The document discusses the significance of effective communication skills, particularly in oral and written forms, emphasizing the importance of clarity, organization, and audience engagement. It highlights various aspects such as speech production, listening skills, and the role of tone and articulation in effective communication. Additionally, it provides strategies for educators to enhance students' oral language skills and improve comprehension through active listening and interactive learning activities.

1. BY
.Dr. Suchitra Behera.
Department of Education, Kolhan university, chaibasa.

2.  reply to a flood of emails;
 video-conference with students.
 let your smart phone conversation.
 spit some unprintable words as per your mood.
all these questions carries some type of information the communicator wants to
convey.
 The ability to convey information and ideas effectively has good
communication skills.
 Definition:
 Communication is the process by which information is exchanged between
individuals. It requires a shared understanding of symbol systems, such as
language and mathematics etc.

3.  Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to
explain, describe, give information or inform. The creator of
an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has
prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being
discussed.

7. Examples of expository writing include:
•Reports
•Scientific reports
•Term papers
•Encyclopedia articles
Features of expository writing
The main features include:
•Informative
Expository text is meant to deposit information
•Clarity.
Using words that clearly show what the author is talking about.
•Organization of the text.
A well-written exposition remains focused on its topic and lists events in chronological order
•Impersonal
Second-person instructions with "you." However, the use of first-person pronouns should be avoided.
•Unbiased
Expository essays will not overtly reveal the opinion of the writer.

8.  What is oral skills?
 Oral skills are speech enhancers that are used to produce clear
sentences that is meaningful to an audience. Oral skills are used
to enhance the clarity of speech for effective communication.
 Communication is the transmission of messages and the correct
interpretation of information between people. The production
speech is insisted by the respiration of air from the lungs that
initiates the vibrations in the vocal cords. The cartilages in the
larynx adjust the shape, position and tension of the vocal cords.

9.  Speech is produced from the vibrations in the vocal cords. The
lungs, vocal cords and larynx play an important role in speech
production. The lungs draws in air to produce vibrations in the
vocal cords. The movement and shape of the vocal cords
determines the pitch of sounds. The larynx consists of nine
cartilages that assists the vocal cords to produce sound.
Producing clear speech is important for effective
communication.

11.  Clarity in speaking
 Clarity in speaking is achieved by utilizing oral skills. Oral skills
strengthen a speakers ability to produce clear and crisp sounds. Using
a variety of different oral skills the tonal modulation and articulation
of voice. These oral skills include speaking in a moderate pace to
produce intelligible speech that can be understood word for word.
Having clear pronunciation of words to enhances the diction of
speech.
 Articulation. The human mouth utilizes the lips, tongue and jaws for
articulation. The articulation of vowels and phrases produces clear
speech that is intelligible.


12.  Moderate pace:
 A moderate pace of speech enables a person to speak intelligibly. The moderate pace in speech
enables a listener to process and understand the information.This helps to break down large and
complex information to smaller parts. Pausing during speaking emphasizes the information and this
enables the audience to interpret the information correctly.
 Pronunciation:
 The correct pronunciation of vowels is aided by the soft plate, tongue, lips and cheeks. These
structures aid to ‘shape’ sound into vowels and consonants. The correct pronunciation of words
enables the listener to correctly interpret the information. The movement of the mouth and lips
affects the pronunciation words. The tongue plays a key role in the pronunciation of vowels and
consonants.
 Tone:
 The tone of voice in speaking is modulated to convey expression and emotion. This enables the
responder to recognize emotion that is appropriate of the circumstance and this enables the audience
to process information immediately and correctly. The pitch of one’s voice can impact the clarity of
speech. A monotonous tone of voice can cause the listener to misinterpret information as it is harder
to focus to a monotonous tone.

13.  Verbal fillers:
 Verbal fillers are commonly used when a speaker recalls or is confused by
what they are saying. "Um", "Err" and "Hmm", are commonly used verbal
fillers. The repetition of phrases in sentences is a verbal filler. that These
unintentional pauses can affect the clarity of speech as it creates gaps in the
speaker's sentences. Verbal fillers can disrupt the flow of speech and can
distract the attention of the audience. This can impact the audience
understanding and ability to process information.
 SPEECH PERCEPTION.(listening)
 The human ears detect vibrations from sounds and converts this
information to the brain via nerve impulses. These vibrations are
transferred to specialized parts of the ears
.The external, middle and inner ear play an important role in the
transformation of sound and energy. The techniques used in oral skills to
produce clear speech impacts the correct interpretation of information.

