Common heart problems
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The document reports on symptoms of heart conditions including chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, and lightheadedness. It discusses risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, obesity, and diabetes. Preventative measures are outlined like maintaining healthy cholesterol and blood sugar levels, not smoking, regular exercise, and a low-fat diet. Symptoms of heart failure involve breathlessness, swelling, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats. Potential causes of arrhythmias include underlying heart conditions, metabolic disorders, pregnancy, medications, smoking, stress, and excessive alcohol. Recommended treatments focus on diet, exercise, smoking cessation, stress reduction, and provided online resources for additional information.
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Common heart problems
The document discusses symptoms, causes, and prevention of heart conditions. It lists common symptoms of heart attacks such as chest pain and shortness of breath. It also discusses symptoms of heart failure like leg swelling and fatigue. The document identifies risk factors for heart disease including high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes and excessive alcohol. It recommends lifestyle changes to prevent heart disease such as eating a healthy diet, exercising, quitting smoking and reducing stress.
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Cardio Cure capsules are a supplement that can help support heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and decreasing the risk of sudden cardiac death. It functions by relaxing and dilating arteries to lower blood pressure and make it easier for the heart to pump blood, while also improving sleep to reduce stress. Some key benefits include relaxing arteries, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, supporting overall cardiovascular health, reducing arterial plaque, and controlling platelet function.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure, or hypertension, puts one at risk for health complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease and dementia. It has many risk factors including age, family history, obesity, excessive salt intake, chronic stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and levels are categorized as normal, prehypertension, or stage 1 or 2 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic readings. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can be managed through lifestyle changes like a healthy diet low in salt and high in fruits/vegetables, regular exercise, weight control, limiting alcohol and managing stress through
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Common symptoms of hypertension include chronic headaches, dizziness, blurry or double vision, nausea, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, frequent urination, and nosebleeds. An appropriate balanced diet to help reduce hypertension involves reducing sodium intake, eating more fruits and vegetables, taking more low-fat dairy, and avoiding foods high in cholesterol while including foods rich in potassium, calcium, and essential fatty acids.
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The document discusses heart disease, its causes, effects, and solutions. It notes that heart disease is the leading cause of death in both men and women. The heart is a muscle located in the center of the chest that pumps oxygenated blood through the body and deoxygenated blood back to the lungs. Common causes of heart disease include an unhealthy diet high in fat, salt, or cholesterol; lack of exercise; smoking; family history; age; and gender. Effects can include the heart having difficulty pumping blood and conditions like hypertension, stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and arrhythmias. The document recommends changing one's lifestyle by eating healthier, exercising regularly, and making a personal commitment to exercise as solutions that can
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Common heart problems
The document discusses symptoms, causes, and prevention of heart conditions. It lists common symptoms of heart attacks such as chest pain and shortness of breath. It also discusses symptoms of heart failure like leg swelling and fatigue. The document identifies risk factors for heart disease including high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes and excessive alcohol. It recommends lifestyle changes to prevent heart disease such as eating a healthy diet, exercising, quitting smoking and reducing stress.
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This document discusses common health issues that can arise in aging dogs and provides signs to look out for. It covers chronic kidney disease, liver disease, heart disease, arthritis, and dementia. For each condition, it lists signs and symptoms owners should be aware of as well as treatment options which may include dietary changes, medications, supplements, exercise modification, and comfort measures. Overall, the document stresses the importance of early detection through regular checkups, blood and urine tests, and being aware of telltale signs like increased drinking, urination, weight loss, behavior changes, and smelly breath.
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Cardio Cure capsules are a supplement that can help support heart health by lowering cholesterol levels and decreasing the risk of sudden cardiac death. It functions by relaxing and dilating arteries to lower blood pressure and make it easier for the heart to pump blood, while also improving sleep to reduce stress. Some key benefits include relaxing arteries, lowering blood pressure and cholesterol, supporting overall cardiovascular health, reducing arterial plaque, and controlling platelet function.
