e n t ( s )
================================================================ Appearance:
Indian Kanoon - http://indiankanoon.org/doc/40336509/ 1

MS DIMPLE A THAKER, ADVOCATE for the Petitioner(s) No. 1 - 1.15 MS. NIYATI K JUTHANI,
ADVOCATE for the Petitioner(s) No. 1 - 1.15 MR VANDAN BAXI, ASSTT. GOVERNMENT PLEADER
for the Respondent(s) No. 3 MR DEEP D VYAS, ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s) No. 1 MR ND GOHIL,
ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s) No. 4 MR SHAKEEL A QURESHI, ADVOCATE for the Respondent(s)
No. 4 MR MIHIR THAKORE, SR. COUNSEL with MS AMRITA M THAKORE, ADVOCATE for the
R e s p o n d e n t ( s ) N o . 2 N O T I C E N O T R E C D B A C K f o r t h e R e s p o n d e n t ( s ) N o . 3
================================================================
CORAM: HONOURABLE THE CHIEF JUSTICE MR.
Page 1 of 25
BHASKAR BHATTACHARYA
and
HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE J.B.PARDIWALA
Date : 05/09/2014
CAV JUDGMENT
(PER : HONOURABLE MR.JUSTICE J.B.PARDIWALA)
By this writ-application in the nature of a public interest litigation, the petitioners have brought to our notice
that just adjoining to their residential flats situated near the Sola Railway Crossing, Sola, Ahmedabad, the
respondent No.2, Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited, a company engaged in the business of telecommunications,
has erected a Base Transceiver Station (BTS), popularly known as "the Wi-Fi Mobile Tower", in violation of
the guidelines issued by the respondent No.4, Union of India, which is likely to cause a potential health hazard
due to the emission of radio active waves from the said tower.
2. The case made out by the petitioners may be summed up thus:
2.1 The petitioners are residents of Malhar Flats, situated near the Sola Railway Crossing, Sola, Ahmedabad.
The residents of the Malhar Residential Flots have formed a Society, known as "the Muktipark Co-operative
Society, Part IV", registered under the Gujarat Cooperative Societies Act. The petitioner No.1 is the Chairman
of the said Society.
2.2 The respondent Nos. 1, 3 and 4 are "the State", within the meaning of Article 12 of the Constitution of
India. The
Page 2 of 25
respondent No.2 is a company registered under the Companies Act, and is engaged in the business of
communication.
2.3 There are around 39 flats in the Malhar Residential complex, and approximately 120 individuals are
residing in the said flats. The respondent No.2 has illegally erected a Wi-Fi mobile tower approximately two

meters close to the residential premises. The Wi-Fi mobile tower is of 4G technology. The respondent No. 2
has erected the said Wi-Fi mobile tower without any permission or sanction or No Objection from the
residents of the Malhar flats or the other nearby residents.
2.4 According to the petitioners, the Wi-Fi mobile tower emits electromagnetic waves which in turn causes
electromagnetic radiation and it has been scientifically proven that the electromagnetic radiation effects are
divided into thermal and non thermal effects; the thermal effects are similar to that of cooking in the
microwave oven, whereas non-thermal effects are not well defined but, they are three to four times more
harmful than the thermal effects. The inter-ministerial report issued by the respondent No.4 indicates the
adverse effects of the radiation emitted by the Wi-Fi mobile towers.
2.5 According to the petitioners, the Wi-Fi mobile towers erected therein would emit higher level of
electromagnetic radiations. The photographs annexed with the petition clearly indicates that the Wi-Fi mobile
tower is extremely close to the residential premises and the warning signs shown on the said Wi-Fi mobile
tower further indicates that it is harmful for the human beings. The warning shown on the tower indicates that
the said tower would be emitting non ionizing radiations,
Page 3 of 25
capable of causing cancer.
2.6 The Wi-Fi mobile tower operators divide a region in large number of cells and each cell is divided into
number of sectors, the base station is normally configured to transmit different signals into each of those
sectors, wherein the majority of the towers are mounted near the residential and office buildings to provide
good Wi-Fi mobile phone coverage to the users. Taking into consideration such proposition, it would be an
undisputed fact that the Wi-Fi mobile tower located in the vicinity of the petitioner Society would emit
radiation round the clock and the said tower would receive ten thousand to one crore times stronger signals
than required for the Wi-Fi mobile communication.
2.7 The Wi-Fi mobile tower has been erected just outside the garden of the residential premises, wherein the
children from the age group of 3 to 18 years play everyday in the evening. The tower has been erected at such
a place that the residents of the building would be exposed to constant radiation.
In such circumstances, the petitioners have prayed for the follow reliefs:-
(A) Be pleased to issue a writ of mandamus or writ in the nature of mandamus and/or a writ of certiorari or
any other appropriate writ, direction or order commanding the respondent authorities to forthwith take action
in accordance with law against the tower erected by the respondent No.2 just outside the said premises in
question by directing the respondent No.1 to remove the same from said premises since the tower in question
is causing severe health hazard to the family of the petitioner and the like;
(B) Permanently restrain the respondent No.2 from erecting
Page 4 of 25
any Wi-Fi mobile tower in a close vicinity of the petitioner, which would cause health hazard due to emission
of radiation;