14. Oral communication: is the process of verbally transmitting information and ideas from one individual
or group to another. Oral communication can be either formal or informal. Examples of informal oral
communication include:
•Face-to-face conversations
•Telephone conversations
•Discussions that take place at business meetings
More formal types of oral communication include:
•Presentations at business meetings
•Classroom lectures
•Commencement speeches given at a ceremony.
With advances in technology, new forms of oral communication continue to develop. Video phones and
video conferences combine audio and video so that workers in distant locations can both see and speak
with each other.
Other modern forms of oral communication include podcasts (audio clips that you can access on the
Internet) and Voiceover Internet Protocol (VoIP), which allows callers to communicate over the Internet
and avoid telephone charges. Skype is an example of VoIP.

15.  As you can see, there are at
least 6 distinct types of communication:
 non-verbal,
 verbal-oral-face-to-face,
 verbal-oral-distance,
 verbal-written,
 formal
 informal types of communication.

16.  Oral language is one of the most important skills the students can master—both for social and academic success. Learners
use this skill throughout the day to process and deliver instructions, make requests, ask questions, receive new information,
and interact with peers.
 Encourage conversation.
 Every social interaction gives students a new opportunity to practice language. Some of your students might need a little
guidance from you to engage in conversations, so spark interactions whenever you can. Ask questions, rephrase the
student’s answers, and give prompts that encourage oral conversations to continue.
 Model syntactic structure.
 Your students may not use complete oral syntax in informal speech, but encourage them to do so when they’re in the
classroom. When a student uses fragmented syntax, model complete syntax back to them. This builds oral language
skills and gives students practice in a skill necessary for mastering written language.
 Maintain eye contact.
 Engage in eye contact with students during instruction and encourage them to do the same. Maintaining eye contact will
help learners gauge their audience’s attention and adjust their language, their volume, or the organization of their speech.
This will help them be better understood, communicate more clearly, and successfully interpret nonverbal cues about their
clarity.

17.  Remind students to speak loudly and articulate clearly.
 Ask students to feel the muscles used for speech while they’re talking and monitor their volume and articulation.
Remind them that clear and loud-enough speech is essential for holding the attention of the group and
communicating their information and opinions effectively.
 Explain the subtleties of tone.
 Your students have probably experienced playground arguments related to tone; misunderstandings are
common when students are using loud outdoor voices. Remind your students how tone of voice—which includes
pitch, volume, speed, and rhythm—can change the meaning of what a speaker says. Often, it’s not what they say,
it’s how they say it that can lead to misunderstanding of motives and attitudes. Ask your students to be mindful
of tone when they’re trying to get a message across, and adjust their volume and pitch accordingly.
 Attend to listening skills.
 Ensure that your students are listening by using consistent cues to get their attention. You might use a phrase like
“It’s listening time” to give students a reminder. Some students might also benefit from written reminders posted
prominently on your wall.
Incorporate a “question of the day.”
 During each school day’s opening activities, ask a question to encourage talk. (You can even write one on the
board so your students can read it and start thinking about their answer as soon as they come in.) Start with
simple one-part questions like “What is your favorite animal?” If a student doesn’t answer in a complete
sentence, model a complete sentence and ask the student to repeat your model.

18.  Compile a class booklet of students’ phrases.
 Give your students a sentence to finish, such as “When my dog got lost I looked…” Have each student contribute
a prepositional phrase to complete the sentence (e.g., at the grocery store, in the park, under the bed). Then have your
students create a class booklet by writing and illustrating their phrases. When all the phrase pages are assembled
into a booklet, students can practice reading the very long sentence with all the places they looked for the dog.
Encourage them to come up with a conclusion to the story.
 Question to boost comprehension.
 Asking questions before and after a reading assignment not only helps sharpen oral language skills, it also helps
students think about what they’re reading and absorb information from the words. You might try the following
strategies to facilitate reading comprehension:
 If there’s an introduction to the story or passage, ask students to read it and answer purpose-setting questions:
“Where does the story begin? “What kind of story or article is this? Why do you think so?”
 Ask students to predict outcomes: “What will happen? How do you know?”
 After the reading, ask students to reveal whether their predictions were correct and identify where the ending or
conclusion begins.
 Have students summarize the passage: “Who were the characters?” “What was the plot?” “What was the
outcome?” “What was the main idea?” “What were the supporting details?”
 Never assume students understood your instructional talk.
 You use oral language every day to teach—but some students may not be getting your message. students in their
classroom misinterpreted sentences delivered orally:

