This document compares different control strategies for a quarter car model with magneto-rheological shock absorbers. A polynomial model is used to characterize test results of an MR shock absorber. A fuzzy logic controller combining forward and inverse models is designed to control the damping force of the MR shock absorbers. Simulation results of four configurations - uncontrolled, primary suspension controlled, secondary suspension controlled, and fully controlled - show that fully controlling both shock absorbers provides the best suppression of passenger seat vibrations over a sinusoidal road input.
Fuzzy rules incorporated skyhook theory based vehicular suspension design for...IJERA Editor
The vehicle suspension system supports and isolate the vehicle body and payload from road vibrations due to surface roughness by maintaining a controllable damping traction force between tires and road surface. In modern luxury vehicles semi active suspension system are offering both the reliability and accuracy that has enhanced the passenger ride comfort with less power demand. In this paper we have proposed the design of a hybrid control system having a combination of skyhook theory with fuzzy logic control and applied on a semi-active vehicle suspension system for its ride comfort enhancement. A two degree of freedom dynamic model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for a vehicle equipped with semi-active suspension system with focused on the passenger‟s ride comfort performance.
Kineto-Elasto Dynamic Analysis of Robot Manipulator Puma-560IOSR Journals
Current industrial robots are made very heavy to achieve high Stiffness
which increases the accuracy of their motion. However this heaviness limits the robot speed and in masses the
required energy to move the system. The requirement for higher speed and better system performance makes it
necessary to consider a new generation of light weight manipulators as an alternative to today's massive
inefficient ones. Light weight manipulators require Less energy to move and they have larger payload abilities
and more maneuverability. However due to the dynamic effects of structural flexibility, their control is much
more difficult. Therefore, there is a need to develop accurate dynamic models for design and control of such
systems.This project presents the flexibility and Kineto - Elasto dynamic analysis of robot manipulator
considering deflection. Based on the distributed parameter method, the generalized motion equations of robot
manipulator with flexible links are derived. The final formulation of the motion equations is used to model
general complex elastic manipulators with nonlinear rigid-body and elastic motion in dynamics and it can be
used in the flexibility analysis of robot manipulators and spatial mechanisms. Manipulator end-effector path
trajectory, velocity and accelerations are plotted. Joint torques is to be determined for each joint trajectory
(Dynamics) .Using joint torques, static loading due to link’s masses, masses at joints, and payload, the robot
arms elastic deformations are to be found by using ANSYS-12.0 software package. Elastic compensation is
inserted in coordinates of robotic programming to get exact end-effectors path. A comparison of paths
trajectory of the end-effector is to be plotted. Also variation of torques is plotted after considering elastic
compensation. These torque variations are included in the robotic programming for getting the accurate endeffect
or’s path trajectory
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
Fuzzy rules incorporated skyhook theory based vehicular suspension design for...IJERA Editor
The vehicle suspension system supports and isolate the vehicle body and payload from road vibrations due to surface roughness by maintaining a controllable damping traction force between tires and road surface. In modern luxury vehicles semi active suspension system are offering both the reliability and accuracy that has enhanced the passenger ride comfort with less power demand. In this paper we have proposed the design of a hybrid control system having a combination of skyhook theory with fuzzy logic control and applied on a semi-active vehicle suspension system for its ride comfort enhancement. A two degree of freedom dynamic model is simulated using Matlab/Simulink for a vehicle equipped with semi-active suspension system with focused on the passenger‟s ride comfort performance.
Kineto-Elasto Dynamic Analysis of Robot Manipulator Puma-560IOSR Journals
Current industrial robots are made very heavy to achieve high Stiffness
which increases the accuracy of their motion. However this heaviness limits the robot speed and in masses the
required energy to move the system. The requirement for higher speed and better system performance makes it
necessary to consider a new generation of light weight manipulators as an alternative to today's massive
inefficient ones. Light weight manipulators require Less energy to move and they have larger payload abilities
and more maneuverability. However due to the dynamic effects of structural flexibility, their control is much
more difficult. Therefore, there is a need to develop accurate dynamic models for design and control of such
systems.This project presents the flexibility and Kineto - Elasto dynamic analysis of robot manipulator
considering deflection. Based on the distributed parameter method, the generalized motion equations of robot
manipulator with flexible links are derived. The final formulation of the motion equations is used to model
general complex elastic manipulators with nonlinear rigid-body and elastic motion in dynamics and it can be
used in the flexibility analysis of robot manipulators and spatial mechanisms. Manipulator end-effector path
trajectory, velocity and accelerations are plotted. Joint torques is to be determined for each joint trajectory
(Dynamics) .Using joint torques, static loading due to link’s masses, masses at joints, and payload, the robot
arms elastic deformations are to be found by using ANSYS-12.0 software package. Elastic compensation is
inserted in coordinates of robotic programming to get exact end-effectors path. A comparison of paths
trajectory of the end-effector is to be plotted. Also variation of torques is plotted after considering elastic
compensation. These torque variations are included in the robotic programming for getting the accurate endeffect
or’s path trajectory
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SEMIACTIVE QUARTER CAR SUSPENSION PARAMETERS USI...ijmech
In present paper, a methodology is presented related to the optimization of semi-active quarter car model
suspension parameters having three degrees of freedom, subjected to bump type of road excitation.
Influence of primary suspension stiffness, primary suspension damping, secondary suspension stiffness and
secondary suspension damping are studied on the passenger ride comfort, taking root mean square (RMS)
values of passenger seat displacement and settling time into account. Semi-active quarter car model
assembled with magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorber is selected for optimization of suspension
parameters using Taguchi method in combination with Grey relational analysis. Confirmatory results with
simulation run indicates that the optimized results of suspension parameters are helpful in achieving the
best ride comfort to travelling passengers in terms of minimization of passenger seat displacement and
settling time values.