(C) Be pleased to direct the respondent authorities to not permit use of the tower in question, by sealing the
said tower, which is not permissible under the law, and for which no permission has been sought by the
respondent No.4 from the respondent authorities;
(D) Pending the admission, hearing and final disposal of this petition, be pleased to:-
i) Direct the respondent authorities to not permit use of the property in question, by sealing the said tower;
ii) Direct the respondent authorities to submit a report to this Court of the action taken by the respondent
authorities after the filing of this petition;
iii) Restrain the respondent No.2 from continuing the operation and commencing and usage of the said mobile
tower;
iv) Restrain the respondent No.2 from using the said tower unless and until the respondent No.2 has got all the
legal permission and sanctions, which are in accordance with the General Development Control Regulation
applicable;
E) Be pleased to grant an ex-parte ad interim relief in terms of prayer (D) (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv) above;
F) Be pleased to pass such an order and further orders as may be deemed just and proper in the facts and
circumstances of the present case.
G) Be pleased to award costs of this petition."
3. Stance of the respondent No.4, Union of India:
All the allegations levelled in the petition are baseless and not true. The World Health Organization (WHO) in
its Fact Sheet No.304, May 2006 on the Electromagnetic Fields and Public Health (Base Stations and
Wireless Technologies) has
Page 5 of 25
concluded that considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected till date, no convincing
scientific evidence could be gathered to arrive at the conclusion that the weak RF signals from the base
stations and wireless networks had any adverse impact on the health of the human beings.
The WHO has recommended in the Fact Sheet No. 304, May 2006 that the National authorities should adopt
the international standards to protect their citizens against the adverse levels of RF fields. The International
Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Guidelines of April, 1998 suggests that the
epidemiological studies on exposed workers and the general public have shown no major health effects
associated with typical exposure environments. The studies have yielded no convincing evidence that the
typical exposure levels lead to adverse reproductive outcomes or increases the risk of cancer. The Department
of Telecommunications (DoT) vide letter dated 8th April, 2010 directed all the CMTS/UAS licensees for
compliance of the reference limits/levels prescribed by the ICNIRP by way of self certification of their Base
Transmitting Stations for meeting with the EMF radiation norms.
In such circumstances referred to above, the respondent No.4 has prayed that there being no merit in this
petition, the same deserves to be rejected.

4. Stance of the respondent No.1, The Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation:
By filing an affidavit, the respondent-Corporation has
Page 6 of 25
stated that none of the fundamental rights or any accrued legal right of the petitioners could be said to have
been violated by any action or inaction on the part of the respondents so as to maintain this petition. The
Corporation is governed and administered by the Rules, Policies and Guidelines framed by the Government of
India. The licensee company, before installation of the towers, is required to obtain the requisite permission
and clearance from the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), and is obliged to follow the conditions and
guidelines as prescribed by the authorities. The Telecom Enforcement Resource and Monitoring Cells
(referred to as "the TERM Cell") of DoT are constituted for the purpose of vigilance, monitoring and security
functions. On failure of any site to meet with the requirements, the authority has been conferred with the
powers to impose heavy penalties and even order closure of the sites.
The Urban Housing Department of the State Government issued Resolutions dated 3rd October, 2012 and
22nd December, 2012 respectively for levying of charges and fees for the companies providing Wireless
Broad Band Services (4G Telecom Services) installing cables and preparing trench through Horizontal Direct
Drilling (HDD) system and erecting of poles in the different cities of State. The resolutions referred to above
issued by the State Government have been accepted by the Standing Committee and Board of the Corporation,
vide Resolutions dated 10th January, 2013 and 29th January, 2013 respectively. In pursuance thereof, the
Corporation has granted the requisite permission for installation of the 4G towers at the respective sites at the
Page 7 of 25
height admeasuring from 25 meters to 30 meters, depending upon the requirements and in conformity with the
Rules and Regulations.
The compliance and monitoring of the radiation levels would be taken care of by the technical and specialized
agencies of the respondent herein. The permissions granted to the respondent No.2 includes unconditional
undertaking to abide with and follow all the rules, regulations and guidelines issued by the Central/State
Government and also issued by the DoT, so as to ensure that no radiation/frequency rays are harmful and/or
hazardous to human life and inhabitation.
In such circumstances referred to above, the respondent No.1 has prayed that the petition being devoid of any
merit, the same may be rejected.
5. Stance of the respondent No.2 - Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited:
The petition is not maintainable as none of the fundamental rights or any other accrued legal rights of the
petitioners could be said to have been violated.
In the world of telecommunications, the 4-G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobile communication
technology standards. The 4-G system provides mobile ultra-broadband internet access to laptops,
smartphones, and other mobile devices. The conceivable applications of 4G technology include the amended
mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D

