OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment.

OECD Policy Dialogue
Women’s Economic Empowerment
Paris, 25 January 2018
Twitter: #WomensEconomicEmpowerment

OECD Policy Dialogue on
Women’s Economic
Empowerment
Recognising, Reducing and
Redistributing unpaid care and
domestic work
25 January 2018

• The need to address the burden of unpaid care work for achieving
gender equality and women’s economic empowerment was
recognised explicitly in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG)
Target 5.4, which identifies “the provision of public services,
infrastructure and social protection and the promotion of shared
responsibility” as policy enablers for women’s economic
empowerment.
• The OECD is moving from the “why this is important to the “how
can we drive change” and the Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment is the platform created for addressing this
question.
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s
Economic Empowerment

• The objective of the Policy Dialogue is to generate data,
evidence and inclusive policy guidance for policy makers and
development partners on “what works” to achieve SDG target
5.4 as an entry point for promoting women’s economic
empowerment and well-being in low- and middle-income
countries.
• The initial Dialogue with a number of countries and
development partners offers a forum to share experiences,
challenges and knowledge gaps among Dialogue members
with regard to addressing unpaid care and domestic work in
the four policy domains.

Status of implementation and
monitoring of SDG target 5.4
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment,
25 January 2018, OECD, Paris

Unpaid care and domestic work in SDGs
Indicator 5.4.1 will track progress on Target 5.4
Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all
women and girls
Target 5.4: Recognize and value unpaid care and
domestic work through the provision of public
services, infrastructure and social protection
policies and the promotion of shared responsibility
within the household and the family as nationally
appropriate
Indicator 5.4.1: Proportion of time spent on
unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age
and location

Gender inequalities persist in unpaid care
and domestic work
Women: 18%, Men 7%, with clear age gradient for women
Note: Data disaggregated by age are available for 29 countries

Implementation: Country selection process
 Data available for 83 countries covering 52% of world
population over the period 2000-2016; Disaggregated
and trend data even more limited;
 Based on expensive, complex time use surveys – ad-
hoc and extra budgetary in most developing countries
 Difficult to capture person-to-person activities (e.g.
children, the elderly and the sick) often overlaps with
domestic work
 Challenges regarding comparability because of
different classification & methodologies
 Micro data not always publicly available
Significant challenges to monitor 5.4.1

Institutional collaboration is necessary
• Share data & analysis related to
SDG 5 indicators, such as indic
5.4.1
(OECD contributes data for OECD
countries, ensures comparability etc.)
• Intellectual inputs to methodology
and data related to gender statistics
• Organisation of events on gender
statistics
• Mutual contributions to reports and
other knowledge products
• Joint policy briefs or analytical
reviews on gender statistics, social
norms and related topics

Beyond 5.4.1; How can UN Women contribute to
the policy dialogue
 SDG Monitoring – First edition of Gender and SDGs monitoring
report (February, 14 2018); Chapter looks at policy options to
recognize, reduce and redistribute (3R) unpaid care and domestic
work
provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection
policies and the promotion of shared responsibility within the
household and the family
 “as nationally appropriate”: Still a contentious issue, research and
advocacy needed – leaders championing similar issues
 Progress of the World’s Women: Families in a changing world – how
families and roles are changing, implications for care work
 UN Women’s Making Every Woman and Girl Count programme:
Methodological work as a key focus area of UNW & INEGI Centre of
Excellence on Gender Statistics located in Mexico

Thank you
gender.data@unwomen.org

EXTENDING THE OECD
TIME USE DATABASE TO
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
A Study on Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru, and South
Africa

The Beijing Platform for Action:
• “Improving data collection on the unremunerated work, […] such as non-market
production activities”
• “Developing methods quantifying the value of unremunerated work that is outside
national accounts, such as caring for dependents and preparing food, for possible reflection in
satellite accounts”
“Stiglitz Commission” on the Measurement of Economic
Performance and Social progress (Stiglitz et al., 2009):
• Recommendation 5: Broaden income measures to non-market activities:
• “This should start with information on how people spend their time that is comparable
both over the years and across countries. Comprehensive and periodic accounts of
household activity as satellites to the core national accounts should complement the
picture”
Measuring unpaid work is a long-standing
goal

Unpaid care and domestic work: housework; childcare; elderly
care; community/volunteer work; etc.
 Unpaid = the individual performing this activity is not remunerated
 Care and domestic = the activity provides what is necessary for the health, well-being,
maintenance, and protection of someone or something
 Work = the activity involves mental or physical effort and is costly in terms of time
resources
Unpaid work and women
Time Use Surveys (TUS): record
information on how people allocate their
time across different day-to-day activities;
typically through diaries.

• TUS have been conducted in 65 countries (29 OECD
countries + 36 non-OECD economies): all these 36 countries
were reviewed for this project
Data issues and selection criteria:
Population coverage (e.g., national, urban, rural)
Year of the survey (TUS are conducted every 5/10 years)
Differences in precision, definition, and classification of the activities
Availability of micro data
24 hour diary vs stylized questions
Primary/secondary activities
Period over which the data have been collected
Regional coverage and different income levels (low- and middle-income countries)
6 surveys satisfied the selection criteria above, and 4 were
retained
Time Use Surveys to measure unpaid care
work