19.  Teach concept words.
 Some students may have difficulty with abstract concepts such
as before, after, or following, and with sequences such as days of the
week or months of the year. To help students learn and retain these
concepts, you may need to present and review them many times and
in multiple ways.
 For example:
 You might ask students to identify which holiday comes in each
month and then review holidays for other months in sequence: What
holiday is in March? In April?”
 Have students identify the month before or after a given month.
“May is before June and after April.” “May is between April and
June.”

20.  Listening is probably the most important dimension of effective
verbal communication. Its pedagogical value lies in the fact that
in the early stages of learning, children tend to understand more
easily by listening than by reading. Through listening, learners
are exposed to a broad spectrum of experiences, which help
them develop their linguistic potential. Active listening skills
promote information collection, evaluation of situations,
empathy, acceptance of persons and ideas. In addition, listening
can provide pleasure. Nonetheless, despite its key role in
communication, listening remains the least taught of all basic
skills.

21.  Preschool education and care provides ample opportunity for children to develop
oral communication. Various activities are implemented to this end, such as:
 Free announcements and discussions during circle time.
 Routine teacher-student interactions.
 Reading and narrating stories.
 Elaborating on various topics.
 Instructions and rules.
 Describing pictures and posters.
 Describing objects and events.
 Describing fictional or real portraits, for example, Ms. Owl; Maria’s grandmother.
 Role-play.
 Interviews.
 Reciting poems.

22.  Good and effective listener tries to give maximum amount of thought to the speaker’s ideas being communicated, leaving
a minimum amount of time for mental exercises to go off track.
 A good listener Is attentive- Good listener must pay attention to the key points. He should be alert. He should avoid
any kind of distraction.
 Do not assume- Good listener does not ignore the information he considers is unnecessary. He should always summarize
the speaker’s ideas so that there is no misunderstanding of thoughts of speakers.
 Listen for feelings and facts- Good listener deliberately listens for the feelings of the speaker.
 He concentrates totally on the facts.
 He evaluates the facts objectively.
 His listening is sympathetic, active and alert.
 He keenly observes the gestures, facial expression and body language of the speaker.
 In short, a good listener should be projective (i.e. one who tries to understand the views of the speaker) and empathic .
 Concentrate on the other speakers kindly and generously- A good listener makes deliberate efforts to give a chance to
other speakers also to express their thoughts and views. He tries to learn from every speaker. He evaluates the speaker’s
ideas in spare time. He focuses on the content of the speaker’s message and not on the speaker’s personality and looks.
 Opportunizes- A good listener tries to take benefit from the opportunities arising. He asks “What’s in it for me?

23.  Listening means attentiveness and interest perceptible in the
posture as well as expressions. Listening implies decoding (i.e.,
translating the symbols into meaning) and interpreting the messages
correctly in communication process.
 Listening differs from hearing in sense that:
 Hearing implies just perceiving the sounds while listening means
listening with understanding whatever you are listening. Both the
body as well as mind is involved in listening process.
 Listening is an active process while hearing is a passive activity.
 Hearing is an effortless activity while listening is an act requiring
conscious efforts, concentration and interest. Listening involves both
physical and psychological efforts.

24.  Effective listening:
 Requires both deliberate efforts and a keen mind. Effective listeners
appreciate flow of new ideas and information. Organizations that
follow the principles of effective listening are always informed
timely, updated with the changes and implementations, and are
always out of crisis situation.
 Effective listening promotes organizational relationships, encourages
product delivery and innovation, as well as helps organization to deal
with the diversity to serve.
 To improve communication skills, you must learn to listen
effectively. Effective listening gives an advantage and makes more
impressive when we speak. It also boosts the performance of
individuals.