Page 8 of 25
television, and cloud computing. The 4G technology would bring a radical change in the mobile
communication system, education, health, banking industries and business through various equipments and
would also make the activities such as the video conferences, e-education etc. very easy. The use of the
technology is in public interest and in no manner is detrimental to the interest of the people at large. The
respondent No.2 is a Pan India operator with the Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) spectrum across 22
circles capable of offering 4G wireless services. Many operators like the respondent are holding license for
operating in more than one circle for offering the 4G wireless service. In Gujarat, apart from the respondent,
there are three other operators which have been granted licence for offering the 4G wireless services. The
respondent's portfolio of products includes the high speed broadband connectivity, communications,
entertainment and cloud services, which would enable the respondent to deliver the integrated digital services
across the nation. The respondent herein is the first telecom operator in the country to get the Pan India
Unified License i.e. for all 22 service areas across India, which inturn would permit the respondent to offer all
the telecom services including voice telephony under a single license. For the purpose of enabling it to
provide such services, the respondent is erecting cell poles which are also known as Base Transceiver Stations
(BTS). The radio frequency (RF) energy emitted from the cell phones and the cell phone poles is a
non-ionizing one like that from the visible light rays, TV broadcasting signals, FM radio, AM radio, cordless
phones, power lines etc. The radiation from the BTS is much lower than the TV signal broadcasting and
FM/AM radio. The BTS in question is 30 meters in height,
Page 9 of 25
whereas the nearest building i.e. Malhar Flats, which consists of ground plus five floors, is approximately 19
meters in height. The antennae which would be placed on the said BTS tower would be much higher than the
said building. According to the DoT Guidelines, the width of the beam of the mobile antennae in the vertical
direction is very narrow and therefore, only the antennae at the same height is required to be considered as
regards distance between the building and front of antennae.
It has been denied by the respondent that the BTS in question has been illegally erected and without obtaining
necessary permission. The BTS tower in question is not situated inside any private premises, but the same is
situated on a public road and therefore, no NOC is required from the residents of the nearby area.
In such circumstances referred to above, it has been prayed by the respondent No.2 that the petition being
devoid of any merit, the same may be rejected.
Analysis:
6. We have heard Ms. Niyati K. Juthani, the learned counsel appearing on behalf of the petitioners, Mr. Mihir
Thakore, the learned Senior Advocate assisted by Ms. Amrita M. Thakore, the learned advocate appearing on
behalf of the respondent No.2, Mr. Deep D. Vyas, the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the
Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Mr. Vandan Baxi, the learned Assistant Government Pleader appearing
on behalf of the State Government and Mr. Shakeel A. Kureshi,
Page 10 of 25

the learned advocate appearing on behalf of the Union of India.
7. Having heard the learned counsel appearing for the parties and having gone through the materials on
record, the only question that falls for our consideration in this petition is, whether the petitioners are entitled
to any of the reliefs as prayed for in the petition.
8. Ordinarily, the court would allow litigation in public interest if it is found :
(i) That the impugned action is violative of any of the rights enshrined in Part III of the Constitution of India
or any other legal right and relief is sought for its enforcement;
(ii) That the action complained of is palpably illegal or mala fide and affects the group of persons who are not
in a position to protect their own interest on account of poverty, incapacity or ignorance;
(iii) That the person or a group of persons were approaching the Court in public interest for redressal of public
injury arising from the breach of public duty or from violation of some provision of the Constitutional law;
(iv) That such person or group of persons is not a busy body or a meddlesome inter-loper and have not
approached with mala fide intention of vindicating
Page 11 of 25
their personal vengeance or grievance;
(v) That the process of public interest litigation was not being abused by politicians or other busy bodies for
political or unrelated objective. Every default on the part of the State or Public Authority being not justiciable
in such litigation;
(vi) That the litigation initiated in public interest was such that if not remedied or prevented would weaken the
faith of the common man in the institution of the judiciary and the democratic set up of the country;
(vii) That the State action was being tried to be covered under the carpet and intended to be thrown out on
technicalities;
(viii) Public interest litigation may be initiated either upon a petition filed or on the basis of a letter or other
information received but upon satisfaction that the information laid before the Court was of such a nature
which required examination;
(ix) That the person approaching the Court has come with clean hands, clean heart and clean objectives;
That before taking any action in public interest, the Court must be satisfied that its forum was not being
misused by any unscrupulous litigant, politicians, busy body or persons or groups with malafide objective of
either for vindication of their personal grievance or by resorting to black-mailing or
Page 12 of 25
considerations extraneous to public interest.