Australia Austria Belgium … Turkey
United
Kingdom
United States
2006 2008-09 2005 … 2006 2005 2014
1 Paid work or study 238 306 227 … 242 246 282
1.1 paid work (all jobs) 186 251 163 … 178 213 229
1.2 travel to and from work/study 25 29 27 … 40 22 21
1.3 time in school or classes 16 17 25 … 24 7 18
1.4 research/homework 11 9 12 … - 4 11
1.5 job search … 3
1.6 other paid work or study-related …
2 Unpaid work 243 203 200 … 247 201 196
2.1 routine housework 132 125 134 … 141 100 100
2.2 shopping 29 21 26 … 14 33 23
2.3 care for household members 45 34 16 … 32 48 32
2.3.1 child care … 39 30
2.3.2 adult care … 3 2
2.4 care for non household members - 3 0 … - 5
2.5 volunteering 6 4 5 … 19 3 7
2.6 travel related to household activities 32 17 19 … 40 16 26
2.7 other unpaid … 3
3 Personal care 657 642 684 … 669 587 645
3.1 sleeping 512 509 504 … 508 484 525
3.2 eating & drinking 89 79 106 … - 59 62
3.3 personal, household, and medical services + travel related to
personal care 56 54 74 … 161
44
58
4 Leisure 281 280 326 … 263 360 295
4.1 sports 19 30 23 … 7 22 18
4.2 participating / attending events 6 10 11 … 3 23 7
4.3 visiting or entertaining friends 10 70 59 … 71 84 47
4.4 TV or radio at home 140 109 135 … 122 140 152
4.5 Other leisure activities 106 62 98 … 61 92 71
5 Other 20 8 3 … 19 47 22
5.1 religious / spiritual activities and civic obligations
13 3 2 … 19
3
9
5.2 other (no categories) 7 5 1 … - 44 13
T Total 1440 1440 1440 … 1440 1440 1440
OECD time use database
http://www.oecd.org/gender/data/

• Time Use Surveys (TUS): record information on how people allocate
their time across different day-to-day activities.
• TUS have been conducted in 65 countries (29 OECD countries +
36 non-OECD economies): all these 36 countries were reviewed for this
project
• A number of comparability issues affect TUS, e.g. different
classifications, population coverage, simultaneity of activities, etc…
• Selection criteria:
 Population coverage (e.g., national, urban, rural)
 Year of the survey (TUS are conducted every 5/10 years)
 Availability of micro data
 Coverage of different world regions and income levels (low- and middle-income countries)
• 6 surveys satisfied the selection criteria above, and 4 were
retained
Time use surveys to measure unpaid care
work

Country Survey name Year
Sampled
population
Bangladesh Feed the Future 2011-2012 Rural areas only
Ethiopia
Ethiopia Time Use Survey
2013 (ETUS)
2013 National
Peru
Encuesta Nacional de
Uso del Tiempo
2010 National
South Africa A Survey of Time Use 2010 National
Selected time use surveys

Gender gap in unpaid work (I)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
W to M ratio of unpaid work time W to M ratio of housework time W to M ratio of childcare time
11 16
• Routine housework is the main constituent of unpaid work and childcare is the
second most important
• The gender gap in routine housework time in the four selected countries is
similar to some OECD countries
• However, a larger gender gap in childcare time can be observed

Gender gap in unpaid work (II)
ETH
IND
BGD
PER
ZAF KOR
IRL
NOR
R² = 0.4677
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Women’s unpaid work vs. GDP/capita
ETH
IND
BGD
PER
ZAF
EST
PRT JPN
DNK
IRL
NOR
R² = 0.492
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Gender gap in unpaid work vs. GDP/capita
Women spend less time on unpaid
work as GDP/capita increases
The gender gap in unpaid work time
decreases as GDP/capita increases

• Indicator 5.4.1 requires to look at the time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by
sex, age and location.
• Overall, women’s childcare time increases with:
– the number of children,
– living in urban areas (+9 minutes on average),
– no particular pattern regarding the other demographic characteristics.
• Overall, women’s routine housework time increases with:
– age up to 40-50 years old, above which routine housework time decreases with age,
– marital status (+25 minutes on average),
– number of children,
– living in rural areas (+33 minutes on average),
– inverted U-shaped effect of education,
– no particular pattern regarding the other demographic characteristics.
Women are not a homogenous group…

• Unfortunately most TUS do not provide the required information to
link infrastructure and time spent on unpaid work
• Using the 2009 Ghana TUS we explored the effect of various
water sources and access to electricity on time use and
women’s empowerment.
• Preliminary results suggest that having electricity at one’s house
increases women’s time in paid activities (formal or informal) by 73
minutes and easier access to water decreases unpaid work time
by 25 minutes.
Infrastructures and time spent on unpaid
work

• Extend country coverage to other LICs and MICs depending on
data availability
• Deepen the analysis on the effect of infrastructures on time use
and women’s empowerment
• Explore the determinants of intra-household inequalities in the
use of time
• Value women’s unpaid care and domestic work
Next steps

Thank you!
http://www.oecd.org/gender/data

on Women’s Economic
Empowerment
SOCIAL PROTECTION

Social protection
The design of social protection programmes has tended to be
gender blind, reinforcing patriarchal family structures and being
based on gender stereotypes of women as the primary caregiver,
thereby increasing rather than reducing their time poverty. This
session aims to identify: good practices in social protection that
reduce unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge and data
gaps to understand the impact of social protection policies on
women’s time use; and key actors to catalyse more gender-
responsive social protection systems.