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Two Degree of Freedom Quarter Car Modelijsrd.com
The proposed study is to develop an active suspension system to increase the comfort for the passenger by reducing the body acceleration. The dynamic quarter car suspension system is considered for mathematical modelling and simulation is carried using MATLAB SIMULINK. The present suspension system is controlled by Proportional- Integral -Derivative controller. The system performance is analysed using the single speed bump road surface and the effectiveness is evaluated with active and passive controlled systems.
Optimal Design of Super Twisting Control with PSO Algorithm for Robotic Manip...CSCJournals
Robotic manipulators are nonlinear and coupling systems exposing to external disturbance. They are used in wide industrial applications; the suitable selection of a nonlinear robust controller is required. Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) was designed to achieve these requirements, but unfortunately the chattering phenomenon was the main drawback of the conventional SMC. It leads to destructive of some components of a real system and subsequent loss in its accuracy. Hence, the design of Super-Twisting Controller (STC) is suggested for chattering elimination. In previous literatures, the accomplishment of the manual adjustment for the parameters of STC was a large burden and time consuming process. Therefore, a new combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with STC is proposed for optimal tuning of STC parameters. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the super twisting technique for chattering mitigation comparing to the conventional SMC. Also, STC tuned via PSO proves its effectiveness and robustness to different types of external disturbances without the needs for the knowledge of their upper boundary values. Besides, the performance of the controlled system is faster and more accurate in the criteria of overshoot, settling time and rise time compared to the manual adjusting of super twisting controllers.
This paper present a speed hybrid fuzzy-sliding mode control (HFSMC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to ensure the traction of an electric vehicle; at the first we applied the sliding mode control (SMC) with three surfaces on the PMSM by taking into account the dynamics of the vehicle; And afterwards we applied the fuzzy-sliding mode in which the surface of the speed is replaced by a Fuzzy-PI controller; Simulation under Matlab/Simulink has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed control on a system drive. It should be noted that the reference speed is the European urban driving schedule ECE-15 cycle.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The application of the direct torque control strategy for induction machine drives is mainly characterized by torque and flux distortions caused by voltage vector limitation. The goal of this paper is to perform the conventional DTC induction machine drives and reduce ripples of both flux and torque response. The proposed contribution is based on the control of the DC output side of the rectifier feeding the voltage source inverter by means of PI controller in order to adapt the voltage vector used in typical DTC switching table. Mathematic models are built using MATLAB Simulink and programming environment; the simulation results show the difference between the proposed method and classical DTC.
We focus a modern methodology in this paper for adding the fuzzy logic control as well as sliding model control. This combination can enhance the MLS position control robustness and enhanced performance of it.In the start, for an application in an area to control the loops placement and position for the synchronous motor what has permanent magnetic linearity we tend to control the fuzzy sliding mode control. To resolve the chattering issues a designed controller is investigated and, in this way, steady state motion in sliding with higher accuracy is obtained. In this case, method of online tuning with the help of fuzzy logic is used in order to adjust the thickness of boundary layer and switching gains.For the suggested scheme technique, the outcomes of simulation suggest that with the classical SMC the accurate state and good dynamic performance is compared due to force chattering resistance, response by quick dynamic force and external disturbance elements and robustness against them.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TORQUE RIPPLE MINIMIZATION OF MATRIX CONVERTER-FED PMSM DRIVES USING ADVANCED...ijscmcj
An advanced direct torque control (DTC) technique using Model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for matrix converter (MC)-based permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, which reduces the torque ripples, does not need the duty cycle calculation, and ensures the fixed switching frequency. Analytical expressions of change rates of torque and flux of PMSM as a function of MC - dqo components are derived. The predictive model of PMSM and MC is realized by means of State model. Then, the advanced MC-fed DTC algorithm is implemented based on Cost function evaluation. The simulation results exhibit remarkable torque ripple reduction with the help of MPC. As a result, the proposed strategy is proved to be effective in minimizing the torque ripples for MC-based PMSM drives.
Experimental and Numerical Modal Analysis of a Compressor Mounting BracketIOSRJMCE
Experimental modal analysis has grown steadily in popularity since the advent of the digital FFT spectrum analyzer in the early 1970’s. Today, impact testing (or bump testing) has become widespread as a fast and economical means of finding the modes of vibration of a machine or structure. In this paper, it presents the experimental and numerical modal analysis of a compressor mounting bracket (CMB). The dynamic behavior of CMB is investigated through impact testing. The three-dimensional finite element models are constructed using Altair HyperMesh and an numerical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The finite element model agrees well with the experimental tests and eventually it helps the designer to design upfront with much lesser cost and time of experimentation
Simulation of Linear Induction Motor Using Sliding Mode Controller TechniqueIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:In the present paper, the mover speed control of a linear induction motor (LIM) using a sliding mode control design is proposed. First, the indirect field-oriented control LIM is derived. The sliding mode control design is then investigated to achieve speed- and flux-tracking under load thrust force disturbance. The numerical simulation results of the proposed scheme present good performances in comparison to that of the classical sliding mode control.In the present paper, a sliding mode controller based onindirect field orientation is proposed for LIM speed controlwhile considering end effects. The proposed controller isapplied to achieve a speed- and flux-tracking objectiveunder parameter uncertainties and disturbance of loadthrust force.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Increasing life of spur gears with the help of finite element analysisijmech
The Focus of this research is on mathematical analysis of life of gears and reducing noise frequency of gears due to change of material from C-45 to 19mncr5. Calculations for gears life was done with the help of Lewis equation and Buckingham formula. Basically life of a gear is depending upon the stress, more the stress on gear lesser life of gear will be. In this paper some major condition to perform a gear without failure is achieved i.e. tangential force should be less than tangential load to sustain static load, dynamic
load should be less than endurance load to sustain dynamic load and wear load should be less than static
load to sustain wear load. After calculation of 19mncr5 material we evaluate that endurance load acting on the gear which is greater than the dynamic load so our gear come out be safe. Also this study shows declination of noise level in 19mncr5 material compare to C-45 material.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Two Degree of Freedom Quarter Car Modelijsrd.com
The proposed study is to develop an active suspension system to increase the comfort for the passenger by reducing the body acceleration. The dynamic quarter car suspension system is considered for mathematical modelling and simulation is carried using MATLAB SIMULINK. The present suspension system is controlled by Proportional- Integral -Derivative controller. The system performance is analysed using the single speed bump road surface and the effectiveness is evaluated with active and passive controlled systems.
