Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Introduction to anthropology sociology and political sciencesura amilbahar
Understanding Culture, Society and Politics - Core Subject
Grade 12 Senior High School
Chapter 1. Introduction to Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science
Anthropology
Goals of Anthropology
Fields of Anthropology
Sociology
Goals of Sociology
Why Study Sociology?
Branches of Sociology
Political Science
What is Political Science?
Importance of Studying Political Science
Fields of Political Science
Week 1 Understanding Culture, Society and Politics (UCSP)
MELC: Discuss the nature, goals and perspectives in/of anthropology, sociology and political science
Content Standard:
1. human cultural variation, social differences, social change, and political identities,
2. the significance of studying culture, society, and politics, and
3. the rationale for studying anthropology, political science, and sociology.
Course teached by Joxerramon Bengoetxea and Heike Jung at the International Master's in Sociology of Law (2011-2012). International Institute for the Sociology of Law - Instituto Internacional de Sociología Jurídica, Oñati.
The purpose of this course is to introduce basic notions about law, legal thinking, the legal order and its sources, the legal professions and legal cultures. Some of the major debates in Comparative law will be dealt with - comparability, adaptation, transplants, influences, convergence, transitions. At the end of the intensive, one-week course each student should be able to make a presentation about their own legal culture
1. Introduction to Legal Cultures
Try to indentify what experiences you've had with the law, with the courts, and lawyers
The concept of law. The idea of a legal culture. Tradition, culture, family. Major Legal families in the World. Comparative Law, PLuralism and Anthropology.
Basque Legal Culture
2. Understanding a Foreign Legal Culture
Experiences: think of how difficult it seems to understand other legal cultures and other laws
3. Elements of a Legal Culture
Which would you say are the main elements of your legal culture and to what extent do they depend on or do they transcend the existing laws?
4. Social Systems of Order and Regulation
How is order maintained in society and what influence does this have on the dominant legal culture?
5. Varieties of Legal Cultures
Presentation and Discussion of our own Legal Cultures; each student will apply the notions discussed in the course to introduce the specific features of their own culture.
The Sociological Perspective
What is sociology?
Subject Matter of Sociology
Sociology and the Other Sciences
The Historical Development of Sociology
Sexual discrimination in Early Sociology
Sociology in North America
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Applied Sociology and Clinical Sociology
For sociology papers, visit cutewriters.com
Each of the social sciences contributes to an understanding of the.docxsagarlesley
Each of the social sciences contributes to an understanding of the forces that modify the conduct of individuals, control their behavior, and shape their lives. Thus, to fully understand power in society, we must approach this topic in an interdisciplinary fashion—using ideas, methods, data, and findings from all the social sciences.
interdisciplinary
the study of a topic using ideas, methods, and data from all of the social sciences
Anthropology
Anthropology is the study of people and their ways of life. It is the most holistic of the social sciences in that it studies all aspects of a society—a group of people who depend on one another for their well-being and who share a common culture. Many anthropologists focus their energies on describing humans, societies, and power structures at various points in time and in various places; others are concerned with using knowledge derived from anthropological studies to improve human existence. Within the discipline of Anthropology are four subfields. These include linguistics, archaeology, biological and physical anthropology, and socio-cultural anthropology.
anthropology
the study of people and their ways of life
society
a group of people who depend on one another and share a common culture
Linguistic anthropology is a method of analyzing societies in terms of their use of language, while archaeology is the study of both the physical and cultural characteristics of peoples and societies that existed in the distant past. It is similar to history but reaches further back in time, into prehistory, the time before written records. It endeavors to reconstruct the history of a society from the remains of its culture. Some of these remains are as impressive as the pyramids of Egypt and the Mayan temples of Mexico; some are as mundane as bits of broken pottery, stone tools, and garbage.
archaeology
the study of the physical and cultural characteristics of peoples and societies that existed prior to recorded history
prehistory
the time before written records
Biological anthropologists (sometimes called physical anthropologists) are concerned with the evolution of the human species. They examine how humans historically have interacted with their natural environment and with each other. Biological anthropologists also are concerned with contemporary issues concerning human growth, development, adaption, disease, and mortality.
Socio-cultural anthropologists study how people live within their environment. Cultural anthropologists describe and compare societies and cultures. They describe and explain a great many things: child rearing and education, family arrangements, language and communication, technology, ways of making a living, the distribution of work, religious beliefs and values, social life, leadership patterns and power structures, and culture, or the ways of life that are common to a society.
Power is part of the culture or the way of life of a people. Power is exercised in all societies because all ...
1. Comparative Methods in Social Sciences, I Kazimierz Maciek Slomczynski & Irina Tomescu-Dubrow
2.
3. Space and time Space: Cross-national studies involve, explicitly or implicitly, nations (states, countries, societies) as units of observation and at least one variable is defined on the national (country, society) level. Time: In historical studies the same units of observations are compared through time
4. Comparative methods Comparative methods refer specifically to the methodology of comparing “something” through space and/or time. Generally, comparative methods for cross-national research and historical research do not differ very much.