9. The petition is substantially based on a strong fear that the radio frequency waves emitted from the BTS in
question is likely to cause health hazards to the residents of the flats and further that the respondent No.2 has
erected the BTS in violation of the guidelines issued by the DoT. It is also the case of the petitioners that the
BTS has been erected without any permission or sanction of the residents of the residential premises in
question. The petitioners, in support of their case that the BTS would be harmful to the residents of the flats,
have relied upon the information downloaded from the Wikipedia (Annexure "C" to the petition), the inter
ministerial report issued by the Ministry of Telecommunication and Information Technology (DoT)
(Annexure "D" to the petition), and the report of the Expert Group to study the possible impacts of
communication towers on Wildlife including birds and bees, issued by the Ministry of Environment and
Forest (Annexure "E" to the petition). The petitioners have also relied upon the advisory guidelines issued by
the State Government regarding the issue of clearance for installation of the mobile towers, effective from 1st
August, 2013, along with the additional guidelines to TERM Cells for auditing the BTS for EMF radiation
effective from 1st August, 2013, issued by the DoT.
10. From the materials on record, it appears that the respondent No.2 has been granted Pan India licence
across 22 circles for offering the 4G wireless services. In the State of Gujarat, apart from the respondent No.2,
three other operators have been granted licence for offering the 4G services. The
Page 13 of 25
entities who have been granted the 4G licences, which includes the respondent No.2, have been granted
spectrum in the 2300 MHz band. It also appears from the information available on the website of the Global
Mobile Suppliers' Association, that the 4G technology has been commercially launched by 25 operators in 20
countries across the world, where also the spectrum is granted in or around the 2300 MHz band. The details
are as under:-
Sr.No Country Operator TDD Frequency 1 Australia NBN Co 2.3 GHz 2 Australia Optus 2.3 GHz 3 Bahrain
Menatelcom 3.5 GHz 4 Brazil On Telecommunications 2.6 GHz 5 Brazil Sky Brazil Services 2.5 GHz 6
Canada Sasktel 2.5 GHz 7 Hong Kong China Mobile Hong Kong 2.3 GHz 8 India Bharti Airtel 2.3 GHz 9
Indonesia PT Internet 2.3 GHz 10 Japan Softbank XGP/LTE TDD 2.6 GHz 11 Nigeria Spectranet 2.3 GHz 12
Oman Omantel 2.3 GHz 13 Poland Aem2 2.6 GHz 14 Russia Megafon/Moscow 2.6 GHz 15 Russia
MTS/Moscow 2.6 GHz 16 Russia Vanakh Telecom 2.3 GHz 17 Saudi Arabia Mobily 2.5 GHz 18 Saudi
Arabia STC 2.3 GHz 19 South Africa Telkom Mobile 2.3 GHz 20 Spain COTA Murca 4G 2.6 GHz 21 Sri
Lanka Dialog Axiata 2.3 GHz 22 Sweden 3 Sweden 2.6 GHz 23 Uganda MTN 2.6 GHz 24 UK UK
Broadband 3.5 GHz 25 USA Sprint 2.6 GHz
Page 14 of 25
11. It also appears from the materials on record that for ensuring uniform, faster and smoother processing of
the applications, for clearance of sites for the purpose of setting up the BTS by entities who have been granted
the 4G licence across the cities and towns in Gujarat, the Government of Gujarat has issued a G.R dated 3rd
October, 2012, inter-alia giving suitable directions to all the Municipal Corporations/Municipalities/ Urban
local authorities in the State of Gujarat and also prescribing the amount to be charged.
12. Pursuant to the aforesaid Resolution issued by the State Government, the respondent No.1 has granted
permission in favour of the respondent No.2 dated 15th November, 2013 to set up mobile poles at the specific
locations in the city of Ahmedabad. Thus, we do not find any merit in the contention canvassed on behalf of
the petitioners that the respondent No.2 has erected the poles without obtaining any requisite permission from

the authorities concerned. This fact has been made abundantly clear in the affidavit-in-reply filed on behalf of
the respondent No.1, State of Gujarat.
13. It also appears that the BTS with which we are concerned, is 30 meters in height, whereas the height of the
flat (Malhar) is about 16 meters. Further, the BTS has been erected outside the compound of Malhar flats.
14. In April, 1998, the International Commission on Non- ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), after
conducting the necessary studies, has prescribed the safe levels of EMF radiation from the base stations. This
is evident from the
Page 15 of 25
ICNIRP guidelines produced on record by the respondent No.2 with it's affidavit-in-reply. The Table 5 thereof
prescribes the basic restrictions for power density for frequencies between 10 and 300 GHz and the same are
50 W/m 2 for occupational exposure and 10 W/m2 for the general public. The Table 7 thereof contains the
reference levels for general public exposure to time varying electric and magnetic fields (unperturbed rms
values). As per this table, if the frequency range is 2 to 300 GHz, the equivalent place wave power density
should be 10 W/m2.
15. In May 2006, the World Health Organisation issued a Fact Sheet, inter alia, making the following
observations:-
"...recent surveys have shown that RF exposures from base stations range from 0.002% to 2% of the levels of
international exposure guidelines, depending on a variety of factors such as proximity to the antennae and the
surrounding environment. This is lower or comparable to RF exposures from radio or television broadcast
transmitters."
"A common concern about base stations and local wireless network antennae rates to the possible long term
health effects that whole-body exposure to RF signals may have. To date, the only health effect from RF fields
identified in scientific reviews has been related to an increase in body temperature (> 1Â°C) from exposure at
very high field intensity fund only in certain industrial facilities, such as RF heaters. The levels of RF
exposure from base stations and wireless networks are so low that the temperature increase are insignificant
and do not affect human health."
"The strength of RF fields is greatest at its source and diminishes quickly with distance. Access near base
station antennae is restricted where RF signals may exceed international exposure limits. Recent surveys have
indicated that RF exposures from base stations and wireless technologies in publicly accessible areas
(including schools and hospitals) are normally thousands
Page 16 of 25
of times below international standards."
"Over the past 15 years studies examining a potential relationship between RF transmitters and cancer have
been published, these studies have not provided evidence that RF exposure from the transmitters increases the
rsik of cancer"