Optimal Design of Super Twisting Control with PSO Algorithm for Robotic Manip...CSCJournals
Robotic manipulators are nonlinear and coupling systems exposing to external disturbance. They are used in wide industrial applications; the suitable selection of a nonlinear robust controller is required. Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) was designed to achieve these requirements, but unfortunately the chattering phenomenon was the main drawback of the conventional SMC. It leads to destructive of some components of a real system and subsequent loss in its accuracy. Hence, the design of Super-Twisting Controller (STC) is suggested for chattering elimination. In previous literatures, the accomplishment of the manual adjustment for the parameters of STC was a large burden and time consuming process. Therefore, a new combination of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with STC is proposed for optimal tuning of STC parameters. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the super twisting technique for chattering mitigation comparing to the conventional SMC. Also, STC tuned via PSO proves its effectiveness and robustness to different types of external disturbances without the needs for the knowledge of their upper boundary values. Besides, the performance of the controlled system is faster and more accurate in the criteria of overshoot, settling time and rise time compared to the manual adjusting of super twisting controllers.
This paper present a speed hybrid fuzzy-sliding mode control (HFSMC) of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) to ensure the traction of an electric vehicle; at the first we applied the sliding mode control (SMC) with three surfaces on the PMSM by taking into account the dynamics of the vehicle; And afterwards we applied the fuzzy-sliding mode in which the surface of the speed is replaced by a Fuzzy-PI controller; Simulation under Matlab/Simulink has been carried out to evaluate the efficiency and robustness of the proposed control on a system drive. It should be noted that the reference speed is the European urban driving schedule ECE-15 cycle.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
call for paper 2012, hard copy of journal, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper,
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
The application of the direct torque control strategy for induction machine drives is mainly characterized by torque and flux distortions caused by voltage vector limitation. The goal of this paper is to perform the conventional DTC induction machine drives and reduce ripples of both flux and torque response. The proposed contribution is based on the control of the DC output side of the rectifier feeding the voltage source inverter by means of PI controller in order to adapt the voltage vector used in typical DTC switching table. Mathematic models are built using MATLAB Simulink and programming environment; the simulation results show the difference between the proposed method and classical DTC.
We focus a modern methodology in this paper for adding the fuzzy logic control as well as sliding model control. This combination can enhance the MLS position control robustness and enhanced performance of it.In the start, for an application in an area to control the loops placement and position for the synchronous motor what has permanent magnetic linearity we tend to control the fuzzy sliding mode control. To resolve the chattering issues a designed controller is investigated and, in this way, steady state motion in sliding with higher accuracy is obtained. In this case, method of online tuning with the help of fuzzy logic is used in order to adjust the thickness of boundary layer and switching gains.For the suggested scheme technique, the outcomes of simulation suggest that with the classical SMC the accurate state and good dynamic performance is compared due to force chattering resistance, response by quick dynamic force and external disturbance elements and robustness against them.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TORQUE RIPPLE MINIMIZATION OF MATRIX CONVERTER-FED PMSM DRIVES USING ADVANCED...ijscmcj
An advanced direct torque control (DTC) technique using Model predictive control (MPC) is proposed for matrix converter (MC)-based permanent-magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive system, which reduces the torque ripples, does not need the duty cycle calculation, and ensures the fixed switching frequency. Analytical expressions of change rates of torque and flux of PMSM as a function of MC - dqo components are derived. The predictive model of PMSM and MC is realized by means of State model. Then, the advanced MC-fed DTC algorithm is implemented based on Cost function evaluation. The simulation results exhibit remarkable torque ripple reduction with the help of MPC. As a result, the proposed strategy is proved to be effective in minimizing the torque ripples for MC-based PMSM drives.
Experimental and Numerical Modal Analysis of a Compressor Mounting BracketIOSRJMCE
Experimental modal analysis has grown steadily in popularity since the advent of the digital FFT spectrum analyzer in the early 1970’s. Today, impact testing (or bump testing) has become widespread as a fast and economical means of finding the modes of vibration of a machine or structure. In this paper, it presents the experimental and numerical modal analysis of a compressor mounting bracket (CMB). The dynamic behavior of CMB is investigated through impact testing. The three-dimensional finite element models are constructed using Altair HyperMesh and an numerical modal analysis is then performed to generate natural frequencies and mode shapes in the three-orthogonal directions. The finite element model agrees well with the experimental tests and eventually it helps the designer to design upfront with much lesser cost and time of experimentation
Simulation of Linear Induction Motor Using Sliding Mode Controller TechniqueIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:In the present paper, the mover speed control of a linear induction motor (LIM) using a sliding mode control design is proposed. First, the indirect field-oriented control LIM is derived. The sliding mode control design is then investigated to achieve speed- and flux-tracking under load thrust force disturbance. The numerical simulation results of the proposed scheme present good performances in comparison to that of the classical sliding mode control.In the present paper, a sliding mode controller based onindirect field orientation is proposed for LIM speed controlwhile considering end effects. The proposed controller isapplied to achieve a speed- and flux-tracking objectiveunder parameter uncertainties and disturbance of loadthrust force.
Fuzzy Adaptive Control for Direct Torque in Electric VehicleIAES-IJPEDS
This paper presents a technique to control the electric vehicle (EV) speed and torque at any curve. Our propulsion model consists of two permanent magnet synchronous (PMSM) motors. The fuzzy adaptive PI controller is used to adjust the different static error constants, as per the speed error. The suggested based on the direct torque fuzzy control (DTFC). A Mamdani type fuzzy direct torque controller is first developed and then rules are modified using stator current membership functions. The computations are ensured by the electronic differential, this driving process permit to steer each driving wheels at any curve separately.Modeling and simulation are carried out using the Matlab/Simulink tool to investigate the performance of the proposed system.