Blood pressure
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels. High blood pressure, or hypertension, puts one at risk for health complications like heart attack, stroke, kidney disease and dementia. It has many risk factors including age, family history, obesity, excessive salt intake, chronic stress, smoking, and excessive alcohol intake. Blood pressure is measured using a sphygmomanometer and levels are categorized as normal, prehypertension, or stage 1 or 2 hypertension based on systolic and diastolic readings. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can be managed through lifestyle changes like a healthy diet low in salt and high in fruits/vegetables, regular exercise, weight control, limiting alcohol and managing stress through
Hypertension
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a chronic medical condition where the blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. Common symptoms of hypertension include chronic headaches, dizziness, blurry or double vision, nausea, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, frequent urination, and nosebleeds. An appropriate balanced diet to help reduce hypertension involves reducing sodium intake, eating more fruits and vegetables, taking more low-fat dairy, and avoiding foods high in cholesterol while including foods rich in potassium, calcium, and essential fatty acids.
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This document summarizes several body systems and common age-related changes and health conditions that can affect each system. The major systems covered include the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. For each system, normal aging changes are outlined as well as common problems to observe and potentially report like pain, swelling, difficulty moving, coughing, or changes in mental status. Common conditions that can affect elderly patients for each system are also detailed.
Hypertension
A blood pressure measurement is always expressed in two numbers. The higher (systolic) number represents the pressure while the heart is beating, and the lower (diastolic) number represents the pressure when the heart is resting between beats.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. It has no symptoms but increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and other heart and kidney problems. Common causes include smoking, obesity, excessive salt intake, high cholesterol, stress, and lack of physical activity. Managing risk factors through lifestyle changes and medication if needed can help control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Heart Disease
Heart disease refers to several types of conditions that affect the heart. The most common type is coronary artery disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, swelling, confusion, and increased heart rate. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Prevention methods involve exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in salt and saturated fat, quitting smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, taking low-dose aspirin, and managing other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
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Lower Blood Pressure
This document discusses approaches to lowering blood pressure through acupuncture and dietary changes. It defines hypertension and provides statistics on its prevalence. It outlines the biomedical approach of using medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, noting potential side effects. The eastern view sees hypertension resulting from yang exuberance and phlegm dampness. Treatment includes acupuncture at specific points, exercise, weight loss, relaxation, and herbal foods. Dietary changes recommended are reducing sodium intake and fat from meats. The document concludes that combining eastern and western approaches may help control blood pressure better than medication alone.
Cardiovascular Disease
Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, affects 14 million Americans and develops when plaque builds up in the heart's arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Risk factors include unhealthy habits like smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, along with heredity, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stress. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, a nutritious diet, not smoking, weight control, and stress reduction along with certain medications.
Link between diabetes and Heart disease
- More than 65% of deaths in people with diabetes are caused by cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, which often occur at an earlier age and result in premature death.
- Nearly all adults with diabetes have abnormal cholesterol levels and up to 60% have high blood pressure, significantly increasing their risk of heart disease and stroke.
- People with diabetes are at least twice as likely to have heart disease or a stroke compared to those without diabetes. They also tend to develop cardiovascular problems at a younger age.
Heart Diseases
The document discusses ways to prevent heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. It explains that heart disease is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries known as atherosclerosis. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The document recommends adopting a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercising regularly, not smoking, monitoring cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and controlling diabetes to reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body. The lungs expel carbon dioxide and the skin excretes water and salts. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, which are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla and pelvis. The nephrons in the kidneys act as filters to control blood composition, and urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption. Diuretics inhibit the nephron's ability to retain water, increasing the urination rate.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, stress response, and calcium levels without connecting ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
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The pancreas is an organ located deep in the abdomen that plays both exocrine and endocrine roles. It produces digestive enzymes that break down food and hormones like insulin that regulate blood sugar levels. Disorders of the pancreas include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly respond to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The main types of diabetes are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells are resistant to insulin. Both require lifelong management to control blood sugar and prevent complications.
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Plant tissues are classified into two main types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are responsible for cell production and are found at growing tips, while permanent tissues provide structure and transport functions. The four main permanent tissues are surface tissues, fundamental tissues of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues of xylem and phloem which transport water, minerals and food respectively.
Respiratory system
The respiratory system allows for gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Animals breathe in oxygen which is used to burn ATP and produce energy, expelling carbon dioxide as a byproduct. In humans, respiration occurs externally between the atmosphere and blood, and internally between the blood and body tissues through the process of inspiration and expiration using the lungs and alveoli which facilitate gas diffusion.
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The document discusses medical suffixes that indicate conditions related to body fluids and substances. Suffixes like -uria refer to conditions of the urine, such as glycosuria which means sugar in the urine, often associated with diabetes. Suffixes like -emia refer to conditions of the blood, such as anemia meaning a lack of blood and hypercalcemia meaning high calcium levels in the blood. Hypercalcemia is defined as calcium levels above normal in the blood and is mainly caused by overactivity of the parathyroid glands, with other potential causes including excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation and symptoms including excessive thirst, abdominal pain, and frequent urination.