"From all the evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short or long term health effects have been shown to
occur from the RF signals produced by base stations"
"International exposure guidelines have been developed to provide protection against established effects from
RF fields by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 1998) and the
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE, 2005). National authorities should adopt international
standards to protect their citizens against adverse levels of RF fields. They should restrict access to areas
where exposure limits may be exceeded."
Considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing
scientific evidence that the weak RF signals from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health
effects."
16. In the year 2008, the Government of India adopted the restrictions and limits recommended by the
aforementioned ICNIRP guidelines. The letter dated 4th November, 2008, issued by the DoT mofifying the
terms of the Licence Agreement in that regard has been produced by the Union of India, along with its reply
(Annexure R-3). By letter dated 8.4.2010, the DoT directed all the CMS/UAS Licensees to comply with the
prescribed reference limits/levels and to issue self certification in that regard in respect of their BTS. It was
also directed that the TERM Cells would test upto 10% of new BTS sites randomly at its discretion.
Additionally, the BTS sites against which if any public complaints are lodged, then the same would also be
tested by the TERM Cell and further if the
Page 17 of 25
site fails to meet with the EMR criterion, a penalty of Rs. 5 lac would be levied per BTS per service provider.
Moreover, if the servicer provider fails to meet with the criterion within one month of the report of the TERM
Cell, the site would be shut down.
17. Considering the public concerns over the issue, an Inter- Ministerial Committee was constituted in August
2010 to examine the effect of the EMF radiation from the BTS and mobile phones, which, after examining the
matter, submitted its Report, inter alia, recommending that the RF exposure limits in India may be lowered to
1/10th of the existing level.
18. In a group of writ petitions filed in the Rajasthan High Court, inter alia, seeking directions to the various
authorities to formulate a regulatory body in relation to emission of radio frequency and electromagnetic
radiations from the mobile towers, seeking directions not to construct the mobile towers at certain places and
seeking directions to quash the bye-laws made by the State Government of Rajasthan and the municipalities
prohibiting erection of the mobile towers at certain places, the Rajasthan High Court delivered a judgment
dated 27.11.2012 upholding the bye-laws/policy decision of the State Government of Rajasthan and, inter alia,
directing that (i) the mobile towers from hospitals and colleges be removed within 2 months, (ii) that the time
prescribed by the State Government for removal of the mobile towers from within vicinity of 500 mt from jail
premises be implemented, (iii) that removal of the mobile towers near the ancient monuments be considered
by the State Government and the local authorities, (iv) that the mobile towers on playgrounds
Page 18 of 25
may also be looked into, guideline of the DoT in regard to the mobile handsets and the mobile towers be
strictly enforced, (v) that the public be educated and made aware of the different mobile handsets and