25.  Effective Listening Skills
 Discover your interests’ field.
 Grasp and understand the matter/content.
 Remain calm. Do not loose your temper. Anger hampers and inhibits communication.
Angry people jam their minds to the words of others.
 Be open to accept new ideas and information.
 Jot down and take a note of important points.
 Work upon listening. Analyze and evaluate the speech in spare time.
 Rephrase and summarize the speaker’s ideas.
 Keep on asking questions. This demonstrates that how well you understand the speaker’s
ideas and also that you are listening.
 Avoid distractions.
 “Step into the shoes of others”, i.e., put yourself in the position of the speaker and observe
things from his view point. This will help creating an atmosphere of mutual understanding
and improve the exchange of ideas in communication process.

26.  Writing is a form of communication that allows students to put
their feelings and ideas on paper, to organize their knowledge
and beliefs into convincing arguments, and to convey meaning
through well-constructed text.
 In its most advanced form, written expression can be as vivid as
a work of art. Spelling, vocabulary, grammar, and organization
come together and grow together to help the student
demonstrate more advanced writing skills .

27.  Clarity and focus: In good writing, everything makes sense and readers don’t get
lost or have to reread passages to figure out what’s going on. Focused writing
sticks with the plot or core idea without running off on too many tangents.
 Organization: A well organized piece of writing is not only clear, it’s presented in
a way that is logical and aesthetically pleasing. You can tell non-linear stories or
place your thesis at the end of an essay and get away with it as long as your scenes
or ideas are well ordered.
 Ideas and themes: Is the topic of your paper relevant? Does your story come
complete with themes? Can the reader visualize your poem? For a piece of writing
to be considered well crafted, it has to contain clearly identifiable ideas and
themes.
 Voice: This is what sets you apart from all other writers. It’s your unique way of
stringing words together, formulating ideas, and relating scenes or images to the
reader. In any piece of writing, the voice should be consistent and identifiable.

28.  Language (word choice): We writers can never underestimate or fail to appreciate
our most valuable tools: words. Good writing includes precise and accurate word
choices and well crafted sentences.
 Grammar and style: Many writers would wish this one away, but for a piece of
writing to be considered good (let alone great), it has to follow the rules of
grammar (and break those rules only when there’s a good reason). Style is also
important in ensuring that a piece of writing is clear and consistent. Make sure
you keep a grammar book and style guide handy.
 Credibility or believability: Nothing says bad writing like getting the facts wrong
or misrepresenting oneself. In fiction, the story must be believable (even if it’s
impossible), and in nonfiction, accurate research can make or break a writer.
 Thought-provoking or emotionally inspiring: Perhaps the most important
quality of good writing is how the reader responds to it. Does she come away with
a fresh perspective and new ideas? Does he close the cover with tears in his eyes or
a sense of victory? How readers react to your work will fully determine your
success as a writer.

29.  Narrative writing :
 The purpose of narrative writing is to tell a story just like a storyteller but in written form.
The story could be a fictional story or a real story. Narrative writing is considered one of
the most difficult styles of writing to write and one of the easiest writing styles for
reading. Because it requires a lot of skills to write a story in such a way that it takes the
reader in the world of the story. Writing stories need great imagination and writing skills
to convey it to the reader.
 In narrative writing, the writer develops a lot of fictional character and tell what happened
to them in the form of a story. Mostly, stories are narrated from the point of view of one
character, which is called first-person narration. All novels, poetry, short stories,
biographies, and autobiographies fall under this category. A whole narrative writing is an
answer to the simple and small question “what happened then?”.
 There are situations in narrative writing such as actions, conflicts and fights, motivational
events. A narrative story always has a definite beginning, interval, and ending. Sometimes
the ending of a story is definite and sometimes writer leave the story with an open ending.
There are two reasons behind leaving a story with an open ending. First, the writer
is planning to write a sequel to the story. Second, the writer wants his reader to imagine
their own ending.

