The document discusses proposed indicators for measuring rural livelihoods and sustainable development goals related to smallholder productivity and income. It provides feedback on the proposed labor indicators, noting that: 1) Not all four pillars of decent work are represented; 2) Only four of the ten elements of the Decent Work Measurement Framework are reflected; 3) There needs to be a better balance between paid and unpaid work indicators. It suggests ways to improve the indicators to more comprehensively capture decent work according to international statistical standards.

1. Expert Consultation on a Methodology for an information
System on rural livelihoods and Sustainable Development
Goals indicators on smallholder productivity and income
7-8 November 2016, FAO Statistics Division, Rome
Comments on Labour Indicators Proposed
in the FAO Rural Livelihoods Information System
Monica D. Castillo
Chief, Standards and Methods Unit
ILO Department of Statistics
castillom@ilo.org

2. Contents
• Brief background on Decent work measurement and ICLS standards
• Feedback requested on labour indicators in Rural Livelihoods Information System
– General feedback on the list of proposed indicators
– Computation of informal employment rate in agriculture
– Proxy indicator for underemployment in agriculture
– Child labour in agriculture
– Computation of average labour input
ILO Department of Statistics 2

3. Background on the Decent Work Measurement
Framework and ICLS standards that support
measurement of Decent Work
Department of Statistics 3

4. Decent work concept
Definition:
“Opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and
productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security
and human dignity.”
1999 International Labour Conference
Department of Statistics 4

5. Decent Work Measurement Framework–
launched in 2008
– Purpose of DW measurement framework: to (i) assist constituents to assess progress towards decent work and
(ii) offer comparable information for analysis and policy development.
– Covers all four dimensions of Decent Work:
(i) International labour standards and fundamental principles and rights at work
(ii) Employment creation
(iii) Social Protection
(iv) Social Dialogue and tripartism
– Framework development & characteristics:
• Developed by a Tripartite Meeting of Experts; presented to the ILO Governing Body and 18th ICLS in 2008
• Groups statistical AND legal framework indicators under 10 substantive elements (plus Economic & social
context for DW)
• Includes 71 statistical (quantitative) and 21 legal framework (qualitative, textual) indicators
• Layered approach to statistical indicators (Main, Additional, Future, Context) & by sex
• Dynamic, international model that can adapt to national circumstances
– Information is derived from various official sources: household and establishment surveys, administrative
records, qualitative legal framework information, among others
5ILO Department of Statistics

6. Structure of Decent Work
Measurement Framework
Grouping of statistical and legal framework indicators under 10 substantive elements:
6
1. Employment opportunities (1 + 2)
2. Adequate earnings and productive work (1 + 3)
3. Decent working time* (1 + 3)
4. Combining work, family and personal life (1 + 3)
5. Work that should be abolished (1 + 3)
6. Stability and security of work (1, 2 + 3)
7. Equal opportunity and treatment in employment
(1, 2 + 3)
8. Safe work environment (1 + 3)
9. Social security (1 + 3)
10. Social dialogue, workers’ and employers’
representation (1 + 4)
11. Economic and social context for decent workPlus one area on economic
and social context
Note: 1 = Rights at work, 2 = Employment opportunities, 3 = Social Protection, 4 = Social Dialogue
ILO Department of Statistics

7. ILO Department of Statistics 7
International labour statistics standards – Adopted by
the ICLS Support measurement of decent work
• As organizer of the International Conference of Labour
Statisticians (ICLS) since 1923, the ILO has long
supported the development & use of concepts,
definitions, & methods related to labour statistics
• International statistical standards are reviewed and
adopted every 5 years by the ICLS – the authoritative
world body on statistical standards on labour, social
security, income, expenditures, CPI, etc.
– Provide guidance to countries
– Promote international comparability of labour statistics
– Promote coherence in concepts & methods across
sources & domains

8. ILO Department of Statistics 8
Topics of ICLS Resolutions &
Guidelines
• Work, employment,
unemployment
• Underemployment
• Labour underutilization
• Working time
• Employment-related income
• Informal sector employment
• Informal employment
• ISCO (occupations)
• ICSE (status in employment)
• Child labour
• Household income and
expenditure statistics
• Consumer price indices
• Occupational injuries
• Strikes and lockouts
• Social security
• Collective agreements
• Labour costs
• Gender mainstreaming
• Dissemination practices
http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/standards-and-guidelines/lang--en/index.htm