ill-effects thereof, and of the towers, and precautions necessary as per the DoT guidelines, (vi) that the State
Governments and the local authorities should take decision on case-wise basis with regard to the installation
of towers in densely populated areas in accordance with law and removal of dangerous towers which were not
established as per the norms and were erected without permission, (vii) that the Government should consider
whether it would be appropriate to change the constitution of the TERM Cells which are the regulatory bodies
framed by it, the directions of the DoT and the Inter-Ministerial Report with respect to constant monitoring be
implemented and that while granting such permission for the installation of towers, concerned bodies should
consider the number of the mobile towers in the area, the effect on the health of the people and various other
safeguards.
19. Based on such recommendations of the Inter-Ministerial Committee, the Government of India has now
adopted stricter norms for emission from the base stations, being 1/10 th of the limits prescribed by ICNIRP.
Accordingly, the licence conditions of all the telecom service providers in India were again amended to this
effect. The letter dated 26.6.2013 issued by the DoT refers to the amendment made to the Licence Agreements
in this regard.
20. The DoT has thereafter issued guidelines effective from 1.8.2013, which, inter alia, reflect the adoption of
1/10 th of the
Page 19 of 25
limits prescribed by ICNIRP. The comparative table given in the reply of the respondent no. 2 and also
reproduced hereinbelow gives the norms prevalent in India as against those prescribed by the ICNIRP:
Frequency Power Density Limit Power Density Limit (in Mega Hertz or MHz) prescribed by ICNIRP
prescribed by DoT (in Watt/meter 2 or (in Watt/meter 2 or W/m2) W/m2)
900 4.5 0.45 1800 9 0.9 2100 and above 10.5 1
21. With a view to strengthen the monitoring and compliance of safety aspects/provisions in regard to radio
frequency emissions from the mobile towers, the DoT has also issued Additional Guidelines with effect from
1.8.2013, wherein the DoT has prescribed the following safe distances:
No. of antenna(e) Building/Structure safe distance from the pointed in the same antenna(e) at the same height
(in meters) direction
1 20
2 35
4 45
6 55
22. In the said additional guidelines, it is specified that the antennae at the same height only are to be counted,
as the beam width of the mobile antennae, in the vertical direction, is very narrow. It is also stated that the
distance figures in the above table are based on empirical estimation considering that all the antennae are
emitting at their maximum RF power of 20 Watts and in the same direction with the same height (a worst case
scenario). In practise, the value of safe distance of buildings will depend upon the actual deployment scenarios
and mostly, may be far less than depicted above.

Page 20 of 25
23. Thereafter, several faculty members at the IITs and IISc in the area of communications, being concerned
about the reports of adverse impact of radio frequency radiation from cellular towers on human health,
examined the issue and prepared a Statement on the issue in September 2013 wherein they noted that the DoT
had implemented the reduction of emission levels from the mobile towers in the country to 1/10 th of the
ICNIRP standards and that India thus became one of the 10% countries having the most stringent norms of the
EM exposure. They concluded that the recommendations of the DoT were sensible and based on international
best practises at this point of time and that they should be strictly implemented. They further recommended
creation of a public database where all study reports on the health implication of the EM radiation should be
placed and conduction of multiple scientific studies on the subject of health implications of the EM radiation,
etc.
24. In its latest advisory on health risk associated with mobile phones and BTS, the World Health
Organisation (WHO) has said:
" Studies to date provide no indication that environmental exposure to RF (radio-frequency) fields, such as
from base stations increases the risk of cancer or any other disease.......".
25. In a writ petition filed in the Allahabad High Court, a direction was given to the Government of India to
constitute a committee of experts to submit a report so that the
Page 21 of 25
Government may take necessary precautions while granting permission for establishment of the mobile
towers. Such Committee was formed vide letter dated 20.8.2013, and thereafter, it has submitted its report on
17.1.2014 stating that the DoT has already prescribed stricter precautionary limits for the EMF radiation from
the mobile towers and the mobile handsets. After considering the report of the Committee, the DoT has issued
an Office Memorandum on 27.2.2014 stating that the presently prescribed limits for the EMF radiation from
the base stations in India are one tenth of the internationally prescribed limits and that the same were adequate
and need no further change at that stage. It is also decided that in order to make a deterrent effect, the penalty
for violation of the prescribed stricter norms from the BTS towers by telecom service providers be increased
from Rs. 5 lac to Rs. 10 lac per BTS per incidence per operator with effect from 20.11.2013. The TERM Cells
are directed to carry out extensive audit of comprehensive self certificates and site for compliance of EMF
radiation safe limits.
26. Recently, the Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology,
Government of India has constituted a Committee of experts, inter alia, to initiate country wide special
scientific studies in the area of engineering and life form risk assessment and to define efficiency and
emission norms for communication, etc. The said Committee has received about 150 proposals which would
be considered and evaluated.
27. What has really left us baffled is the fact that the radio frequency waves used for mobile phones are not
covered
Page 22 of 25