• Facilitator: Alessandra Heinemann (Co-ordinator,
Social Protection Project, OECD Development
Centre)
• Contributors:
– Reaching informal women workers (Rachel Moussié,
Social Protection Advisor, WIEGO)
– Gender equality in family policy in Finland (Anneli
Miettinen, Kela Social Insurance Institution, Finland)
– Brazil’s experience with cash transfers (Joana
Mostafa, Social policy and economics researcher at
the Research Institute of Applied Economics (IPEA),
Federal Government of Brazil)
Session: Social Protection

Gender and social protection: insights from
the Brazilian experience.
Joana Mostafa - IPEA
1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
January 2018

January 2018
Social Protection in Brazil
Landscape of Social Protection in Brazil
 Contributory protection coupled with labor regulations – income
substitution to tackle risks that hinder “work” capacity.
Pensions, survivor, accidents and disability benefits, maternity leave
(4 months), paternal leave (5 days!), unemployment benefit (3-5
months), lumpsum benefit for unjustified layoffs, remunerated
vacations, regulated work hours, etc.
 Non Contributory – benefit values depend on demographics and
poverty
BPC Old Age and Disability: income substitution.
Bolsa Família: income complement.
Social Protection Figures: “inactive” population
• Old Age Coverage: 22% of women unprotected x 13% of men.
• Disability: no data.
• Both important to protect women and to pay for caregivers.

January 2018
% Women % Men
36 52
Non-poor 6 13
Poor 8 6
7 6
57 78
43 22
100 100
Total Active
Total Working Age Adults
Labor/Income/Contribution Categories
Working Age Adults
Active
Inactive
Occupied
Protected
Unprotected
Unemployed
Social Protection in Brazil
Social Protection Figures: working age population
Subsidiary protection based on the Breadwinner Model
• Survivor benefits: 74% to women
• 2011 “housewife” scheme (pension, disability, sickness, child allowance):
poor HHs, women with no paid activity, lower contribution rate.
• Relevant take-up rate, but requires permanent inactivity and poverty,
has a benefit denial of 40%...after having collected contributions!

January 2018
Bolsa Família Program – 2003
Objective: reduce POVERTY.
 Cash
• Average benefit: $100/HH/month PPP (minimum wage $500)
• Poverty lines: $85/capita and $42/capita PPP
• Benefit varies with poverty, number of children, youth and
pregnant/nursing women.
 Follow up of education and health: rights based approach
 Other coordinated public offers: housing (1 million houses delivered of
which 86% are entitled to women); electric bill in the name of women
with discounts of up to 65%; professional courses 66% women…
Figures
 Covers 25% of the population (40 MM people)
 Costs 0,5% of GDP
 Substantially reduced inequality, poverty and extreme poverty
 Contributed to elevating health and education status of poorer HHs

January 2018
Bolsa Família Program and Gender
The transfer is preferably made to women (92%) on the grounds that the
money is better spent in the benefit of children.
Feminist Critique:
 Indeed, qualitative studies have shown that the managers and women
beneficiaries of Bolsa Família activate the ‘maternity condition’ to render
moral authority:
• Against the widespread prejudice of transferring money to the poor
• To legitimize women as worthy and rational beneficiaries
 So in terms of discursive norm Bolsa Família adds another layer of gender
discrimination, but with contradictions, tensions and displacements.
Reinforce Gender Roles
X
Increases Autonomy

January 2018
Quantitative and qualitative studies also show a number of positive
results in terms of greater autonomy to women…
 BF women have a 10 p.p. greater chance of taking reproductive
decisions on their own, including the use of contraceptive methods
 38% of the beneficiaries say their decision power over the HH
money has increased
 48% feel more financially independent
 38% more respected by their partners
 Indirectly, the increase in school attendance, children’s health and
domestic appliances (stability of the transfer) is a positive result for
time-use efficiency for women
 Number of work-hours reduced as a result of better labor market
bargaining position: greater autonomy to flee from degrading work
Bolsa Família Program and Gender

January 2018
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PRB57_Bolsa_Familia_and_women_s_autonomy.pdf
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PRB55EN_Bolsa_Familia_gender_relation.pdf
http://www.ipc-undp.org/pub/eng/PIF38_Social_protection_towards_gender_equality.pdf
Resources on Brazilian Experience
Thank you!
joana.mostafa@ipea.gov.br

Empowerment
PUBLIC SERVICES

Public services
Public services to address unpaid care and domestic work include child care
and health care services, among others. They can alleviate women’s time
spent on unpaid care activities as well as help generate employment
opportunities for them. The public provision of care services for children
through crèches or services for the elderly, sick and disabled can redistribute
care work that may traditionally fall to women. Access to basic health
services can cut down on the amount of time women spend travelling and
waiting to receive health care for themselves or their dependents. This
session will aim to identify: existing public services that reduce and
redistribute unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge and data gaps to
understand the impact of services on women’s time use; and keys actors to
catalyse more gender-responsive service delivery.