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This document summarizes several body systems and common age-related changes and health conditions that can affect each system. The major systems covered include the integumentary, musculoskeletal, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems. For each system, normal aging changes are outlined as well as common problems to observe and potentially report like pain, swelling, difficulty moving, coughing, or changes in mental status. Common conditions that can affect elderly patients for each system are also detailed.
Hypertension
A blood pressure measurement is always expressed in two numbers. The higher (systolic) number represents the pressure while the heart is beating, and the lower (diastolic) number represents the pressure when the heart is resting between beats.
Hypertension
Hypertension, also called high blood pressure, refers to blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg. It has no symptoms but increases the risk of stroke, heart attack, heart failure, and other heart and kidney problems. Common causes include smoking, obesity, excessive salt intake, high cholesterol, stress, and lack of physical activity. Managing risk factors through lifestyle changes and medication if needed can help control blood pressure and reduce health risks.
Heart Disease
Heart disease refers to several types of conditions that affect the heart. The most common type is coronary artery disease where plaque builds up in the arteries, restricting blood flow. Symptoms of heart disease include shortness of breath, swelling, confusion, and increased heart rate. Risk factors include atherosclerosis, smoking, obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. Prevention methods involve exercising regularly, eating a healthy diet low in salt and saturated fat, quitting smoking, drinking alcohol in moderation, taking low-dose aspirin, and managing other conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes.
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The document lists the top 25 medications used by HomeMeds clients and provides a brief description and potential side effects to watch for with each medication. The medications include pain relievers, statins, blood pressure medications, diabetes medications, bronchodilators, antidepressants, and others. Common side effects mentioned include dizziness, headache, nausea, fatigue, changes in heart rate or breathing, and allergic reactions.
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This document discusses approaches to lowering blood pressure through acupuncture and dietary changes. It defines hypertension and provides statistics on its prevalence. It outlines the biomedical approach of using medications like diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, and calcium channel blockers, noting potential side effects. The eastern view sees hypertension resulting from yang exuberance and phlegm dampness. Treatment includes acupuncture at specific points, exercise, weight loss, relaxation, and herbal foods. Dietary changes recommended are reducing sodium intake and fat from meats. The document concludes that combining eastern and western approaches may help control blood pressure better than medication alone.
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Coronary heart disease, also known as coronary artery disease, affects 14 million Americans and develops when plaque builds up in the heart's arteries, reducing blood flow and oxygen to the heart. Risk factors include unhealthy habits like smoking, poor diet, lack of exercise, along with heredity, obesity, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stress. Prevention focuses on maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, a nutritious diet, not smoking, weight control, and stress reduction along with certain medications.
Link between diabetes and Heart disease
- More than 65% of deaths in people with diabetes are caused by cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, which often occur at an earlier age and result in premature death.
- Nearly all adults with diabetes have abnormal cholesterol levels and up to 60% have high blood pressure, significantly increasing their risk of heart disease and stroke.
- People with diabetes are at least twice as likely to have heart disease or a stroke compared to those without diabetes. They also tend to develop cardiovascular problems at a younger age.
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The document discusses ways to prevent heart disease, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. It explains that heart disease is usually caused by a buildup of plaque in the coronary arteries known as atherosclerosis. Risk factors include age, family history, high cholesterol, smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity, physical inactivity, and excessive alcohol consumption. The document recommends adopting a healthy diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, exercising regularly, not smoking, monitoring cholesterol and blood pressure levels, and controlling diabetes to reduce the risk of heart disease.
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Excretory system
The excretory system removes waste from the body. The lungs expel carbon dioxide and the skin excretes water and salts. The main excretory organs are the kidneys, which are comprised of an outer cortex and inner medulla and pelvis. The nephrons in the kidneys act as filters to control blood composition, and urine is formed through filtration and reabsorption. Diuretics inhibit the nephron's ability to retain water, increasing the urination rate.
Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, stress response, and calcium levels without connecting ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
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The pancreas
The pancreas is an organ located deep in the abdomen that plays both exocrine and endocrine roles. It produces digestive enzymes that break down food and hormones like insulin that regulate blood sugar levels. Disorders of the pancreas include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not properly respond to insulin, resulting in high blood sugar levels. The main types of diabetes are type 1, where the body does not produce insulin, and type 2, where cells are resistant to insulin. Both require lifelong management to control blood sugar and prevent complications.