under the definition of "radiation" as given in the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 and the non-ionizing radiations do
not have the capability to ionize the matter with which they interact. The Radiation Protection Division
(NRPB) of the U.K. Health Protection Agency in the year 2000 has reported that the balance of evidence
indicates that there is no general risk to the health of the people living near the base stations on the basis that
the exposures are expected to be small fractions of guidelines. The scientific data would indicate that the use
of the mobile phone, AM Radio, FM Radio etc. is more harmful to the human beings compared to the power
emission from the Base Transceiver Stations and that of the Mobile Towers.
28. A Division Bench of the Kerala High Court in the case of Reliance Infocom Ltd. Vs. Chemanchery Grama
Panchayat and ors., reported in AIR 2007 Kerala 33 has observed that the surveys conducted in proximity to
the base stations indicated that the public was exposed to extremely low intensity RF fields in the environment
and all the evidences indicated that they were unlikely to pose the risk to health.
29. We may quote some of the observations of the Division Bench of the Kerala High Court, as contained in
paragraph 5 of the judgment, which has been relied upon by the respondent No.2.
5. We have already found that RF exposures from Mobile Base Stations are much less than from radio, FM
radio and television transmissions and that the consensus of scientific community is that the radiation from
Mobile Phone Base Stations is far too low to produce health hazards if people are kept away from direct
access to the antenna and the overall evidence indicates that they are
Page 23 of 25
unlikely to pose a risk to health. The strength of radio frequency fields in front of the antennae varies with the
distance. Persons standing directly in front of the antennae in these high density zones will get higher
exposures. We have also found that the height of Mobile Base Station antennae is normally 36 metres and the
effect of radio waves depends on the distance from the base stations since the antennae are directed
horizontally with a 5 degree downwards tilt. Human studies pertaining to base stations conducted by Santini R
et al (2002), Bortkiewicz et al (2004) and Hutter and kundi et at (2006) do not report any quantitative
parameters related to health hazards. Therefore it can safely be concluded that the permission granted for
installation of Mobile Base Station by the Panchayat would not cause as such any health hazards nor will it
affect the fundamental rights guaranteed to citizens under Article 21 of the Constitution. Right to life
enshrined under Article 21 includes all those aspects of life which make life meaningful, complex and worth
living. Development of technology has its own ill-effects on human beings, but, at times people will have to
put up with that at the cost of their advantages. Petitioner and others for installing towers will have necessarily
to comply with the statutory provisions contained in Chapter XIX of the Kerala Municipal Building Rules,
1999 which permits construction of telecommunication towers over buildings. Petitioner has submitted that it
has already satisfied all those conditions and in such circumstance Panchayat has granted the licence.
30. We are in respectful agreement with the aforenoted observations made by the Division Bench of the
Kerala High Court, and propose to follow the same.
31. Before parting with this matter, we deem it necessary to mention that the concerned authorities should, by
way of communication through T.V., Radio etc. bring it to the notice of the people at large that there is no
reason for them to fear the erection of the Base Transceiver Station, known as the Wi-Fi
Page 24 of 25

Mobile Tower. The reason why we are saying so is that the impression in the mind of a common man is that
the Wi-Fi Mobile Towers erected all over the State has the potential to cause health hazard due to the
emission of radio active waves from the said tower.
32. In view of the aforesaid discussion, we have reached to the conclusion that the petitioners are not entitled
to any of the reliefs as prayed for in the petition. The petition, being devoid of any merit, is accordingly
ordered to be rejected. No costs.
33. In view of the order passed in the main petition, the connected Civil Applications have become
infructuous and are accordingly, disposed of.
Sd/-
(BHASKAR BHATTACHARYA, C.J.)
Sd/-
(J.B.PARDIWALA, J.)
Mohandas
Page 25 of 25

Annexure 2
WHO Fact Sheet of May 2006

WHO | Electromagnetic fields and public health Page 1 of 4
Electromagnetic fields (EMF)
Electromagnetic fields and public health
Base stations and wireless technologies
Backgrounder
May 2006
Mobile telephony is now commonplace around the world. This wireless
technology relies upon an extensive network of fixed antennas, or base
stations, relaying information with radiofrequency (RF) signals. Over 1.4
million base stations exist worldwide and the number is increasing
significantly with the introduction of third generation technology.
Other wireless networks that allow high-speed internet access and
services, such as wireless local area networks (WLANs), are also
increasingly common in homes, offices, and many public areas (airports,
schools, residential and urban areas). As the number of base stations
and local wireless networks increases, so does the RF exposure of the
population. Recent surveys have shown that the RF exposures from
base stations range from 0.002% to 2% of the levels of international
exposure guidelines, depending on a variety of factors such as the
proximity to the antenna and the surrounding environment. This is lower
or comparable to RF exposures from radio or television broadcast
transmitters.
There has been concern about possible health consequences from
exposure to the RF fields produced by wireless technologies. This fact
sheet reviews the scientific evidence on the health effects from
continuous low-level human exposure to base stations and other local
wireless networks.
Health concerns
A common concern about base station and local wireless network
antennas relates to the possible long-term health effects that whole-body
exposure to the RF signals may have. To date, the only health effect
from RF fields identified in scientific reviews has been related to an
increase in body temperature (> 1 °C) from exposure at very high field
intensity found only in certain industrial facilities, such as RF heaters.
The levels of RF exposure from base stations and wireless networks are
so low that the temperature increases are insignificant and do not affect
human health.
The strength of RF fields is greatest at its source, and diminishes quickly
with distance. Access near base station antennas is restricted where RF
signals may exceed international exposure limits. Recent surveys have
indicated that RF exposures from base stations and wireless
technologies in publicly accessible areas (including schools and
hospitals) are normally thousands of times below international standards.
http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/facts/fs304/en/ 9/24/2014