Facilitator: Thalia Kidder (Senior Advisor, Women’s Economic Rights, Oxfam
Great Britain)
• Contributors:
─ The Business Case for Employer-Supported Childcare in Developing
Countries (Henriette Kolb, Head, Gender Secretariat, International
Finance Corporation)
─ Care systems for promoting social justice (Luiza Carvalho, Regional
Director, Regional Office for the Americas and Caribbean, UN Women)
─ Uruguay’s experience in implementing the Care Act (Patricia Cossani,
Deputy Director, National Care System, Uruguay)
─ Linking Domestic Workers Organizing with Macroeconomic Planning
(Marina Durano, Programme Officer, Open Society Foundation)
Session: Public services

Tackling Childcare:
What Can Private Sector Employers Do?
Prepared by
IFC Gender Secretariat
www.ifc.org/tacklingchildcare
31 January, 2018

The Childcare Business & Development Case:
Good for Children, Employees, Economies &…
Good for Children:
• Benefits of ECE: Healthy development, greater capacity to learn in school,
and increased productivity in adulthood (World Bank, 2015).
• Yet, only around half of 3-5 year olds in developing countries participate in
some form of ECE, typically for a few hours daily (GBC-Education, 2016)
Good for Women’s Employment:
• Where governments support early childcare, women are more likely to
receive a formal wage (Women, Business and the Law, 2016)
• Evidence from the Caribbean, Latin America, and OECD countries
suggests that access to subsidized childcare can have a significant
positive impact on women’s employment rates and work hours (Mateo-
Diaz and Rodrigues-Chamussy, 2013; Thévenon, 2013)
Good for Economies:
• Value of unpaid care estimated at $10 trillion or 13% of global GDP
(McKinsey, 2016)
• Investing 2% of GDP in the care economy of 7 developed countries would
create more than 21 million jobs and help address challenges of aging
populations and economic stagnation (ITUC, 2016)

IFC’s Tackling Childcare Project
Business Case
Research
Afrifresh, S. Africa
Akamai, U.S.
Bauducco, Brazil
Borusan, Turkey
BTMU, Japan
MAS Kreeda, Jordan
Martur, Turkey
Mindtree, India
Safaricom, Kenya
Schön Klinik,
Germany
Policy Research
Desk research in 50
economies. Detailed
WBL childcare
questions rolled out
in more than 100
economies
Coverage in 2018
WBL Report
Partnerships
CGI Commitment
Partners: Care.com,
ILO, IWPR, Kidogo,
UN Global Compact,
and UN Women
Tackling
Childcare
Report launched
at the 2017
WBG/IMF
Annual
Meetings
• Housed in IFC’s Gender Secretariat, funded by WBG’s Jobs MDTF and the Gov. of Japan.
• Implemented in partnership with Women, Business and the Law (WBL) and IWPR (consultancy firm).
• Aligned with WBG’s Gender Strategy, IFC’s 3.0 vision of creating markets and cascade, and the SDGs.
• Substantiates the business case and highlights best practices for employer-supported childcare.
• Explores how government regulations can further incentivize employers to support childcare.
The WBG Advisory Council on Gender & Development
AeroMexico, Afrifresh,
Danone Nutricia,
Dialog Axiata, Grupo
M, HBL, MAS Kreeda,
Mindtree, Pandurata
Alimentos, Safaricom,
Sumitomo Chemical
AeroMexico, Afrifresh,
Danone Nutricia,
Dialog Axiata, Grupo
M, HBL, MAS Kreeda,
Mindtree, Pandurata
Alimentos, Safaricom,
Sumitomo Chemical
Phase II -
Implementation

New WBL Research on Employer-Supported Childcare Laws in
50 Economies:
Government Support and Oversight
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY CHILDCARE?
• Childcare covers children ages 0 to completing 2 years old
• Preschool or preprimary education starts at 3 years old
WHAT IS THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK?
• Legal obligation for employers in the private sector to support
or provide childcare
• Specific laws and regulations applicable to employer-supported
childcare
WHAT TYPE OF CHILDCARE ARE WE EXAMINING?
• Employer provided or supported on-site childcare
• Employer provided or supported off-site child care
• Private childcare centers
WHAT ARE GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES (e.g. child allowances) AND INCENTIVES (tax/non-tax)?
• Incentives for employers in the private sector to support or provide childcare
• Incentives and subsidies for private standalone childcare centers
• Support to parents with children under the age of primary education
A SPOTLIGHT ON THE QUALITY OF CHILDCARE
• Including safety standards, teacher qualifications, teacher/student ratio, licensing and registration
Source: Women, Business and the Law, 2017

WBL – Key Findings Across 50 Economies
Source: Women, Business and the Law, 2017
39
6 4
1
No Yes (based on # women
employed)
Yes (regardless of #
employees)
Yes (based on # of
employees, gender-neutral)
Numberofeconomies
11
Are employers legally obligated to provide or support childcare?
• 11 out of 50 economies mandate employers to provide or support early childcare: Brazil,
Chile, Ecuador, India, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, The Netherlands, Turkey, Ukraine, and Vietnam.
• To access the WBL Tackling Childcare Policy Note, click here.

“Why” and “How” Employers Support Childcare
HOWWHY

Care Systems for SocialJustice
Luiza Carvalho, Regional Director
UNWomen for the Americas and theCaribbean
Paris , 25th January 2018

Major Gains and Progress
Education Women equaled
or surpassed men
In high school and tertiary level in
the majority of countries in the
region.
Social Protection Increased public spending
and coverage in pensions,
cash transfers andhealth
Focus of programs on women.
Almost 30% more women with
pension coverage since1990.
Labor Force
Participation
and
Employment
Increased labor
participation, access to
employment, reduction in
wage gap
From 44.5% of participation to
56.4%, rate of employment grew
to almost 50%, income disparity
reduced 9 percentagepoints.
Access to
personal income
Improved access toown
income
From 41,7% of women that had
no income to 28,9%.
Fertility Increased access to
contraceptives and fertility
control methods
Total Fertility Rate reduced from
3.51 to 2.26 from 1990 to 2015.
Access to modern contraception
from 44% to 60%.