30.  This type of writing styles is commonly found in textbooks. This types of writing is used to explain
things, people, place, relationship or an idea. Expository writing is used to provide information
about various things, therefore, it is sometimes also referred to as information writing. In this types
of writing, the author provides factual information about a certain subject rather than voicing his /
her own opinion.
 This types of writing is built on facts, statics, reasons, laws and principle, cause, effects, and
examples. As this information written in this types of writing is factual, therefore, it is written
without emotions and from the point of view of a third person. Self-reference can be used in
expository writing but to give an external description and explanation and not to explain personal
feelings and opinions.
 Expository writing is sometimes confused with descriptive writing because both type of writing are
used to describe things. However, both types of writings are quite different from each other. An
expository writing style is used to explain and describe external things, situations and processes
whereas descriptive writing is used to explain the point of view of someone about the world or a
subject or a thing at a particular time.
 Moreover, the expository style of writing is written with neutral and matter- of – fact tone. This type
of writing usually explains things in a process with facts and figures in a logical order and
sequence. The expository writing style is used in textbooks, newspapers, magazines, recipes, how to
articles, editorial writing, business, scientific or technical writing.

31.  The main purpose of this type of writing is to persuade its audience
about something. It includes opinion and a personal point of view of
the author. The author should have known about the other side of
the topic so that he can present the strongest information to counter
it. He/she should be able to develop a well-defined and debatable
topic.
 Sometimes the author writes about the other side of the opposing
point and refute them and give a strong explanation for why he/she
does it. Even though persuasive writing includes a personal opinion
of the author, it is still written objectively. Persuasive writing usually
uses emotional appeal to win the heart and confidence of readers.
Persuasive writing contains reasons, arguments, and justifications.

32.  Descriptive writing is describing things such as characters, places, events etc. in details. It
is like painting a picture in the minds of readers. A writer describes everything with
respect to all senses. Through words, he tells you how it looks like, feels like, smells like
and sounds like. Descriptive writing does the job of connecting the outer world with the
inner world.
 A writer uses various adjectives and adverbs to make the picture vivid for the reader.
Descriptive writing usually written with the point of view of the first person and the
context of the writing is emotional and personal. Haruki Murakami, a Japanese writer is
famous for his descriptive writing. His books like Kafka on the shore and Norwegian
woods are the best samples of his descriptive writing.
 One not only read his books but also lives in the world of his books. Descriptive writing is
used along with all other type of writings because every now and then a writer needs to
describe a scene, character in detail so that readers can understand the story better.
Descriptive writing is poetic in nature. It focuses on describing everything in a deep-
detailed manner, so a reader can see, smell, taste, hear and feel things. This type of writing
style is used in writing poetry, journals, fictional stories, diary writing and nature writing.

33.  this type of writing includes writing something which you can
support with facts and shreds of evidence. The information
provided should be well research and correct statistically and
scientifically. An author should remain neutral and unbiased
and let the readers make their own opinion. Objective writing is
a formal way of writing. Therefore, rather than writing “men
and girls” write ‘men and women”.
 This type of writing is “to the point of writing”, therefore, a
writer should not intensify anything by using words like always,
very, never etc. It is right to say that objective writing is fact
driven.

34.  This type of writing is opinion driven writing. An author writes
his own feelings, opinions, beliefs, and perspectives. The author
does not bother about the correctness of the material. Subjective
writing is originated from authors own experiences and
observations. Subjective approach is important because it gives
the reader an insight into the author’s thinking process. This
type of writing gives freedom to the reader to imagine things
from their own unique perspective.

35.  Creative writing is an art of making things up. This type of writing is
far different from professional writing. Writing fiction, non-fiction,
horror, crime, biographies, screenwriting, scriptwriting, short stories,
and playwriting all fall under this category. Basically, any writing
which origin from the imagination of one person is called creative
writing.
 There are plenty of jobs available in the market which requires
creative writing. Other than that, many people are running successful
websites, blogs, YouTube channel because of their creative writing.
Creative writing has become the need of the hour these days. Many
people are taking classes to improve their creative writing skills.

36.  Reviewing things has become a trend these days. People review
everything like restaurants, food, cosmetic products, books,
movies, and even mobile phones and laptops. Tech savvy people
read the review of things online before making any purchase.
Therefore, it has become so important that many companies pay
people to review their products. Review writing is art.