Plant tissues
Plant tissues are classified into two main types: meristematic and permanent tissues. Meristematic tissues are responsible for cell production and are found at growing tips, while permanent tissues provide structure and transport functions. The four main permanent tissues are surface tissues, fundamental tissues of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, and vascular tissues of xylem and phloem which transport water, minerals and food respectively.
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Austin Cardiology
Austin Cardiology is an open access, peer reviewed, scholarly journal dedicated to publish articles covering all areas of Cardiology.
The journal aims to promote research communications and provide a forum for doctors, researchers, physicians and healthcare professionals to find most recent advances in all areas of Cardiology. Austin Cardiology accepts original research articles, reviews, mini reviews, case reports and rapid communication covering all aspects of cardiology.
Austin Cardiology strongly supports the scientific up gradation and fortification in related scientific research community by enhancing access to peer reviewed scientific literary works. Austin Publishing Group also brings universally peer reviewed journals under one roof thereby promoting knowledge sharing, mutual promotion of multidisciplinary science.
Hypertension Stroke And Heart Attack
Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, can lead to severe complications like heart disease, stroke, and death. It is important to make lifestyle changes like following the DASH diet, losing weight, quitting smoking, and exercising regularly to treat and prevent hypertension. Stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted, and it is critical to recognize the signs of a stroke and seek immediate medical help. Risk factors for stroke include high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and older age. Preventing and controlling risk factors can help reduce chances of stroke.
Cardiovascular system
A presentation which embodies the functioning of cardiovascular system and the food & exercises that are best fit.
Hyperthyroidism
This document discusses hyperthyroidism, which is an overactive thyroid that produces too much of the hormone thyroxine. Some common symptoms include nervousness, mood swings, fast heartbeat, increased bowel movements, and weight loss. The most common cause is Graves' disease, an autoimmune disorder affecting women under 40. Graves' disease can also cause eye problems like bulging eyes. Antithyroid medications are often used to treat hyperthyroidism by slowing the thyroid and bringing metabolism back to normal levels.
Heart Failure101.Patientppt
Heart failure is a condition where the heart muscle becomes weakened and loses its ability to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It affects nearly 5 million Americans, with 400,000 to 700,000 new cases diagnosed each year. Common causes include heart attacks, high blood pressure, heart valve damage, and diabetes. Symptoms include fatigue, difficulty breathing, swelling in the legs or ankles, and limited activity. While there is no cure, medications and lifestyle changes can significantly slow the progression of heart failure and help manage symptoms.
Heart+Health+Brochure2
This document discusses how lifestyle factors can impact health conditions. It identifies modifiable risk factors like smoking, diet, physical inactivity, and stress that can be improved through healthy behaviors. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle with a good diet, exercise, and weight management can treat and even reverse chronic conditions like heart disease, diabetes, and depression. Specific healthy lifestyle behaviors that greatly impact these conditions are diet high in vegetables and low in saturated fat, engaging in regular physical activity, and avoiding smoking.
Recovery after heart attack
Stocking up on medical supplies means better health management. It also means that you’re better prepared for accidents and to deal with minor illnesses. Supplies and equipment must be of sufficiently high quality in terms of Performance, Safety, Materials and design, Labeling and packaging. Select only a reputable supplier for sourcing your medical equipment and supplies
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASE
One of the most common causes of death in the world is heart disease.
The good news is that early detection and appropriate treatment can frequently prevent or manage heart disease.
Check out our presentation to Discover the significance of heart disease prevention and early detection.
Congestive Heart Failure.pptx
Congestive heart failure is a condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It occurs when the heart muscle is damaged, such as from a heart attack or conditions that overwork the heart like high blood pressure. Symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling in the legs or abdomen, and fatigue. Treatment focuses on lifestyle changes, medications to manage symptoms and improve heart function, and sometimes surgery or implanted devices. Ongoing monitoring is needed to watch for changes in symptoms or physical signs that may indicate worsening of the condition.