Scenarios of Economic Empowerment
72
%
58
%
40
%
8%
17%
Labour
Force
Participatio
n
Women between 25 and
29 years who aresingle
mothers
Mothers by the
age of 19
years
Women who have
no income of their
own
6
%
30
%
59
%
19
%
31
%
43
%
Unpaid
work
(hours/wee
k)
15%
33 h/w
41 h/w
46 h/w
GLASSCEILINGS
BROKENLADDERS
STICKYFLOORS

Politics &Policies: Strategy1
Recognizing,
reducing and
redistributing
unpaid care and
domestic work
Subsidies and incentives
for access to critical
time saving facilities,
public goods and
utilities
• Formulate comprehensive national care
strategies;
• Improve care systems for veryyoung
children;
• Combat systemic undervaluation of paid
care work;
• Reform maternity, paternity and
parental leaves;
• Invest in basic social infrastructure such
as drinking water, sanitation, electricity.
•Basic services and utilities (water, electricity,sanitation)
• Transport and public spaces safety andquality
•Collective and time saving technologies(washing,
cleaning, cooking, access to market and income
opportunities, etc.)
•Cooperative/pooling of resources (mobility, leisure, care)

Establishing
universal and
gender-
responsive social
protection
systems
• Expand the coverage of cashtransfers
for families with children;
• Extend the coverage of cash transfersfor
older persons;
• Enhance coverage among informal
workers through contributory, non-
contributory and mixed socialprotection
schemes.

Creating more
and better jobs
and transform
labour markets
for women’s
rights
• Establish afloor of labour rights for the
entire working population;
• Establish, implement and equalize
minimum wages;
• Takeeffective measures against
employment discrimination;
• Strengthen labour inspections and direct
their efforts towards precarious
employment in highly feminized sectors;
• Increase employment opportunities for
women and promote theiradvancement
in maledominated fields

Promoting
egalitarian family
relationships that
recognize the
diversity of
households and
the rights and
obligations of
their members
• Reform maternity, paternity and
parental leaves;
• Develop robust mechanisms to
guarantee the exercise ofresponsible
fatherhood, including regular child
support payments;
• Implement integrated measures to
prevent and eliminate violenceagainst
women at the hands of their partners
and husbands.

Creating the
conditions for
women to fully
enjoy their sexual
and reproductive
health and rights:
motherhood as a
choice
• Improve and equalize access to modern
contraception;
• Prevent teenage pregnancy;
• Make comprehensive and gender-
responsive sex education universally
available;
• Remove barriers that preventpregnant
teenagers or teenage mothers from
continuing their education;
• Decriminalize the interruption of
pregnancy recognizing it as a major
public health concern.

Containing the
adverse effects of
economic
slowdown on
gender equality
• Avoid hyper-restrictive monetary
policies;
• Maintain current exchange rates orallow
for their depreciation;
• Protect social spending with positive
effects on gender equality andwomen’s
economic empowerment;
• Incorporate a gender perspectiveinto
programmes aimed at managing,
reducing and preventing the
indebtedness of countries in the
Caribbean;
• Increase tax revenues through anew
fiscal pact;
• Advance towards gender-responsive and
redistributive public spending.

Care Systems for SocialJustice
Increasing women´s participation in the labor market is their right as well as
an efficient means for managing demographic transition and taking advantage
of increased women´s humancapital
Care and leave policies, if adequately designed and implemented, contribute to women´s
empowerment outside and within the household, challenge gender stereotypes and discrimination in
the workplace and increase men’s responsibilities in the family
Astratified care regime will lead to orreinforce stratified socioeconomic
outcomes for both women and children. Tackling this is tackling a major
source of socioeconomic inequality

Linking Domestic Workers
Organizing with Macroeconomic
Planning
By Dr. Marina Durano, Program
Officer
Open Society Foundations

I was in a forum so many years ago when I heard a feminist activist describing
their strategy for change as similar to how a rice cake is baked. This is a rice
cake called bibingka. (Slide 1) Before the modern day ovens made an
appearance, the rice cake was cooked in a three-tier charcoal fired clay pot
that looks like this. (Slide 2) The bottom layer clay pot has charcoal inside it.
The middle layer is where you put the pan with the rice cake batter. The
topmost layer is a metal basin that has charcoal in it. You can’t bake the rice
cake unless you have fire at the bottom and fire at the top. The feminist
activist said that their strategy was to light up the fires of organizing and
mobilizing marginalized women at the bottom rungs of society. But they also
need to light up the fires of policymaking often made by people at the top. I
think it is an analogy worth borrowing.
The Strategy: Fire from the top, fire from the
bottom

My work at the Open Society Foundations is to generate a grant making portfolio that
promotes economic justice for women. Given this broad remit, the Women’s Rights
Program decided last year to work more closely on the rights of informal workers with
the objective of mobilizing the political power of women in the informal sector to claim
their rights. The focus recognizes the nature of the labor market where jobs are
increasingly precarious and the need to do something about it.
Given that the performance of care work has implications on the kind of occupations and
the amount of pay that women are able to access, domestic workers was identified as a
meaningful sector that can be targeted for grant making. We provide funding to local
organizing as well as to migrant worker organizing. Advocacy work is often targeted at
the ratification of ILO Convenion No. 189. A key grantee here is the International
Domestic Workers Federation. This portion of grant-making is about lighting the fire at
the bottom.
Fire from the bottom: Organizing and Mobilizing
Domestic Workers