MODELING AND DESIGN OF CRUISE CONTROL SYSTEM WITH FEEDFORWARD FOR ALL TERRIAN...csandit
This paper presents PID controller with feed-forward control. The cruise control system is one
of the most enduringly popular and important models for control system engineering. The
system is widely used because it is very simple to understand and yet the control techniques
cover many important classical and modern design methods. In this paper, the mathematical
modeling for PID with feed-forward controller is proposed for nonlinear model with
disturbance effect. Feed-forward controller is proposed in this study in order to eliminate the
gravitational and wind disturbance effect. Simulation will be carried out . Finally, a C++
program written and feed to the microcontroller type AMR on our robot
Increasing life of spur gears with the help of finite element analysisijmech
The Focus of this research is on mathematical analysis of life of gears and reducing noise frequency of gears due to change of material from C-45 to 19mncr5. Calculations for gears life was done with the help of Lewis equation and Buckingham formula. Basically life of a gear is depending upon the stress, more the stress on gear lesser life of gear will be. In this paper some major condition to perform a gear without failure is achieved i.e. tangential force should be less than tangential load to sustain static load, dynamic
load should be less than endurance load to sustain dynamic load and wear load should be less than static
load to sustain wear load. After calculation of 19mncr5 material we evaluate that endurance load acting on the gear which is greater than the dynamic load so our gear come out be safe. Also this study shows declination of noise level in 19mncr5 material compare to C-45 material.
COMPARISON OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS OF COLDWORK AND HOT WORK TOOL STEELS IN HARD ...ijmech
The hard turning process has been attracting interest in different industrial sectors for finishing operations
of hard materials at its hardened state.Surface roughness is investigated in hard turning of AISI D3 and
AISI H13 steels of same hardness 62HRC. In this paper, an attempt has been made to model and predict
the surface roughness in hard turning of AISI D3 and AISI H13 hardened steels using Response Surface
Methodology (RSM). The combined effects of three machining parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate
and depth of cut are investigated for main performance characteristic that is surface roughness. RSM
based Central Composite Design (CCD) is applied as an experimental design. Al2O3/TiC mixed ceramic
tool with corner radius 0.8 mm is employed to accomplish 20 tests with six center points. The acceptability
of the developed models is checked using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).The combined effects of cutting
speed; feed rate and depth of cut are investigated using surface plots.
EXPERIMENTAL AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE NOZZLE JET PUMP WITH VARIOUS ...ijmech
Water is central to survival, without water human, plant and animal life would be impossible. Therefore supply of water has become one of the fundamental requirements of any society and the need to transfer water has generated the design of various forms of mechanical devices, which can be categorized as pumps. Jet pump is a device that performs its pumping action by the transfer of energy from a high velocity supply jet to one of low velocity suction flow. These two flows mix in the mixing tube and the kinetic energy of the combined flow is converted partially into the pressure energy in the diffuser. The optimization of the design of single hole nozzle jet pump with various area ratios and five different diameter mixing tubes. For
each of the mixing tube, experiments were conducted for two more distances above and the one used for the
first set of experiments. The spacing was increased using 2 (6 mm) gaskets for one distance and 3 (9 mm)
gaskets for another distance. The area ratios chosen have been modified and the final area ratios used were R = 0.20, 0.28, 0.36, 0.43 & 0.50. Discharge ratios (M), Head ratio (N), Efficiency () were used to draw performance curves. Experiments were done for all other area ratios as spacing is increasing there is an increase in efficiency.
Experimental validation of effect of equivalence ratio on detonation characte...ijmech
Experimental studies were carried out for using Propane as fuel for Pulse Detonation Engine application. In the present study Detonation Characteristics of Propane & Oxygen mixture at various equivalence ratios were presented. In these experiments Propane and Oxygen under regulated pressures were injected into a Detonation Tube from the head end using unlike impinging doublet injector. The fuel and oxidizer were allowed to mix and fill the tube. Subsequently, the mixture was ignited using a spark plug positioned close to the head end of the tube. The pressures generated due to the combustion of the mixtures were captured using five high frequency pressure transducers which were spaced 100mm apart on the detonation tube. Apart from these pressures, velocities of the combustion wave were computed using ‘time of flight’ method. These
tests were done for different equivalence ratios varying from 0.8 to 1.6 by varying the feeding pressure of
Propane. In the present study the performance of the combustion wave at different locations and effect of
equivalence ratios on detonation characteristics were presented. In addition effect of presence of obstacles in
the flow path i.e., Shchelkin spirals were also studied in reducing the Deflagration to Detonation Transition
(DDT) distance.
A fuzzy logic model for evaluation of oil film pressure in hydrodynamic bearingijmech
This study presents a new approach for evaluation of oil-film pressure in hydrodynamic bearing. Oil-filmpressure is one of the critical parameter which determines the performance of hydrodynamic bearing. In this research parameters of rotational speed, bearing load and oil-feed pressure are considered as model independent variables. Modelling and simulations are done in Matlab. The research shows that as compared to other conventional techniques approximate fuzzy reasoning provides a more logical approach.