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THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASE
THE IMPORTANCE OF EARLY DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF HEART DISEASE
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Reproductive system day3
The document discusses human reproduction and the menstrual cycle. It describes the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis, in which haploid gametes are produced through meiosis. Spermatogenesis results in four sperm cells from each meiosis event in males, while oogenesis results in a single ovum and three polar bodies from each meiosis event in females. The document then explains the menstrual cycle, which occurs monthly in females and involves the thickening of the uterine lining in preparation for pregnancy, ovulation of a single ovum, and shedding of the uterine lining if fertilization does not occur.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It also explains that adolescents experience a peak in dopamine levels that makes risk-taking and peer relationships more rewarding during this developmental period. While this can lead to risky behaviors, it is an adaptive and normal part of developing independence from one's family. The document advises that parents can best support adolescents by offering guidance while still encouraging independence.
Reproductive system day2
The document discusses puberty and adolescent development. It describes the physical changes that occur during puberty for both males and females, such as growth of body hair, breast development, and changes to the reproductive system. It notes that adolescence is a period of rapid growth second only to infancy. The document also examines risk-taking behavior in teens and explains this is partly due to brain development and the rewarding effects of dopamine and oxytocin when with peers. Finally, it suggests parents can help by offering guidance but also allowing independence as teens separate from their family to establish their own identity.
10/10 The senses
The document discusses the five main human senses - touch, taste, smell, hearing and sight. It describes the key components of each sensory system, including skin receptors, taste buds, the nose, ears, eyes and retina. Each sense is specialized to receive a different type of stimulus from the environment and transmit that sensory information to the brain via specialized nerves.
9/10 The cerebrum
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain located in the upper region. It contains over 9 billion of the brain's 12 billion neurons. The cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes in each hemisphere that control different functions like vision, motor skills, memory, and speech. Communication between the hemispheres occurs through connecting nerve fibers so that the left hemisphere typically controls the right side of the body and vice versa.
7/10 Other senses
The document discusses several other human senses beyond the traditional five. It describes thermoception, which is the sense of heat and cold. It explains proprioception, which provides information about the relative positions of the body parts. It details nociception, which detects potential tissue damage and triggers pain. It also outlines equilibrioception, which is the sense of balance and helps prevent falling over. The cerebellum helps coordinate unconscious aspects of proprioception and balance.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system is made up of nerve cells called neurons that receive, interpret, and respond to information. Neurons have dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. Neuroglia provide protection and nourishment to neurons but do not transmit impulses. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves.
5/10 Nervous system revised
The nervous system has several key functions including controlling the respiratory center and relaying information about stimuli like pain, hunger, and full bladders. The nervous system receives information through nerve cells, interprets it, and causes the body to respond. Nerve cells are made up of dendrites that receive stimuli, an axon that carries impulses, and a nucleus. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system, while the peripheral nervous system includes cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions that control involuntary functions.
6/10 Neurological disorders
Neurological disorders are disorders of the nervous system that can cause symptoms like paralysis, weakness, poor coordination, sensory changes, seizures, confusion, pain, and altered consciousness. Some common neurological disorders include Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, dystonias, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stroke. Huntington's disease is a genetic neurological disorder that causes movement, cognitive, and behavioral problems. Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that results from the death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra.
4/10 Endocrine system
The endocrine system communicates through hormones secreted by various glands to control body functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain, the thyroid and parathyroid glands in the neck, the adrenal glands on the kidneys, the pineal gland in the brain, and cells in the pancreas and reproductive organs. Hormones regulate processes like metabolism, growth, mood, and stress response without the need for ducts by circulating in the bloodstream to target tissues.
3/10 Diencephalon
The diencephalon is the region of the vertebrate forebrain situated between the cerebrum and brain stem. It develops from the most anterior part of the neural tube and contains four main components - the thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions, controls autonomic functions, and connects the nervous and endocrine systems to generate emotions and memories.
2/10 Brain stem
The brainstem is the lower extension of the brain that connects to the spinal cord. It contains neurological functions necessary for survival like breathing, digestion, heart rate and blood pressure. Most cranial nerves originate from the brainstem. It is an important part of the brain as nerve connections between the main brain and body pass through it, including pathways for motor functions, touch/vibration/proprioception, and pain/temperature. The brainstem consists of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons, each serving relay and reflex functions.
1/10 cerebellum
The document discusses various aspects of the cerebellum and cerebellar disorders:
1) The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the cerebrum and plays an important role in motor coordination and balance. Damage or dysfunction can cause ataxia, instability, slurred speech, and other issues.
2) There are two main types of cerebellar syndromes - midline syndromes affecting balance and trunk control, and hemispheric syndromes affecting limb coordination.