9. Comments on Proposed RuLIS Labour
Indicators and specific requests on indicators
Department of Statistics 9

10. Is the objective to capture decent work in
agriculture or decent work in rural areas?
• Different sets of indicators would be targeted depending on which is the objective
• Requested to review indicators to capture decent work in agriculture
• But RuLIS is “Rural Livelihoods Information System”
• 35 out of 72 proposed labour indicators are directly linked to agriculture or crop production
• Remainder don’t have a sectoral focus or are focussed on non-agricultural sectors such as mining and
manufacturing or services (for comparisons with agriculture)
• Agricultural employment is <50% of rural employment in some countries, e.g. in Latin America (see graph).
• Note: Employment share in agriculture expected to fall in countries with large share of subsistence farmers
following the implementation of the 19th ICLS Resolution on work statistics.
Department of Statistics 10

11. Strategic pillars and substantive elements of
measuring Decent Work: Not fully represented
by the proposed set of indicators
• To adequately monitor decent work, all four strategic pillars of decent work should be
represented by the indicators
– Only Pillar 2, “Employment creation” is represented in proposed list
– Difficult to capture rights at work (Pillar 1) with statistical indicators (Household surveys
or other instruments)
• As many of the 10 DWMF substantive elements as possible should be represented by the
indicators
– Only 4 of the 10 Decent Work Measurement Framework Substantive Elements are
represented by the proposed RuLIS labour indicators
• 11 proposed indicators correspond to the “Economic and social context for decent work”
– Not considered decent work indicators per se
Department of Statistics 11

12. Four substantive elements of the DW Measurement
Framework (DWMF) correspond to the proposed RuLIS
labour indicators
Proposed RuLIS labour indicators/variables matched
according to substantive elements of the Decent Work
Measurement Framework (number of variables)
• These are the 6 missing DWMF
substantive elements (SEs):
– Combining work, family and
personal life
– Work that should be abolished
– Equal opportunity and treatment in
employment
– Safe work environment
– Social security
– Social dialogue, workers’ and
employers’ representation
• Most missing SEs have DW indicators
that can be captured through household
surveys.
Department of Statistics 12

13. Indicator alignment with principles of measuring decent
work and balance between paid/unpaid work
• It’s important that the indicators allow adequate monitoring of decent work.
Examples:
– Proposed working time indicators focus on labour input (hours of unpaid labour)
rather than indicators of excessive working time.
– Proposed indicators on adequate earnings and productive work focus on average
wages and total wages in agriculture rather than indicators of low pay rates or
working poverty.
• Should be a good balance between indicators that reflect work for pay/profit (i.e.
employment) and unpaid work (includes subsistence food production) (See forms
of work conceptual framework, 19th ICLS, next slide)
– All of the working time indicators refer exlusively to «unpaid» labour hours
– There are many indicators focussed on employment in agriculture, but none on the
rate or working time of subsistence foodstuff producers, for example by sex and age
Department of Statistics 13

14. Forms of work conceptual framework –
19th ICLS
Five forms of work:
1. Own-use production work:
- Production of goods and services for
own final use (an unpaid form of work)
- Includes own-use production of
agricultural goods, i.e. subsistence
foodstuff production
2. Employment work:
- Work performed for others in exchange
for pay or profit
- Includes agricultural employment
3. Unpaid trainee work
4. Volunteer work
5. Other work activities
Department of Statistics 14
Conceptual framework for work statistics
Source: 19th ICLS Resolution concerning statistics
of work, employment and labour underutilization

15. Monitoring gender equality and
terminology used
• To monitor gender equality in agricultural labour, as many indicators as
possible should be disaggregated by sex.
• Some indicators need clarification to allow concept alignment with ICLS
standards. Examples:
– “Free labour” needs clarification. (e.g., Free labour for cropping activities,
share of total labour for cropping activities (%)).
– “Unpaid family labor” needs clarification. (e.g., Unpaid family labor hours,
share of total labor hours for cropping activities (%)).
– In both cases, it’s not clear if this in reference to contributing family workers
(thus considered employed)? Or to an unpaid form of work as per the 19th
ICLS Resolution on work statistics? Or is “free labour” forced labour?
Department of Statistics 15

16. Conceptual framework:
Informal employment - 17th ICLS
Department of Statistics 16

17. Indicators of informal employment
in agriculture
Informal employment rate in agriculture
• Refers to informality among workers engaged in agriculture for pay or profit.
• Should use the new, narrower definition of employment as per 19th ICLS Resolution on
work statistics
• Possible indicators:
– Indicator 1:
– Indicator 2:
– Indicator 3:
Department of Statistics 17
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
× 100
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
× 100

18. Indicators of informal own-use production of
agricultural goods (subsistence farmers)
Informal rate in own-use production of agricultural goods
• To be used where subsistence farming is characteristic
• Should use the definition of own-use production-goods as per 19th ICLS Resolution
on work statistics
– To “reconstruct” an indicator quite similar to the original decent work indicator
on subsistence worker rate for sensitivity analysis:
Indicator 1:
– Own-use production of agricultural goods workers given as a percentage of the
working-age population, as per 19th ICLS Resolution 1 para. 73b:
Indicator 2:
Department of Statistics 18
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐.+𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐. 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠
× 100
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
× 100

19. LU1-LU4: Composite measures
of labour underutilization (19th ICLS)
Department of Statistics 19
• Could produce indicators related to agriculture based on these measures.
• But not intuitive to use them and could lead to misguided policies (if we assume for example
unemployed persons formerly employed in agriculture are currently seeking work in agriculture).