When we first approached the Gender Working Group of the American University
Department of Economics, we were interested in supporting their teaching and
research under the Program on Gender Analysis of the Economy. We asked them
about the possibility of learning from their experience to inform potential replication
in other universities. They are how providing training to faculty members from
different countries so that they can design the gender courses and perhaps move to
change the curriculum to include these new courses. The idea is to produce a new
generation of economists and analysts who have the skills to undertake gender
analysis. We are looking to ignite the fire at the bottom by providing a grant to
Rethinking Economics, a student network based in the UK advocating to increase the
pluralism of the economics curriculum.
Fire from the top #1: Gender Analysis in Economics
Teaching and Economics Curricula

In course of our grant to AU, Hewlett Foundation awarded AU with a $1.8 million grant
to host a multi-disciplinary, multi-country team that will develop a care-focused
macroeconomic model using South Korea data. Feminist economists working with
sociologists will be creating tools for planners and policy makers to answer questions
related to recognition, redistribution, and reduction as a consequence of demographic
change. I recently gave AU an additional grant to undertake a feasibility study of
implementing this care-focused macro-model using Colombian data in cooperation
with the Central Bank of Colombia. This is an opportune moment since Colombia is
discussing the possibility of designing a National Care System.
I am preparing a scoping mission to South Korea and to Colombia to meet with
women’s rights organizations and domestic workers organizations to see who might be
interested in engaging with these processes. I expect that some of these organizations
will be the in-country affiliates of the International Domestic Workers Federation.
Fire from the top #2: Care-focused Macroeconomic
Policy

Supporting multiple actors with their own specializations is the direction we are
taking. What we hope for is synergy and complementarity among different types of
organizations so that a range of skills are brought together to work on a viable feminist
alternative. Right now, the worlds of domestic workers and macroeconomists are light
years apart. But for this portfolio, this need not be the case.
Working together to bake a rice cake

Empowerment
INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure
Infrastructure is often considered to be gender-neutral yet women are
disproportionally affected by a lack of water or electricity, by poor local roads
and inadequate transport – all of which increase their time spent on domestic
tasks. By applying a gender lens to the design of public investment in
infrastructure, including information and communications technology (ICTs),
infrastructure can both save time and be a source of decent work for women.
This session will aim to identify: gender-responsive infrastructure projects
and investments that can reduce unpaid care and domestic work; knowledge
and data gaps to understand the impact of gender-blind infrastructure on
women’s time use; and keys actors to catalyse more gender-responsive
investments in infrastructure.

Facilitator: Molly Walton (Energy Analyst, International Energy Agency)
• Contributors:
─ Women's Economic Empowerment from the KC-NCDDP experience
(Joanne Barriga Quintana, Gender Specialist, KALAHI-CIDSS Community-
Driven Development Program, Department of Social Welfare and
Development, Philippines)
─ Integrating gender equality into private sector investments (Martine
Vullierme, SVP Veolia Africa / Middle East in charge of Operations)
─ Applying a gender lens to infrastructure investment (Cynthia Kamikazi,
African Development Bank)
─ Care economy, public infrastructure and social norms: emerging findings
from the GrOW program (Arjan de Haan, Program Leader, Employment
and Growth, International Development Research Center)
Session: Infrastructure

Promoting Gender Equality in Public Procurement
focused in Infrastructure in the Philippines:
1st OECD Policy Dialogue on Women's Economic Empowerment
25 January 2018, OECD Conference Centre
Achievements and Lessons in Engendering
Women's Economic Empowerment in rural PH
KALAHI–CIDSS National Community-Driven Development Project

15
Regions 58
Provinces
800
Municipalities 18,768
Barangays (Villages)
Program COVERAGE OF
KALAHI CIDSS NATIONAL Community
Driven Development (KC NCDDP)
5.16 Million
Households

Procurement in Community-Driven Development
 gives control over decisions and resources to citizens
 empowers women as members & leaders of
procurement team for subproject implementation

• Community Led Procurement empowers
communities by providing spaces for citizens to
 Actively take part in the entire procurement process
 Decide on how to address needs & control resources
 Participate and manage procurement activities
 Ensure accountability, transparency propose use of
resource
• Community procurement provides equal
opportunities for men and women in all
procurement activities
Procurement in Community-Driven Development

Community Force Account
Community
 executes the work
 procures materials,
equipment, labor
required for the
implementation of
the project
 ensure capacity to
perform such works
is available

Committee Membership
63% of community volunteers are women
Procurement
Team
31,039
63%
35,758
74%
751
87%
Bids & Awards
Committee
Audit & Inventory
Team
BookKeeper
Ensure balanced representation of women and men in the
selection of community volunteers in subproject implementation
Project
Implementation
31,039
63%
26,181
56%
Monitoring &
Inspectorate
25,728
54%

 Women are given
equal opportunities
to participate
 Men and women have
an equal payment rate
for labor done
Community Force Account

Women’s participation in all capacity building activities is 62%
Community
Procurement
23,809
65%
30,910
64%
16,586
62%
5,604
62%
Community
Finance
Community
Infrastructure
Operations &
Maintenance
Establish balanced (50%) women’s participation in all community
capacity development activities generated through the project
Capacity Building Activities

“We never thought that ordinary citizens like us would be
able to implement a large-scale [infrastructure] project
such as this. From the writing of the proposal to
canvassing and purchase of the materials for the
construction, to computing the salaries of the laborers and
coordinating with high-ranking local government officials,
we went through all that. We, Women, achieved all that.”
Necitas Estrella, 53 years old
head of the community volunteers
in coastal community of Rizal,
Tagkawayan, Quezon Province

