1) The document discusses the origins and escalation of tensions between the US/Western allies and the Soviet Union following World War II, including the Berlin Blockade and Airlift and the formation of opposing military alliances like NATO and the Warsaw Pact. 2) It also covers the development of nuclear weapons by both sides and the beginning of a dangerous arms race, as well as conflicts in areas like China and Korea as the Cold War spread globally. 3) Events in China are discussed in depth, including Mao Zedong's rise to power amid civil war, his radical reforms based on Marxism, and later disastrous social campaigns like the Great Leap Forward and Cultural Revolution.

1. Communism and Conflict Berlin Airlift Alliances Nuclear Escalation Turmoil in China

2. Berlin Airlift The US, France, and Britain withdraw their forces in 1948 and allow their three zones to form one country Berlin is deep within the Soviet zone of Germany The Soviet Union responds by holding west Berlin hostage

3. Berlin Airlift Soviets cut off highway and railway access to the city as well as water Stalin hoped this would scare the allies into surrendering west Berlin US and Britain break the blockade with airplanes!!!!! Planes landed and took off every three minutes 277,000 flights 2.3 million tons of supplies Soviets forced to admit defeat after 11 months Negotiations took place at the United Nations

4. Alliances Form North Atlantic Treaty Organization Western Democracies fear WWIII erupting from the chaos and uncertainty shown by the Berlin Blockade Fear the West would not be able to wage a war against the Soviet Union should one erupt 10 countries including US and Canada sign the collective security agreement First US peacetime military commitment

5. Alliances Form Soviets see NATO as a threat to their own security Respond by forming an alliance system of their own The Warsaw Pact included the Soviet Union and the satellite countries

6. Alliances Form The United States continued to search for Allies in a potential war and continue the policy of containment Southeast Asia Treaty Organization SEATO Formed to stabilize the area after the beginning of the Korean Conflict

7. Nuclear Weapons The Soviet Union does not waste any time in developing its own atomic bomb (1949) The US is determined to develop an even deadlier bomb Thermonuclear weapons were the next step Truman okays research into the H-bomb which would be 1,000 times stronger than the A-bomb US successfully develops this weapon by 1952 and the Soviets follow with their version months later

8. Arms Race As time went on the weapons become more powerful Constant competition to outdo the each other with sheer power Who could create and master the most terrifying weapons of them all

9. Brinkmanship Eisenhower assumes the presidency in 1954 Appoints John Foster Dulles as his secretary of state who is firmly anti-communist Declared that if the Soviet Union or its supporters launched an attack against the US the US would immediately retaliate. Willingness to go to the edge of war referred to as brinkmanship

10. Science and Technology Cold war fueled scientific research and technological advances Needed to outdo the other country in both weapons and prestige Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs)

11. Fragile Balance Watch the following movie and answer the questions.

12. Communist China Take a moment and answer the following review questions: Who was the nationalist leader in China? Who was the communist leader in China? What was the Long March?

13. WWII Interrupts a Civil War During WWII China was invaded by Japan Mao is able to beat back the Japanese in Northern China and gain control of the area Wins the trust and loyalty of the peasants by promoting literacy and providing food Chiang Kai-Shek now called Jiang Jieshi is still in control of the nationalists US gives about $1.5 billion in aid to his armies to fight the Japanese Waste aide or save it for the fight with Mao instead

14. Civil War Resumes Nationalist appear to be in the better position at the outset of the struggle Larger army Continued aid from the US Collapsing economy leads many nationalists to desert and defect to the communist army causing the Nationalists to lose the war

15. Two Chinas Mao and the People’s Republic of China Received aid from the Soviets and had a military alliance Jiang and Nationalist China based in Taiwan called the Republic of China Supported by the US

16. Response to the Chinas US seeks to expand its own influence in Asia Limits USSR occupation of Japan Splits Korea into a North and South

17. Chinese Expansion Under Mao Mao expands into Inner Mongolia, India, and Tibet Had promised autonomy to the Tibetians who were followers of the Dalai Lama Dalai Lama forced to flee to India as communist China’s forces tighten on the region

19. Changes Under Mao Claimed to have a new “Mandate of Heaven” Communists only 1% of the population at the outset Set up a party organization and a national government Mao heads both

20. Marx and China Mao wants to model Chinese economy after Marxist system Most farmers did not own their own land 10% of population owned 70% of the land Agrarian Reform Law of 1950 Seized and redistributed land Killed any landowner who resisted Forced peasants to join collective farms What other leader has done this in history?

21. Marx and China Women given an equal place in the home and the workplace as Marx suggests In direct conflict with the Confucian beliefs and way of life Completely disrupts the social order of the country National child care instituted to allow women the freedom to become an equal part in the workplace

22. Marx and China Nationalization of Industry Government takes control of the means of production Sets out a 5 year plan for their industry Succeeds Increases output of coal, cement, and electricity by 100% Steel production quadruples

23. Great Leap Forward Larger collective farms called communes 26,000 established averaging 15,000 acres and supporting 25,000 people each Worked together, ate together, slept in dormitories, raised their children together Removed personal profit motive so no reward to work hard when only the state benefited Program fails when it is inefficient and people hate the lifestyle Crop failures also cause mass starvation in 1958 and 1961 Program officially ends 1961

24. Changes for China After Great Leap failure Mao diminishes role in the government New leaders move away from Mao’s strict socialist Allow farmers to live in their own homes Sale of goods from small private plots Factory workers could compete for raises, bonuses and promotions

25. Mao’s Objections Mao does not like the new direction Straying away from Socialist goals 1966 launches a new campaign to try and keep the communists on track Called on the younger generation to “learn revolution by making revolution” High School and College students leave class and form militias called the Red Guards

26. Cultural Revolution Red Guards lead Cultural Revolution Goal of the revolution was to achieve complete equality for all peasants and workers Intellectual and artistic activities seen as useless Shut down colleges and schools Intellectuals forced to do hard labor to purify themselves People who did not agree were executed or jailed

27. Cultural Revolution Shut down factories and schools Complete chaos and anarchy threatens to collapse the country Mao eventually acknowledges that the revolution must be stopped In 1976 Mao gives the order to dissolve the Red Guards

28. Soviet Problems Soviet Union and China pledge friendship at the outset of Mao’s rule Begin to fight over who will lead the worldwide communist movement Territory disputes along their border USSR ends economic aid to China in 1960