In fact, due to their lower frequency, at similar RF exposure levels, the
body absorbs up to five times more of the signal from FM radio and
television than from base stations. This is because the frequencies used
in FM radio (around 100 MHz) and in TV broadcasting (around 300 to
400 MHz) are lower than those employed in mobile telephony (900 MHz
and 1800 MHz) and because a person's height makes the body an
efficient receiving antenna. Further, radio and television broadcast
stations have been in operation for the past 50 or more years without any
adverse health consequence being established.
While most radio technologies have used analog signals, modern
wireless telecommunications are using digital transmissions. Detailed
reviews conducted so far have not revealed any hazard specific to
different RF modulations.
Cancer: Media or anecdotal reports of cancer clusters around mobile
phone base stations have heightened public concern. It should be noted
that geographically, cancers are unevenly distributed among any
population. Given the widespread presence of base stations in the
environment, it is expected that possible cancer clusters will occur near
base stations merely by chance. Moreover, the reported cancers in these
clusters are often a collection of different types of cancer with no
common characteristics and hence unlikely to have a common cause.
Scientific evidence on the distribution of cancer in the population can be
obtained through carefully planned and executed epidemiological
studies. Over the past 15 years, studies examining a potential
relationship between RF transmitters and cancer have been published.
These studies have not provided evidence that RF exposure from the
transmitters increases the risk of cancer. Likewise, long-term animal
studies have not established an increased risk of cancer from exposure
to RF fields, even at levels that are much higher than produced by base
stations and wireless networks.
Other effects: Few studies have investigated general health effects in
individuals exposed to RF fields from base stations. This is because of
the difficulty in distinguishing possible health effects from the very low
signals emitted by base stations from other higher strength RF signals in
the environment. Most studies have focused on the RF exposures of
mobile phone users. Human and animal studies examining brain wave
patterns, cognition and behaviour after exposure to RF fields, such as
those generated by mobile phones, have not identified adverse effects.
RF exposures used in these studies were about 1000 times higher than
those associated with general public exposure from base stations or
wireless networks. No consistent evidence of altered sleep or
cardiovascular function has been reported.
Some individuals have reported that they experience non-specific
symptoms upon exposure to RF fields emitted from base stations and
other EMF devices. As recognized in a recent WHO fact sheet
"Electromagnetic Hypersensitivity", EMF has not been shown to cause
such symptoms. Nonetheless, it is important to recognize the plight of
people suffering from these symptoms.
From all evidence accumulated so far, no adverse short- or long-term
health effects have been shown to occur from the RF signals produced
by base stations. Since wireless networks produce generally lower RF

signals than base stations, no adverse health effects are expected from
exposure to them.
Protection standards
International exposure guidelines have been developed to provide
protection against established effects from RF fields by the International
Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP, 1998) and
the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE, 2005).
National authorities should adopt international standards to protect their
citizens against adverse levels of RF fields. They should restrict access
to areas where exposure limits may be exceeded.
Public perception of risk
Some people perceive risks from RF exposure as likely and even
possibly severe. Several reasons for public fear include media
announcements of new and unconfirmed scientific studies, leading to a
feeling of uncertainty and a perception that there may be unknown or
undiscovered hazards. Other factors are aesthetic concerns and a
feeling of a lack of control or input to the process of determining the
location of new base stations. Experience shows that education
programmes as well as effective communications and involvement of the
public and other stakeholders at appropriate stages of the decision
process before installing RF sources can enhance public confidence and
acceptability.
Conclusions
Considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected
to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF
signals from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health
effects.
WHO Initiatives
WHO, through the International EMF Project, has established a
programme to monitor the EMF scientific literature, to evaluate the health
effects from exposure to EMF in the range from 0 to 300 GHz, to provide
advice about possible EMF hazards and to identify suitable mitigation
measures. Following extensive international reviews, the International
EMF Project has promoted research to fill gaps in knowledge. In
response national governments and research institutes have funded over
$250 million on EMF research over the past 10 years.
While no health effects are expected from exposure to RF fields from
base stations and wireless networks, research is still being promoted by
WHO to determine whether there are any health consequences from the
higher RF exposures from mobile phones.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a WHO
specialized agency, is expected to conduct a review of cancer risk from
RF fields in 2006-2007 and the International EMF Project will then
undertake an overall health risk assessment for RF fields in 2007-2008.
Further Reading

ICNIRP (1998) www.icnirp.org/documents/emfgdl.pdf
IEEE (2006) IEEE C95.1-2005 "IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with
Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic
Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz"
Related links
Base stations & wireless networks: Exposures & health consequences
Fact sheet: Electromagnetic fields and public health: Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity
WHO handbook on "Establishing a Dialogue on Risks from
Electromagnetic Fields"
2006 WHO Research Agenda for Radio Frequency Fields
pdf, 100kb
For more information contact:
WHO Media centre
Telephone: +41 22 791 2222
E-mail: mediainquiries@who.int

Annexure 3
Committee Report of January 17, 2014, on Issues Related to EMF
Radiation

Towering India

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