Veolia
Activités en Afrique
Recognizing, Reducing
and Redistributing unpaid
care and domestic work
Thursday 25th 2018
Martine VULLIERME
SVP Veolia Africa Middle East

Access Policy to Water & Energy
80
+ 155% 2,9 million inhabitants served
+ 58% 4243 standposts
+ 62% 65 490 social connections
Payment of Water & Energy with a mobile phone (Gabon, Niger)
Women are the ones who benefit from investments in water & energy access
2017 figures

81
CITY TAPS – Niger
Prepaid Water Meters
Project phase 1: Pilot
20 meters deployed
Project phase 2: Experiment
1325 meters being currently
deployed in Niamey
Partnership SEEN / City Taps
Objectives
For suscribers: time and money
savings, better budget
management
For SEEN : operational savings
(shut off and reactivation costs,
invoice reminders), cash
management

82
OASIS – Niger &
Project
Inspiration : la REcyclerie in Paris, Third location dedicated to circular
economy
Model : association linked with a commercial company
Co-founded with Empow’Her, association who supports women
entrepreneurs throughout the world.
Project supported by the Veolia Foundation and Veolia in 2016,
2017, 2018 and the SEEN
Sponsorship by the Niger First Lady: Lalla Malika Issoufou
Inauguration on January 18th 2018
Objectives
Train 10 000 women in 3
years
Raise awareness of 3000
visitors each year
Support 15 women
entrepreneurs
Financial autonomy of
the commercial company
in 2019

CARE ECONOMY, PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE,
SOCIAL NORMS:
EMERGING GROW FINDINGS
Arjan de Haan
Women’s Economic Empowerment
25 January 2018

Syntheses (on-going) 2
GrOW partnership since 2013
Goals
• Strengthened evidence:
✓ women’s economic barriers
✓ growth -> empowerment
✓ equality -> growth
• Stronger research capacities for innovative
analysis on women’s economic empowerment
• Research used by decision-makers
Outputs after 4 years
14 research projects in 50 countries
96 Southern policy-oriented researchers
- 57 women & 39 men
33 research papers
12 working papers
9 policy briefs
11 policy instances / references

Findings emerging from projects GrOW
• Definitions really matter.
• Central role of the care economy in low-
income contexts.
• Reinforcing constraints and the role of
social norms.
3
Focus today

40 different definitions of WEE in
25 GrOW papers
The Challenges of Measuring Women’s Economic
Empowerment: Evidence from the GrOW Program
Important distinctions – not always explicit
Objective <–> Subjective, Agency
Outcomes <–> Processes
1. Definitions - they really matter
• SDGs: gender equality more central, but indicators limited, do
they reflect gender priorities?
• No one-best WEE indicator: but need be appropriate and justified

Unequal burden remains
common, growing data
In low-income contexts
physical and mental depletion
(IDS research)
Low-income solutions:
- child care (Nairobi project)
- infrastructure ….
Key role of social norms
–> but by no means static 5
2. Care economy

• In specific contexts: priority reduce drudgery
(often rural infrastructure)
• Gender perspective poor household perspective
✓means to reduce drudgery can take different forms
✓impact female labour force participation
✓indirect impacts may be significant, cross generation
• Public works
✓can increase time burden
✓reduce drudgery unpaid work
• Access is gendered: safety and norms 6
3. Insights WEE research: prioritising infrastructure

Empowerment
SHARED RESPONSIBILITY
WITHIN THE HOUSEHOLD

Shared responsibility within the household
Redistributing tasks within households addresses social norms and
expectations about women’s roles, which constitute some of the
underlying causes of gender inequality. The unequal share of unpaid
care and domestic work has an adverse impact on women’s time use
and their and ability to seek economic opportunities outside the home
and restricts their voice and agency within the home. This session will
aim to identify policies and initiatives to transform negative social
norms in the household and key entry points to address the unequal
distribution of care and domestic work in policy design and
implementation.

• Facilitator: Ursula Keller (Gender Policy Advisor, Swiss Agency
for Development and Cooperation, and Co-Chair DAC Network on
Gender Equality (GENDERNET))
• Contributors:
─ Getting Men in the Kitchen in Mozambique (Julio Langa,
Research and Network Programme Manager, HOPEM, and Elisa
Mutisse, Head of the Gender Equality Promotion Department,
Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Action, Mozambique)
─ Lessons on social norm change from DFID’s Voices for Change
Programme (Caroline Enye, Team Leader, Voices for Change
programme)
─ Challenging stereotypes in rural households (Azzurra Chiarini,
Global Coordinator, Joint Programme on Rural Women’s
Economic Empowerment, FAO/IFAD/UN Women and WFP)
Session: Shared responsibility
within the household

Men in the Kitchen for Gender Equality
in Mozambique
Presentation by
Julio Langa, National Coordinator, HOPEM Network
Elisa Mutisse, Head of Gender Department, Ministry of Gender,
Children and Social Affairs
OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment
Paris, January 2018

About HOPEM
• HOPEM is a network of organizations and human rights activists in
Mozambique.
• Founded in 2009, to address masculinities in human rights, gender equality and
development.
• About 32 staff in 3 offices located in Southern, Central and Northern
Mozambique
• Uses a wide range of social change initiatives.
• Close collaboration with several government departments at the Ministry of
Gender, Children and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce and
others, as well as leading feminist networks such as Forum Mulher and WLSA.
• Engagement with multiple human rights and development partners (NGOs,
INGOs, UN women, UNFPA etc).
• Implemented a number of promising programs, between 2009-2017, with
funding support from multiple foundations and donors.