37.  Brush Up on the Basics
 Before you can start writing incredible content, you’ll need at
least an intermediate understanding of the basic principles of
writing.
 This doesn’t mean you need to enroll in a prestigious creative
writing program at an Ivy league university, but you will need
to know the basics of grammar and spelling. Every writer should
have a copy of “The Elements of Style” by Strunk and White on
their bookshelf, as this small but invaluable book is one of the
most comprehensive resources on the correct use of grammar
and other helpful topics.

38.  Write Like It’s Your Job
 If you want to get better at something, you have to practice – and writing is no exception!
 Unfortunately, there are few shortcuts that can transform you into an amazing writer
overnight, and even the most talented writers had to learn their craft over a period of
many years. It's admittedly even harder to write while considering SEO and how to drive
traffic to your post.
 If you want to improve your writing skills, writing on a regular basis will not only
diminish your fear of the blank page (or blinking cursor), it will also help you develop a
unique style. So, even if nobody reads it, keep writing. Practice makes perfect.
 Read Like It’s Your Job
 The best writers are also keen readers, and reading on a regular basis is an easy way to
start developing your writing skills. I don’t just mean blog posts, either – diversify your
reading material. Expand your horizons to more challenging material than you typically
read, and pay attention to sentence structure, word choice, and how the material flows.

39.  Find a Writing Partner
 Although writing is typically considered a solitary activity, the best writers know when it’s time to get much-needed
feedback on their work.
 Talk to your coworkers (or friends) and ask someone if they’d be willing to cast an eye over your work – they may spot
mistakes that you overlooked.
 Finding a writing partner is also a great way to hold yourself accountable .
 Join a Workshop .
 Joining a writing workshop can be immensely beneficial – and a lot of fun (if you manage to find a good one).
 Dissect Writing That You Admire
 Most people read the same blogs or sites on a regular basis because the material appeals to them – but fewer people
understand why their favorite blogs are so appealing.
 Find a handful of recent blog posts you really like, then print them out. Next, just like your high school English teacher
did, take a red pen and highlight things you liked: certain sentences, turns of phrase, even entire paragraphs. Examine
why you like these elements, and see if there are any common threads in your favored reading material. See how writers
take one subject and transition into another. Apply these techniques to your own work.


40.  Imitate Writers You Admire
 Before we go any further, a disclaimer – imitation is not the same as plagiarism. Don’t rip off
anyone’s work. Ever.
 Just as you probably have a list of blogs you read often, you’ll likely also read the same writers on a
regular basis. Identify what it is you enjoy about their work, and see if you can use it to improve
your writing skills.. Does a writer you like use humor to spice up dry topics? Try it. Do they use pop
culture references to make their work entertaining and useful? Try that, too.
 Remember That Outlines Are Your Friend
 The blinking cursor of a blank page is a considerable foe, even for the most experienced writers.
Before putting pen to proverbial paper, sketch out an outline of what you plan to write. This will be
your battle plan, and it will help you win the war. Very few – and I do mean very few – writers sit
down to write anything without a solid plan in mind.
 Edit Your Work Ruthlessly
 So, you’re writing every day (or regularly, at least), and you’re feeling more confident about your
work. Awesome! Now you’re going to become your own harshest critic. Editing is a tough skill to
learn for beginner writers, because they place immense value on the time and effort they put into
writing in the first place. However, a lot of writing is actually rewriting, and this is where the cold,
hard eye of an editor will serve you well.

41.  Accept That First Drafts Are Almost Always Crap
 The best writers make it look so easy. After reading a great post, it’s tempting to imagine
your favorite bloggers effortlessly turning in incredible posts with minimal effort before
spending the rest of their day reading obscure books in a quaint corner café somewhere.
Take comfort in the knowledge that this isn’t how writing works. First drafts are almost
always crap, and that’s okay. Writing is an iterative process, and even the best writers have
to spend a lot of time reworking material they were probably too embarrassed to show
anybody. Eliminate Unnecessary Words
 Another common mistake among beginner writers (and some more experienced writers
who should know better) is writing overly complex sentences in an attempt to “sound”
more authoritative.
 In many cases, shorter sentences can have a greater impact. You may have heard of a six-
word story that was supposedly written by Ernest Hemingway, which reads, “For sale:
Baby shoes, never worn.” Whether Hemingway wrote this or not is irrelevant – the power
of these six words shows that brevity can be a powerful tool when used correctly, and not
every sentence needs to be overwrought to get your point across.