THERMAL PERFORMANCE TESTING OF A FLAT PLATE SOLAR AIR HEATER USING OPTICAL ME...ijmech
Experimental test set up at laboratory scale has been developed for thermal performance testing of flat
plate solar air heater with simulated solar radiation intensity; 600W/m2. A test cell of size 1m x 0.5m x
0.1m was fabricated. Three designs namely (i) plane absorber (ii) transverse V- porous ribs and (iii)
inclined V-porous ribs of absorber are tested. All the experiments are conducted with artificial solar
radiation and in natural convection. Performances of these three designs have been compared on the basis
of overall thermal efficiency and thermal gradient along normal to the base. Thermal gradient has been
determined by laser beam deviation method. PT-100 temperature sensors have also been used to validate
the optical results of thermal gradient. The overall thermal efficiencies of these designs have been found as
14.91%, 17.24% and 20.04% respectively. It has also been seen that thermal gradient tends to reduce with
increase in efficiency.
technoloTwo dimensional numerical simulation of the combined heat transfer in...ijmech
A numerical investigation was conducted to analyze the flow field and heat transfer characteristics in a vertical channel withradiation and blowing from the wall. Hydrodynamic behaviour and heat transfer results are obtained by the solution of the complete Navier–Stokesand energy equations using a control volume finite element method. Turbulent flow with "Low Reynolds Spalart-Allmaras Turbulence Model" and radiation with "Discrete Transfer Radiation Method" had been modeled. In order to have a complete survey, this article has a wide range of study in different domains including velocity profiles at different locations, turbulent viscosity, shear stress, suctioned mass flow rate in different magnitude of the input
Rayleigh number, blowing Reynoldsnumber, radiation parameter, Prandtl number, the ratio of length to width and also ratio of opening thickness to width of the channel. In addition, effects of variation in any of the above non-dimensional numbers on parameters of the flow are clearly illustrated. At the end resultants had been compared with experimental data which demonstrated that in the present study, results have a great accuracy, relative errors are very small and the curve portraits are in a great
agreement with real experiments.
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ASSESSMENT OF STIFFENED PANEL STRUCTURES FOR VERY LARGE ...ijmech
Reduces weight of hull structures designed for a very large carrier plays an important role as the economic
efficiency is the most significant aspect. It is known that the traditional allowable working stress
approaches with high safety and reliability, it means that the hull structural weight is higher than the
actual requirement in operation. Recently, the limit state approach has been widely applied for analysis
and assessment of marine structures, the limit strength of structures is determined by nonlinear finite
element analysis (FEA) method. A Very Large Ore Carrier (VLOC) is designed by using IACS Common
Structural Rules (CSR) method in this article, and pre-CSR method is adopted to improve cross-sectional of
the bottom and deck structures. Given that the stiffened panel under the combination of axial or biaxial
compression and lateral pressure loads for computation, ultimate strength of the ship structures designed
by using the aforementioned method are analyzed by using the nonlinear finite element method (FEM). The
results show that the difference of ultimate strength of ship structures designed by using pre-CSR method
and CSR method is able to neglect. It can be seen that the weight of hull structure can be reduced by 0.56
percent (640 tons in this case) without reducing ultimate strength when pre-CSR method is applied.
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of Rayleigh number, Reynolds, radiation parameters and Prandtl were solved and the effects of these parameters on the flow lines, lines of constant temperature, radiation, convection, heat transfer caused by blowing and the total heat transfer were determined.
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developed is studied experimentally and improvised in design to ensure performance at -40oC. The
experimental observations are reasoned and supported by theoretical studies and remedial measures
incorporated to improve the actuator performance.
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as their weight is usually small relative to their importance. In the previous studies, the channel fitting was
considered to be fixed at all the fastener locations. Thus, the results obtained were conservative because
the load was getting reacted at the first line of fasteners only. In order to study the effect of fastener’s
flexibility and hence the load flow inside the tension fitting two methods (Tate & Swift) of fastener modeling
were employed in the previous study. It observed that, the flexible boundary condition allow for a better
load flow into the channel fitting as compared to the fixed boundary condition. In this study, fastener
flexibility with two more methods (Grumann and Huth) is performed on the distribution of internal stresses
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of electronic element is PCB which supports and manages mostly machines and equipments these days.
Therefore manufacturing of board and assembly of electronic elements is one of the crucial and significant
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roughness, in CNC turning of Aluminium (6061) in dry condition. The effect of cutting conditions (speed,
feed and depth of cut) and tool geometry (nose radius) on surface roughness were studied and analysed.
Design of Experiments (DOE) were conducted for the analysis of the influence of the turning parameter on
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the results using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to minimize surface roughness. The nose radius was
identified as the most significant parameter. Surface roughness value decreased with increase in nose
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Recent years have seen the rise of vibration problems associated with structures, which are more delicate
and intricate, machines that are faster, more complex and production process that are automated and
interlinked. The occurred problems are directly related to demands of lower investment, running and
maintenance cost in incidence with the requirement of increase productivity and efficiency. This work
developed aMachine Fault Simulator (MFS),whichis the most comprehensive laboratory scale machine on
the market for performing rotor dynamics experiments.Also, it helps in learning vibration signature of the
most common machinery faults in a controlled manner without compromising your quality production/
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This paper presents the modeling and simulation of
a magnetorheological damper based semiactive suspension using
variable structure controllers. Passive suspension systems tend to
limit the trade-off between passenger comfort and road handling.
But Semiactive suspensions can reduce this trade-off margin and
dynamically respond to the damping requirements. Active
suspensions provide the best response since they can add damping
force in any direction, but are prone to higher power consumption.
Semiactive suspensions just change the damping coefficient by
simply applying a control voltage as and when required. The
performance of three controllers- sigma 1, sigma 2 and sigma 3,
are measured and analyzed using nine parameters using peak,
root mean square and normalized approaches. The road
excitations considered are a single road hump and random road
disturbance. The control system is applied to a 2-degree of
freedom quarter car model of a passenger car. A modified BoucWen
model of MR damper is used to cater to the system responses
at near zero velocities. The performance of these controllers is
superior to the uncontrolled case, which is similar to passive
suspension system. Sigma 3 controller is superior to the
uncontrolled system by 63% while sigma 1 and sigma 2 are
superior by 53% when it comes to peak suspension deflection for
a random road disturbance. Both sigma 2 and sigma 3 controllers
are better in terms of performance. The validation of the
semiactive suspension leads to selection of sigma 2 controller over
sigma 3 controller because of its simplicity in implementation in
real-time systems.