20. Proxy indicator for underemployment
in agriculture
Department of Statistics 20
Time-related underemployment in agriculture
• Used to assess the insufficient working time of persons in agricultural employment
relative to alternative situations in which they are willing and available to engage
• Could be useful in countries where a large share of agricultural workers are
engaged for pay or profit (NOT where a large share is engaged in subsistence
agriculture)
• Based on 19th ICLS definition of time-related underemployment (for all sectors)
• Two suggested indicators:
Indicator 1:
Indicator 2:
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
× 100
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑜 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
× 100

21. Framework for statistical identification
of child labour, 18th ICLS
Department of Statistics 21

22. Concept definitions working children in
agriculture
Working children in agriculture (WCA): Children (5-17) engaged in agricultural activities
falling within the SNA production boundary (includes subsistence agriculture) for at least
one hour during the reference period. They include:
(a) children engaged in child labour in agriculture (child labour is work that is prohibited)
(b) children aged 12 to 14 years in permissible light work in agriculture (not prohibited)
(c) children aged15 to 17 years engaged in agricultural work not designated as one of the
worst forms of child labour (thus not prohibited)
Child labour in agriculture (subset of WCA): Includes children aged 5 to 17 years in worst
forms of child labour (including hazardous work) and working children below the minimum age,
excluding children in permissible light work, if applicable.
Hazardous work by children in agriculture (subset of child labour): Engagement of
children (5-17 years) in activities of a hazardous nature (designated hazardous agricultural
industries and occupations in ag.) or as work under hazardous conditions, e.g., long hours of
work
Department of Statistics 22

23. Child labour rate in agriculture
Suggested indicators:
Indicator 1:
Indicator 2:
Department of Statistics 23
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 5 − 17
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 5 − 17
× 100
=
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 5 − 17
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑙𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑑 5 − 17
× 100

24. Computation of average labour input in
agriculture
• Need clarification on what the indicator is seeking to monitor
• Possible indicators (?):
• Average annual working time per employed person in agriculture:
Indicator:
• Average annual working time per person engaged in own-use production work of
agricultural goods:
Indicator:
Department of Statistics 24
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜𝑦𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
× 100
=
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑤𝑛 − 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
× 100

25. Final remarks
• It should be made more clear whether the RuLIS labour indicators are intended to
target decent work in rural areas or decent work in agriculture, as different sets of
indicators should be selected depending on the objective.
• A set of decent work indicators that covers all 4 strategic dimensions of Decent
Work and as many substantive elements of the DW measurement framework as
possible is necessary to label the set «decent work indicators in agriculture» or
«decent work indicators in rural areas».
• All of the indicators in the last slides can be computed using household surveys
(some with specialized modules) with appropriate question sequences.
• Operational concept definitions, classifications and methods should be aligned to
the extent possible with ICLS standards.
Department of Statistics 25

26. References
• International Labour Office. 75 Years of International Labour Statistics. Geneva: 2008.
http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/WCMS_087875/lang--en/index.htm
• International Labour Office. Subjects considered by International Conferences of Labour Statisticians.
http://www.ilo.org/global/statistics-and-databases/meetings-and-events/international-conference-of-labour-
statisticians/WCMS_CON_TXT_STA_ICL_SUB_EN/lang--en/index.htm
• International Labour Organization. Measurement of decent work. Discussion paper for the Tripartite Meeting
of Experts on the Measurement of Decent Work. Geneva: September 2008
http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---stat/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_100335.pdf
• International Labour Organization. Tripartite Meeting of Experts on the Measurement of Decent Work.
Chairperson’s report. Geneva: September 2008. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---
integration/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_099764.pdf
• International Labour Office. Decent Work Indicators - Guidelines for producers and users of statistical and
legal framework indicators. Geneva: September 2013. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/-
--integration/documents/publication/wcms_229374.pdf
• International Labour Office. Measuring informality: a Statistical Manual on the informal sector and informal
employment. Geneva: October 2012. http://www.ilo.org/stat/Publications/WCMS_182300/lang--en/index.htm
ILO Department of Statistics 26