42.  Take a Stroll Down Memory Lane
 I’ve been writing professionally, in one way or another, for the past
ten years.
 Writing should be fun,. Every now and then (but not too often), re-
read your earlier work and marvel at how much better you are now
than you were then. Pat yourself on the back. You’ve worked hard, so
don’t be shy – congratulate yourself. Don’t Be Afraid to Say What
You Think
 Most content on the web is bland and dreadfully boring. This is
because far too many bloggers focus on regurgitating the same news
as everybody else without bothering to add their own opinions. but
that doesn’t mean you can’t (or shouldn’t) say what you think.

43.  Do Your Research
 Aside from plagiarizing someone else’s work, nothing will undermine your credibility
faster than failing to do your homework.
 In their eagerness to be done with a blog post (or even major newspaper article), many
writers try to take shortcuts with the facts. This can range from accidentally fudging a
statistic out of haste to being lazy when it comes to sourcing or attribution. Not only can
this land you in big trouble with your editor/content marketing manager/other boss-type
person, it also makes you look like an amateur.
 Remember Done Is Better than Perfect.
 You should definitely take the time to write as well as you can, proofread and edit your
work thoroughly, and ensure that your piece flows logically from one point to the next.
 However, this doesn’t mean you should take weeks to write something.
 No piece of writing will ever be perfect – you have to know when it’s time to let it go.

44.  Read (a lot)!
 This might be surprising, but the first step toward developing
writing skills is not to write, but to read! Reading the works of
respected authors will open your eyes and your mind to
examples of good writing.
 Get familiar with various writing styles:
 Speaking of different writing styles, get to know the
idiosyncrasies that exist between each. What makes a good
creative writing sample? What are the different types of poetry
and how do they differ from prose?

45.  Write and/or journal everyday.
 The old adage stands true: practice makes perfect. It applies to virtually any activity or endeavor in life.
When you want to get better at something, there’s just no substitute for doing it, and doing it
consistently. The same goes for writing! Write every day. Keep a folder on your desktop with your
daily writing or keep a physical journal if you prefer writing by hand.
Read your writing out loud to yourself.
 This tip is another one that might not seem intuitive, but it is important. Writing that is good on
paper should also sound good to the reader’s ear, as though they were a listening audience. When
you read your writing out loud, you may notice if it’s choppy, incomplete, or repetitive – things you
may not always notice when you’re busy typing or writing away.
 Work with a writing tutor.
 Finally, it can be extremely helpful to share your work with others, especially those who can give
you useful feedback and individual attention. Check out this helpful blog post for some extra tips on
how to take criticism as a writer.
 Some are born with natural writing talent and others need extra practice.

46.  Linguistic Barriers
 The language barrier is one of the main barriers that limit effective communication.
Language is the most commonly employed tool of communication. The fact that each
major region has its own language is one of the Barriers to effective communication.
Sometimes even a thick dialect may render the communication ineffective.
 Psychological Barriers
 There are various mental and psychological issues that may be barriers to effective
communication. Some people have stage fear, speech disorders, phobia, depression etc. All
of these conditions are very difficult to manage sometimes and will most certainly limit the
ease of communication.
 Emotional Barriers
 The emotional IQ of a person determines the ease and comfort with which they can
communicate. A person who is emotionally mature will be able to communicate
effectively. On the other hand, people who let their emotions take over will face certain
difficulties.

47.  Physical Barriers to Communication
 They are the most obvious barriers to effective communication. These barriers are mostly easily removable in
principle at least. They include barriers like noise, closed doors, faulty equipment used for communication, closed
cabins, etc. Sometimes, in a large office, the physical separation between various employees combined with faulty
equipment may result in severe barriers to effective communication.
 Cultural Barriers of Communication
 As the world is getting more and more globalized, any large office may have people from several parts of the world.
Different cultures have a different meaning for several basic values of society. Dressing, Religions or lack of them,
food, drinks, pets, and the general behaviour will change drastically from one culture to another.
 Hence it is a must that we must take these different cultures into account while communication. This is what we call
being culturally appropriate. In many multinational companies, special courses are offered at the orientation stages
that let people know about other cultures and how to be courteous and tolerant of others.
 Organisational Structure Barriers
 As we saw there are many methods of communication at an organizational level. Each of these methods has its own
problems and constraints that may become barriers to effective communication. Most of these barriers arise because
of misinformation or lack of appropriate transparency available to the employees.
 Attitude BarriersCertain people like to be left alone. They are the introverts or just people who are not very social.
Others like to be social or sometimes extra clingy! Both these cases could become a barrier to communication. Some
people have attitude issues, like huge ego and inconsiderate behaviours.