5. Comparative methods and comparative sociology Clarification: Most sociology is within-country, present-time sociology. Comparative methods are specific in that they address problems inherent in cross-national and/or historical studies. Cross-national and/or historical studies constitute comparative sociology. As it will be argued comparative sociology is a sub-discipline of sociology as such.
6. Traditions of comparative sociology Karl Marx (1818-1883) and his work (Capital, 1883) on evolutionary processes of economic systems (cross-national and historical). Max Weber (1864-1920) and his work on The Protestant Ethics and Spirit of Capitalism, 1905, (historical and cross-national). Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) and his Suicide, 1897, as an example of quantitative studies on nations' characteristics. In his Rules of Sociological Methods, 1885, Durkheim insists that comparative sociology is not a particular branch of sociology; it is sociology itself.
7. Does comparative sociology constitute a paradigm? “A paradigm is a fundamental image of the subject matter within a science. It serves to define what should be studied, what questions should be asked, how they should be asked, and what rules should be followed in interpreting the answers obtained.” (Ritzer, Sociology: A Multiple Paradigm Science, 1980: 7) Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolution (1962)
8. Comparative sociology Questions: -- what should be studied? -- what questions should be asked? -- how they should be asked? -- what rules should be followed?
9. Understanding comparative sociology To understand comparative sociology, we start with cross-national research. In particular, we ask: What are the units of observation in this kind of research? Nations? States? Countries? Societies?
10. Nations Since the late 18th century, the idea of nation assumed a fundamental political significance, with the rise of the ideology of nationalism. From that time – nation as an entity – a collection of people – entitled to sovereignty because of: common ethnic origin common language common culture common religion common self-identification
11. Nation-states In practice all criteria of distinguishing nations are in dispute. However, in the 20th century an ideology of nation-states came into existence, with more and more emphasis on state. The word state has both an empirical (de facto) and a juridical (de jure) sense. De facto, an entity is a state if there is an organization on a specific territory that has a monopoly on legitimate violence over this territory, defending the social order externally and internally. De jure, an entity is a state, if it is recognized as such by other states through their representation. International law and international organization is involved. The role of the UN.
12. Examples Nation-states: correspondence between the nation and the state Two-nation states Nations without states, “stateless people” A tendency to equate nation with a cultural entity, and state with political entity.
13. State Characteristics: territory with internationally recognized boundaries; sovereignty: no other state has power over the country's territory; people who live there on ongoing basis; a government which (a) provides police and army power, (b) regulates foreign and domestic trade, and (c) issues money; a transportation system for moving goods and people; external recognition: a country has been "voted into the club” by other countries.
14. Country Commonly, the term is used casually in the sense of both nation (a cultural entity?) and state (a political entity?) In terms of political geography the world is divided into independent states and “other teritiories”: dependencies and areas of special sovereignty.
15. Independent states Presently, there are 192 countries as independent states, members of the UN, and 65 countries that are called dependencies and areas of special sovereignty. In practice, cross-national research means research restricted to subset of independent states.
16. Society Robert E. Marsh, Comparative Sociology, p. 12, defines society as a plurality of interacting individuals that has the following four characteristics: - definite territory - sexual reproduction - comprehensive culture - political independence
17. Counting societies Marsh asks the question: what is the universe of societies through space and time? The estimate is that the universe of societies consists of about 5,000 units. The sizes of these societies vary from ca. 100 people of primitive hunting bands to over 1 billion people of contemporary China. George Murdock in his World Ethnographic Sample (1957) made a first comprehensive attempt to map the universe by selecting 522 independent societies.
18. Approaches to cross-national research The proposed typology takes into account the nature of dependent variable (explanandum) and independent variable(s) (explanans). Macro-macro Micro-micro Macro-micro
19. Macro-macro, sub-type 1a Type of explanation: macro-macro. Both the dependent variable and independent variable(s) are defined for a country as a whole. This refers to the Country-Level Data, CLD. Sub-type 1a. Positional characteristics: Matrix A = aij where a is a value of variable j in country i. E.g., for or a set of counties, we have such variable as GNP per capita, presence of the multi-party system, activity of NGOs, etc. This type is called: Studies on Nations' Characteristics.
20. Macro-macro, sub-type 1b Sub-type 1b. Relational characteristics: Matrix B = bkl where b is a value of a variable showing the relationship between country k and country l. E.g, for a set of countries, we have variables reflecting the amount of export, number of common international organizations, flow of tourists – each time from country k to country l. This type of research originated with Studies of the World System and its Elements
21. Micro-micro Type of explanation: micro-micro. The dependent variable is micro (on individual level) and independent variable(s) is also micro (on individual level), but research is done in separate countries and the results are compared. This refers to the Individual-Level Data, ILD. Matrix A = aij where a is a value of variable j for individual i. We have another matrix of this type: Matrix C = cij where c is a value of variable j for individual i. Results from data for country A and country C are compared.
22. Macro-micro 3. Type of explanation: macro-micro. The dependent variable is micro (on individual level) and independent variable(s) is macro (on country-level). This combines ILD and CLD Matrix A = aijk where a is a value of variable j for individual i in country k.