Program outline
Objectives
•Question opressing masculinities models and contribute to
gender equality.
•Increase male responsibility in unpaid care work by
strengthening relevant knowledge and skills.
•Contribute to the prevention of violence and to reducing
discrimination against women that happens as a result of rigid
division of social roles.
•Challenge and transform masculinility and femininity norms
in very practical ways.
Themes: masculinities, power, violence, gender roles, health
and hygiene, nutritional education, agro processing, cooking
of innovative recipes with full use of ingredients etc

Program outline (cont.)
Program components:
Regular trainings (up to 50h)
participatory sessions with mobile
kitchen
follow up sessions
media and outreach campaigns
monthly exhibitions
Catering services
Beneficiaries and geographic culture
young & young adult men <35
All provinces of Mozambique (11)

• More than 1500 young men and boys directly reached through the regular
trainings.
• Segola (2012, 2015) evaluation revealed:
 89% of participants agreeing that housework should be equally shared
between women and men
 95% of beneficiaries reporting to have a better understanding of
domestic violence, therefore using conversation and dialogue for
dealing with conflicts in their relationships
 56% of participants reporting increased engagement in household
work
• Ongoing inclusion of MK in secondary school activities.
• Increasing number of NGOs requesting and replicating MK approach.
• Educational documentaries by the Mozambican Film Makers Association,
National TV of Mozambique, Norwegian Film School exhibiting beneficiaries
and others.
Some achievements

• Review the training curricula based on participants feedback
• Need of additional information on impact of the MK.
• Use of engaging, concrete and easily replicable activities.
• Multiple level interventions and learn by doing approaches
• Transformation of masculinity concepts, stereotypes and
practices demands a self reflective process by men
themselves.
• Multiple views of masculinity towards equal sharing of
responsibilities offer entry points to engage men in
supporting gender equality.
• Strong focus on benefits.
Challenges & Lessons learned

Contact information
Julio Langa
+258 82 28 700 60
Julio.langa@hopem.org.mz
julioalanga27@yahoo.com.br
www.hopem.org.mz
Elisa Mutisse
+258 84 86 31 541
lisamutisse@gmail.com

#IBelieveIn5050
Youthful
Fresh
Vibrant
Bold
Confident
Inspiring
Smart
Creative
People are:
Voices for
Change
‘marketing
gender equality
to young people’

9 step approach to
social norm change
1. Individual attitudes need to change
2. Individuals need to know that others in the community are
ready to change
3. Public debate and deliberations are required
4. Communities need to change together
5. Positive deviants/role models to be more publicized
6. Benefits of new behavior demonstrated
7. Influential people/early adopters spread the new norm
through organized diffusion
8. Highlight opportunities to bring behavior in line with the new
norm
9. A new set of sanctions and rewards needs to be created to
reinforce the new norm

Social norms marketing
• Ambition - create a movement for
gender equality, inspiring change
• Young women and men needed to get
behind this….at scale
• Marketing approach – how would it
sell? Different to
male/female/North/South
• Messaging is inspiration and
aspirational, creating a sense of
belonging
• Dosage and saturation of messaging –
key
• Creating conversations – online, radio,
physical spaces, television, music

So what did we achieve?
• 2.4 million young people changed attitudes
and behaviours around VAWG, women in
leadership and women in decision making
• Individuals are experiencing personal
change and taking action to diffuse gender
equality messages in both public and
private spaces
• Messages are reinforced by branded
communications which diffuses at scale and
supports personal change
• Mass media is reaching broad group of
young women and men
• Young people recognising Purple show
stronger, more positive change on women’s
leadership, women in decision making,
compared to non Purple people

Challenging stereotypes in rural households: the JPRWEE case
25 January 2018, OECD Policy Dialogue on WEE

WHAT - Outline
 Integrated approach to WEE in development
projects has multiplying effects → contribution
to poverty reduction more sustainable
 JPRWEE developed by FAO, IFAD, WFP and UN Women to respond to
the multiple challenges faced by rural women in a holistic way
 41,000 women and 213,000 HH members directly supported
 7 COUNTRIES
 4 main OUTCOMES
important to recognise INEQUITABLE WORKLOADS

HOW – community level
 Community Conversations in Ethiopia: over
6,700 members engaged in self-change process
to help eradicate gender discriminatory practices
through common “resolutions”
 Dimitra clubs in Niger: 3,600 women and men –
with the help of a community radio - work together
to bring about changes in their communities
 Awareness-raising and advocacy events led by
rural women activists in Kyrgyzstan for over 1000
participants

HOW – Household level
 Household Methodologies for more equitable intra-household relations
Through a set of pictorial tools, household members build their vision for
the future
• Easy to scale up: Through pyramid
learning, in few months
participants trained in Kyrgyzstan
went from 420 to 4700
• Potential to transform gender-
based power relations
• Improve livelihoods
KEY COMPONENT OF SUSTAINABILITY

WHY: EMERGING LESSONS
 Challenging stereotypes and working to transform gender
relations is a key strategy to promote WEE but necessary to
work at both community and HH levels
 Interviews show how this twin-tracked approach has made a
significant impact on women’s lives
 However, challenges remain as to how to
measure the results on unpaid care work
 JPRWEE uses WEAI – includes time use. But
more should be done to build evidence

OECD Policy Dialogue on
Women’s Economic
Empowerment
Recognising, Reducing and
Redistributing unpaid care and
domestic work
25 January 2018
For more information contact:
Annelise.Thim@oecd.org

OECD Policy Dialogue on Women’s Economic Empowerment.

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