3) Causes of cerebellar injuries include toxins, autoimmune conditions, structural lesions, and inherited degenerations. Diagnosis involves neurological exams and often MRI scanning.
Kidney disease
This document summarizes several kidney diseases and conditions. It discusses acute kidney injury which is a rapid loss of kidney function caused by factors like dehydration or blood clots. It also covers urinary tract infections which cause urinary symptoms and are treated with antibiotics. Additionally, it mentions renal cell carcinoma, a type of kidney cancer, nephrotic syndrome which causes protein leaks, and urinary retention where one cannot empty their bladder. The document provides symptoms and treatments for each condition.
Kidney dialysis
Dialysis is a treatment that replaces kidney function by removing waste and excess fluid from the blood. It is commonly prescribed for those with temporary or permanent kidney failure, as their kidneys cannot remove fluids from the body. There are two main types of dialysis - hemodialysis, which circulates blood outside the body through a machine, and peritoneal dialysis, which uses the lining of the abdomen as a filter through a surgically implanted catheter. Dialysis is the primary treatment option for end stage renal disease besides kidney transplantation.
Pulmonary & systemic circulation
The document summarizes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation in the human body. It explains that humans have a two-circuit circulatory system, with one circuit for pulmonary circulation transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and another for systemic circulation transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae to the lungs for oxygenation, then back to the left side of the heart. Systemic circulation then carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through arteries and capillaries to tissues before returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the vena cavae.
Heart
The heart is a muscular organ responsible for pumping blood through the circulatory system. It has four chambers - the left and right atria which receive blood, and the left and right ventricles which pump blood out. The heart is enclosed in a sac called the pericardium and has three layers - the outer epicardium, middle myocardium made of muscle, and inner endocardium. Blood flows through the heart in two circuits, pulmonary and systemic. The heart works nonstop to supply the body with oxygenated blood.
Pulmonary & systemic circulation
The document summarizes pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation in the human body. It explains that humans have a two-circuit circulatory system, with one circuit for pulmonary circulation transporting deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs, and another for systemic circulation transporting oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. Pulmonary circulation transports deoxygenated blood from the vena cavae to the lungs for oxygenation, then back to the left side of the heart. Systemic circulation then carries the oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta and arteries to tissues throughout the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right atrium through the vena cava
Smoking and risks to the lungs ^.^biology report
This document discusses the health risks of smoking and the dangers it poses to lungs. It covers topics like what smoking is, why it is bad for health as it can lead to diseases and cancers, images showing damaged lungs from smoking, and the benefits of quitting such as reduced health risks even if smoking is stopped for 5-15 years. Reasons are also provided for not smoking to protect one's health.
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There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
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Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Common heart problems
- 1. Reported by: Andre Borbe & Jeremi Ngie
- 3. Chest pain Pain in only one part of your body (or it may move from your chest to your arms, shoulder, neck, teeth, jaw, belly area, or back) Shortness of breath Palpitations (feeling like your heart is beating too fast) Extreme sweating Light-headedness, dizziness Nausea or vomitting
- 4. Keep your blood pressure, blood sugar, & cholesterol under control Don’t smoke Eat a low-fat diet rich in fruits & vegetables Exercise daily Lose weight if you are overweight
- 6. Breathlessness with exertion or even at rest Swelling of the legs, ankles and feet Bloating of the abdomen due to fluid buildup Fatigue Irregular heartbeats that feel rapid, pounding, or fluttering Dizziness, lightheadedness, and fainting
- 7. Long-term high blood pressure Heart valve problems Heart tissue damage from a previous heart attack Chronic rapid heart rate Excessive use of alcohol over many years Metabolic disorders such as thyroid disease or diabetes Pregnancy
- 9. A fluttering in your chest A racy heartbeat (tachycardia) A slow heartbeat (bradycardia) Chest pain Shortness of breath Lightheadedness Dizziness Fainting or near fainting
- 10. Diabetes Smoking Stress Certain medications High blood pressure Drinking too much alcohol or caffeine Overactive thyroid gland Blocked arteries in your heart
- 11. Eat heart-friendly foods Increase your physical activity Quit smoking Cut back on caffeine and alcohol Reduce the amount of stress in your life
- 12. www.health.yahoo.com www.webmd.com www.MayoClinic.com www.parents-and-kids.com www.Livestrong.com www.downloadheart.us.com