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First, a sliding-mode control and PI control method based on one novel which allows chattering reduction on
control input while maintaining high tracking performance of the controller. Then, an PI control extended
sliding-mode disturbance observer is proposed to estimate lumped uncertainties directly, to compensate
strong disturbances and achieve high servo precisions. Simulation results PI control better than the SMC
control both show the validity of the proposed control approach.
Ride comfortability of vehicle is a big challenge for the automotive industries and design engineers. The suspension system is the major source of providing comfortability by absorbing vertical vibrations. This paper presents modeling of the non-linear semi-active suspension system equipped with Magneto Rheological damper. Simulation of the designed model is performed in Simulink. A comparative analysis of the Simulink response shows the difference between linear and non-linear model. It has also shown that fuzzy logic controller has improved the performance of the system.
Effect of Parametric Variations and Voltage Unbalance on Adaptive Speed Estim...IAES-IJPEDS
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Dynamic Simulation of Construction Machinery: Towards an Operator ModelReno Filla
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http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0503087
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Comparative analysis of passenger ride comfort using various semi active suspension alternatives
1. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PASSENGER
RIDE COMFORT USING VARIOUS SEMI-ACTIVE
SUSPENSION ALTERNATIVES
Devdutt1 and M.L. Aggarwal2
1,2Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCAUST, Faridabad, India
ABSTRACT
In this paper, different semi-active control strategies for non-linear quarter car model equipped with
controllable magneto-rheological (MR) shock absorbers and fuzzy logic controller are compared.
Polynomial model is selected to characterize the experimental results of MR shock absorber. A
combination of Forward Fuzzy Logic Controller (FFLC) and Inverse Fuzzy Logic Controller (IFLC) is
designed for proper working of MR shock absorber i.e. generation and supply of control current to MR
shock absorber, which provides damping force to suspension system for vibration control purpose.
Simulink responses of four different cases are evaluated for passenger ride comfort analysis taking
uncontrolled, primary suspension controlled, secondary suspension controlled and fully controlled quarter
car models. The obtained results in graphical and mathematical form demonstrate that the fully controlled
quarter car system provides excellent performance in suppression of passenger seat vibrations compared to
other control strategies while the vehicle travels over the sinusoidal type of input road profile.
KEYWORDS
Quarter car model, Fuzzy Logic Control, Passenger seat vibrations, MR suspension system
1. INTRODUCTION
Vehicle performance in terms of passenger ride comfort and safety as well as vehicle handling
issues is affected by the application of passive, semi-active or active suspension system based
technology. With the passage of time, advancements in the areas of automotive sector related
industries are responsible for elimination of traditional or uncontrollable passive suspension
systems having limited capability in delivering desired results as per customer’s requirements and
expectations. Active suspension systems can fulfil the conflicting demands in terms of ride
comfort and vehicle handling up to maximum level but cost factor as well as assembled
complicated sensors, actuators and other devices poses major hindrance in their wide spread
implementation in vehicles. Semi-active suspension system is the promising future, having better
performance compared to passive suspension system and less costly than active suspension
technology [1-2].
Recently, research and development related to working and controllable behaviour of magneto-rheological
(MR) absorbers has resulted into its selection and application in various devices
ranging from civil structures, seat suspensions and military weapons and vehicles [3-6]. Damping
behaviour controlling of MR shock absorber in semi-active suspension system is based on the
working of the assembled two controllers, where first controller generates desired damping force
signal whereas second controller is responsible for supplying the command current to MR shock
absorber. In past, various control strategies have been studied related to vibration control
applications in semi-active suspension systems such as H-infinity control [7], sliding mode
DOI : 10.14810/ijmech.2014.3307 79
2. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
control [8], fuzzy logic control [9], adaptive control [10], neural network control [11] and sky-hook,
80
ground-hook and hybrid control [12] etc.
MR shock absorbers are known for generating hysteretic results having nonlinear characteristics,
which needs to be modelled for development of control system. This unpredictable nonlinear
hysteretic nature of MR shock absorber during damping force generation period makes its
selection and control system development a challenging and demanding task for control system
engineers and automotive manufacturers. In past, several parametric and non-parametric models
have been proposed by different researchers. These models include Bouc–Wen hysteresis model
[13], fuzzy model [14], polynomial model [15], LuGre model [16], neural network model [17-
18], viscoelastic–plastic model [19], sigmoid function-based model [20] and adaptive neuro-fuzzy
inference system [21] etc. Out of the various mentioned models, polynomial model is highly
suitable for development of forward as well as inverse model of MR shock absorbers, which is
helpful for its proper working in vibration control applications in vehicle systems.
In this paper, firstly experimental work is performed on selected MR shock absorber under
various excitation conditions and current values while polynomial model is selected to
characterize the experimental results of the MR shock absorber. Fuzzy controller is developed
which is the combination of Forward and Inverse Fuzzy Logic Controller for supplying the
command current signal to MR shock absorber. Further, a fully controlled semi-active quarter car
system is constructed with three degrees of freedom, having one MR shock absorber in primary
suspension system while second in secondary suspension system. Finally, simulation work is
performed and compared for four different control strategies of quarter car model under
sinusoidal type of input road excitation, keeping passengers ride comfort into account in terms of
passenger seat acceleration and displacement results.
2. POLYNOMIAL MODELLING
The prototype selected for experimental work is RD-1005-3, a product developed by Lord
Corporation, USA whereas its technical parameters can be found in [7]. The MTS (Material
Testing System) machine generated test results of MR shock absorber in terms of Force-
Displacement and Force-Velocity curves at one particular test condition of 3 Hz and + 2.5 mm
using different intensities of supplied current ranging from 0-1 A with increment of 0.25 A, are
shown in Figure 3 (a) - (b) respectively.