48.  Perception Barriers
 Different people perceive the same things differently. This is a fact which we must consider during the communication
process. Knowledge of the perception levels of the audience is crucial to effective communication. All the messages or
communique must be easy and clear. There shouldn’t be any room for a diversified interpretational set.
 Physiological Barriers
 Certain disorders or diseases or other limitations could also prevent effective communication between the various
channels of an organization. The shrillness of voice, dyslexia, etc are some examples of physiological barriers to effective
communication. However, these are not crucial because they can easily be compensated and removed.
Technological Barriers & Socio-religious Barriers
 Other barriers include the technological barriers.
 The technology is developing fast and as a result, it becomes difficult to keep up with the newest developments. Hence
sometimes the technological advance may become a barrier. In addition to this, the cost of technology is sometimes very
high.
 Most of the organizations will not be able to afford a decent tech for the purpose of communication. Hence, this becomes
a very crucial barrier. Other barriers are socio-religious barriers. In a patriarchal society, a woman or a transgender may
face many difficulties and barriers while communicating.

49.  Clarify Ideas before Communication:
 The person sending the communication should be very clear in
his mind about what he wants to say. He should know the
objective of his message and, therefore, he should arrange his
thoughts in a proper .
 Communicate According to the Need of the Receiver:
 The sender of the communication should prepare the structure
of the message not according to his own level or ability but he
should keep in mind the level, understanding or the
environment of the receiver.

50.  Consult Others before Communication
 At the time of planning the communication, suggestions should be
invited from all the persons concerned. Its main advantage will be
that all those people who are consulted at the time of preparing the
communication plan will contribute to the success of the
communication system.
 Be Aware of Language, Tone and Content of Message:
 The sender should take care of the fact that the message should be
framed in clear and beautiful language. The tone of the message
should not injure the feelings of the receiver. As far as possible the
contents of the message should be brief and excessive use of technical
words should be avoided.

51.  Convey Things of Help and Value to the Listener :
 The subject matter of the message should be helpful to the receiver.
The need and interest of the receiver should specially be kept in
mind. Communication is more effective in such a situation.
 Ensure Proper Feedback:
 The purpose of feedback is to find out whether the receiver has
properly understood the meaning of the information received. In the
face-to- face communication, the reaction on the face of the receiver
can be understood.
 But in case of written communication or some other sort of
communications some proper method of feedback should be adopted
by the students.

52.  Consistency of Message:
 The information sent to the receiver should not be self- contradictory.
It should be in accordance with the objectives, policies, programmes
and techniques of the organisation. When a new message has to be
sent in place of the old one, it should always make a mention of the
change otherwise it can create some doubts.
 Follow up Communication:
 In order to make communication effective the management should
regularly try to know the weaknesses of the communication system.
In this context effort can be made to know whether to lay more stress
upon the formal or the informal communication would be
appropriate.

53.  Be a Good Listener:
 It is the essence of communication that both the sender and the receiver should be good listeners.
Both should listen to the each other’s point of view with attention, patience and positive attitude. A
sender can receive much relevant information by being a good listener.
 Take care of your body language and tone
 Often, when people think of improving their communication skills, they focus a lot on verbal
communication.
But non-verbal communication such as your tone of voice and body language, is equally important.
If you are unintentionally coming across as hostile or emotional through your body language or
facial expressions, this can cause misunderstandings or cause others not to want to engage with you.
Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed tone when conversing
with others.
Build up your confidence by asking for feedback and observing others
 If a lack of confidence is leading to a communication breakdown, then you may need to consider
using different tactics to improve your skills, to the point that you start to feel more confident.