Table 1. Calculated coefficients and of fitted curve with values
Positive acceleration
Negative acceleration
Coefficients Coefficients
Coefficients
Coefficients
-37.25
-465.33
37.37
467.92
2.07
8.46
2.80
5.54
0.06
0.98
-0.08
-0.74
2.30E-03
0.07
2.25E-03
7.21E-02
-3.82E-05
-6.42E-04
8.91E-05
1.73E-04
-1.59E-06
-9.16E-05
-4.35E-06
-8.65E-05
-3.04E-09
1.26E-07
-3.00E-08
1.64E-07
2.04E-10
4.57E-08
2.66E-09
4.02E-08
7. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
In order to prove the applicability of selected polynomial model for control system development
purpose, the experimental test results and the fitted curves are shown in Figure 1 while the
calculated mathematical magnitudes of the coefficients and are tabulated Table 1. It can be
concluded that the fitted curves using polynomial model and the experimental test curves show
very good closeness with each other.
81
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
1 A
0.5 A
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Displacement (mm)
(a) Force vs Displacement
(b) Force vs Velocity
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
1 A
0.5 A
Figure 1. The comparison between polynomial model and experimental results
(3 Hz, + 2.5 mm): ( Measured, Simulated)
-1500
Damping Force (N)
0.25 A
0 A
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Velocity (mm/sec)
Damping Force (N)
0.25 A
0 A
8. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
82
3. SEMI-ACTIVE QUARTER CAR MODEL
A semi-active quarter car model is developed having assembly of MR shock absorbers as shown
in Figure 2, representing one-fourth body mass of the complete vehicle. Present nonlinear
structure is assembly of passenger seat mass, sprung mass and unsprung mass (, , ),
primary suspension with spring of stiffness and shock absorber damping coefficient (,),
secondary suspension with spring of stiffness and shock absorber damping coefficient (,)
and tire stiffness () respectively. The vertical displacement of passenger seat, sprung mass and
unsprung mass and road input is represented by ,, and respectively. Here, Figure 2
shows the fully controlled quarter car model where MR shock absorber 1 is assembled in primary
suspension system responsible for generating damping force as and MR shock absorber 2 is
assembled in secondary suspension system responsible for generating damping force as .
When in fully controlled suspension system, MR shock absorber 1 is replaced by passive shock
absorber then it represents secondary suspension controlled system. While if MR shock absorber
2 is replaced by passive shock absorber then it represents primary suspension controlled system.
Present model performs as semi-active suspension when the supplied current to MR shock
absorber is greater than zero while in case of control system failure, suspension system can still
work as fail safe device matching the performance of passive suspension system.
The vertical equations of motion of designed quarter car model with three-degree-of-freedom
taking passenger seat mass, sprung mass and unsprung mass are given by :
+
− + − + = 01
−
− – − + − + − − + = 02
− − – − + − − = 03
Figure 2. Quarter car model with MR suspension systems
4. FORMULATION OF FUZZY CONTROLLER
The concept of fuzzy logic is helpful in control system problems where exact mathematical model
formulation is not feasible as well as for systems having very complex dynamics. In practical
problems related to industrial sectors, design and development person responsible for fuzzy
9. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
controller working should have knowledge and expertise about the behavior of the system to be
controlled in particular situation. Basically, fuzzy controller working is dependent on the number
of input-output selection, membership function shapes and rule base writing, which is directly
implemented in control system, based on expert’s knowledge. In present study, controller
structure is dependent on the signals supplied by quarter car model, representing MISO (Multiple
Input Single Output) type system.
A general design structure of assembled fuzzy controller in primary suspension system with
various stages of supplied signals with direction for its working in considered semi-active quarter
car model is shown in Figure 3 (a) – (b) respectively. Here, Forward Fuzzy Logic Controller
(FFLC) is supplied with two signals in terms of sprung mass velocity (#$) and primary
suspension velocity (#%) and generates the desired damping force signal (') while Inverse
Fuzzy Logic Controller (IFLC) is supplied with two signals as desired damping force signal and
primary suspension velocity while the output signal generating from it is the control current (( )
which is later on supplied to physical MR shock absorber 1 (MR1) for generating real damping
force in suspension system.
The membership function shapes with the interval period for Forward and Inverse Fuzzy Logic
Controller working in primary suspension system is shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5 respectively.
Normalized values are multiplied by scaling factors to obtain the real intervals of supplied
signals. The abbreviations selected for membership functions are as follows: Negative Large
[NL], Negative Medium [NM], Negative Small [NS], Zero [ZR], Positive Small [PS], Positive
Medium [PM], Positive Large [PL], Positive Very Large [PVL], Positive Very Very Large
[PVVL]. The written rules, responsible for performance delivery of FFLC and IFLC in
considered case, are shown in Table 2 and Table 3 respectively.
83
(a) Forward Fuzzy Logic Controller
(b) Inverse Fuzzy Logic Controller
Figure 3. Block diagram of Fuzzy Logic Controller in Primary Suspension System
11. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
Here, Mamdani method is selected with “Min – Max” fuzzy inference state and Centroid
method is applied for conversion of linguistic variables to mathematical values in
defuzzification stage.
85
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, simulation work is performed on quarter car models, designed with different four
types of suspension alternatives whereas the selected parameters are tabulated in Table 4. The
main interest of study is to evaluate passenger ride comfort response taking acceleration and
displacement of passenger seat into account. Sinusoidal road excitation with 10 rad/sec was
developed as input to travelling vehicle system as shown in Figure 6.
Table 4. Parameters of quarter car model for simulation
Parameter Symbol Value (Unit)
Passenger seat mass 75 kg
Sprung mass 320 kg
Unsprung mass 50 kg
Primary suspension stiffness 30000 N/m
Primary suspension damping 1500 N/m/s
Secondary suspension stiffness 7500 N/m
Secondary suspension damping 750 N/m/s
Tire stiffness 210,000 N/m
0.04
0.02
0
-0.02
-0.04
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (sec)
Figure 6. Input road excitation of sinusoidal type with 10 rad/sec
Displacement (m)
The vibration response in time domain of passenger seat in vertical direction is shown in Figure 7
having the comparison response of controlled and uncontrolled cases. As can be seen that all
three different controlled cases provide improved performance compared to uncontrolled case
taking quarter car model into account in terms of passenger seat acceleration and displacement
response. It can also be observed that the fully controlled system provides maximum reduction in
acceleration and displacement response of passenger seat compared to other control strategies.
12. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
10
5
0
-5
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
2
)
0.1
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.1
Figure 7. Passenger seat response under sinusoidal type road excitation: (a) passenger seat
acceleration, (b) passenger seat displacement; ( Uncontrolled, Primary suspension
controlled, ----- Secondary suspension controlled, Fully controlled)
Damping force response as well as the supplied current to the assembled MR shock absorbers in
different controlled cases is shown in Figure 8 – Figure 11 respectively. It can be observed from
Figure 8 (a) and Figure 10 (a) that the magnitude of damping force generated by assembled MR
shock absorber in primary suspension system remains below 1000 N during compression and
rebound stroke while the magnitude of supplied current responsible for its generation remains
below maximum safe limit of 1 A. Similarly, Figure 9 (a) shows the variation of magnitude of
damping force between the limits of 500 N for compression and rebound stage as generated by
MR shock absorber assembled in secondary suspension of secondary controlled suspension
system while Figure 9 (b) represents the signal of supplied current to it. The values of generated
damping force by MR shock absorber and supplied current value to it remains at minimum level
for secondary suspension assembled MR shock absorber as shown in Figure 11 (a)-(b)
respectively, while fully controlled suspension system is taken into account.
1000
0
-1000
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 8. Response plots of primary suspension MR shock absorber for Primary Suspension Controlled
86
System: (a) desired damping force signal (b) supplied control current signal
-10
Time (sec)
Acceleration (m/s
(a)
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time (sec)
Displacement (m)
(b)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Force (N)
(a)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Input Current (A)
(b)
13. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
500
0
0 1 2 3 4
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 9. Response plots of secondary suspension MR shock absorber for Secondary Suspension Controlled
87
System: (a) desired damping force signal (b) supplied control current signal
1000
0
-1000
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Figure 10. Response plots of primary suspension MR shock absorber for Fully Controlled Suspension
System: (a) desired damping force signal (b) supplied control current signal
250
0
-250
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Figure 11. Response plots of secondary suspension MR shock absorber for Fully Controlled Suspension
System: (a) desired damping force signal (b) supplied control current signal
Table 5. RMS values for quarter car model at 40 km/hr
Parameter Passive
Primary
Suspension
Controlled
Secondary
Suspension
Controlled
Fully Controlled
5.0733 3.4146 3.4878 2.1454
(-32.69%) (-31.25%) (-57.71%)
0.0528 0.0349 0.0358 0.0217
(-33.90%) (-32.20%) (-58.90%)
− 0.0359 0.0242 0.0235 0.0147
(-32.59%) (-34.54%) (-57.71%)
-500
Time (sec)
Force (N)
(a)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Input Current (A)
(b)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Force (N)
(a)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Input Current (A)
(b)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Force (N)
(a)
0 1 2 3 4
Time (sec)
Input Current (A)
(b)
14. International Journal of Recent advances in Mechanical Engineering (IJMECH) Vol.3, No.3, August 2014
88
Table 6. Peak values for quarter car model at 40 km/hr
Parameter Passive
Primary
Suspension
Controlled
Secondary
Suspension
Controlled
Fully Controlled
8.0743 5.1417 6.1618 3.6514
(-36.32%) (-23.69%) (-54.78%)
0.0901 0.0528 0.0565 0.034
(-41.40%) (-37.29%) (-62.26%)
− 0.0582 0.0365 0.0374 0.0233
(-37.29%) (-35.74%) (-59.97%)
The calculated response results in mathematical data are shown in Table 5 having RMS values
and in Table 6 having Peak values. In both considered results, all values for three controlled
suspension systems are lower compared to uncontrolled one. But the results delivered by fully
controlled suspension system are much better compared to primary suspension controlled system
as well as secondary suspension controlled systems. Thus, fully controlled system suppresses the
passenger seat vibrations in best way compared to uncontrolled system, in terms of RMS and
Peak values while passenger seat acceleration ( ), displacement ( ) and secondary suspension
deflection ( − ) are taken into account.
6. CONCLUSION
Present research work has taken the passenger ride comfort factor into account where acceleration
and displacement response of passenger seat is studied. For simulation purpose, uncontrolled and
different controlled quarter car systems with three-degrees-of-freedom are designed. Simulation
response results in graphical and mathematical form show that the fully controlled quarter car
system provides best results in vibration suppression of passenger seat compared to primary
suspension controlled, secondary suspension controlled and uncontrolled cases. The calculated
results of passenger seat as well as secondary suspension system response in terms of RMS values
as well as peak values shows that the fully controlled quarter car system provides best
performance in terms of vibration suppression of passenger seat compared to other considered
cases. Thus, fully controlled system having the assembly of Fuzzy controller and MR shock
absorber in both primary and secondary suspension system can be used practically in vehicle
system to get best ride comfort experience by passengers during travelling period.
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Authors
Devdutt is PhD student in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, YMCA University
of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India. Presently he is working as Assistant
Professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and
Technology, Manav Rachna International University, Faridabad, Haryana, India. His
research areas of interest are noise, vibration and ride quality related to semi-active and
active vehicle suspension system.
Dr. M.L.Aggarwal has done B.Sc. (Mechanical Engg.) from REC Kurukshetra, Haryana,
India in 1988, M.Tech. and Ph.D. from IIT New Delhi in 2003 and JMI New Delhi in 2007
respectively. He has been working in YMCA University of Science Technology
Faridabad, Haryana, India since 1989. He has published 40 papers in International / National
Journals in the relevant areas of design engineering. His research areas of interest are
materials, shot peening and design.