Combined effect of drugs
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Combined drugs can have additive, supraadditive, or antagonistic effects. Additive effects occur when two drugs act in the same direction and their individual effects are added together without increasing side effects. Supraadditive effects happen when the combination is greater than the sum of the individual effects, such as when one drug inhibits the breakdown or metabolism of another. Antagonism occurs when one drug decreases or abolishes the effects of another drug through physical, chemical, physiological, or receptor-based mechanisms. Antagonism can be competitive or non-competitive depending on whether the drugs bind to the same receptor site.
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This document discusses pharmacodynamics, or how drugs act on the body. It covers basic types of drug action like stimulation and depression. The main mechanisms of drug action are through enzymes, ion channels, transporters, and receptors. Receptors can be G-protein coupled receptors, ion channel receptors, transmembrane enzyme linked receptors, transmembrane JAK-STAT binding receptors, and receptors regulating gene expression. Factors that can modify a drug's action include body size, age, sex, species, genetics, route of administration, and environmental factors. Adverse drug effects are also classified and mechanisms of pharmacovigilance are explained.
Pharmacodynamics part 4
This document discusses how various factors can modify the effects of drugs in patients. It describes how genetics, race, diet, environment, psychological factors, and concurrent diseases or medications can influence pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes. Specific examples are given of genetic polymorphisms that affect drug metabolism by enzymes like CYP2C9 and CYP2D6. It also explains concepts like tolerance, drug-drug interactions, receptor antagonism, and how conditions like liver or kidney disease can impact drug handling in the body. The lecturer concludes that considering these modifying factors is important for selecting appropriate drugs and doses for each individual patient.
Pharmacodynamics revised
Here are the matches between the pharmacologic terms and their definitions:
1. Efficacy - C) This is the maximal response obtainable by a drug treatment
2. Potency - E) This is the amount of drug required to produce a desired effect
3. Tolerance - A) Decreased response to the same dose of the drug.
4. Therapeutic index - D) This is the ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic dose
5. Intolerance - B) When the antagonist is suddenly withdrawn, severe reaction occurs in the form of rebound or withdrawal effects
Chapter 5 How and Why Drugs Work
This document discusses how drugs work and their intended and unintended effects. It covers common side effects like nausea, changes in alertness, and dependence. The dose and route of administration, as well as individual factors like age, influence a drug's effects. Adaptive processes like tolerance and withdrawal are also explained. The document defines concepts such as addiction, abuse, and dependence.
Basic of Pharmacology.ppt
This document provides an overview of pharmacology basics, including:
1) Pharmacokinetics is the process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body, while pharmacodynamics describes drug interactions with receptors.
2) Drugs are absorbed through various routes with varying speeds, distributed depending on blood flow and solubility, metabolized by the liver and kidneys, and eliminated through urine, bile, breath or other routes.
3) Drug effectiveness depends on factors like dose, response curves, therapeutic index, potency, efficacy, and interactions; tolerance and sensitization can also develop from repeated exposure.
Pharmacology.
Pharmacology is the branch of pharmaceutical sciences which is concerned with the study of drug or medication action, where a drug can be broadly defined as any man-made, natural, or endogenous molecule which exerts a biochemical or physiological effect on the cell, tissue, organ, or organism
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Combined effect of drugs
- 1. Combined effect of drugs Dr Harikrishnan A R
- 2. Synergism • Action of one drug facilitated/increased by another • Both drugs may have action in the same direction or one drug maybe inactive when given alone • Additive and Supraadditive
- 3. Additive • Effect of two drugs adds up in the same direction • Side effects do not add up • Combination is better tolerated than higher dose of one compound • Aspirin + Paracetamol analgesic/antipyretic • Nitrous oxide + Halothane general anaesthetic • Amlodipine + atenolol antihypertensive
- 4. Supraadditive • Effect of combination is greater than individual effect added • One component inactive when given alone • Acetyl choline + Physostigmine inhibition of breakdown • Levodopa + Carbidopa inhibition of peripheral metabolism • Adrenaline + Cocaine inhibition of neuronal uptake
- 5. Antagonism • One drug decreases or abolishes the action of another • One drug is inactive which decreases the effect of another • Physical , chemical, physiological, receptor
- 6. Physical • Based on physical property of the drugs • Charcoal adsorbs alkaloids and prevent their absorption
- 7. Chemical • Two drugs chemically react to form an inactive product • KMnO4 oxidizes alkaloids • Tannins + alkaloids insoluble alkaloidal tannate is formed • Chelating agents BAL, Calcium disodium edetate
- 8. Physiological/functional • 2 drugs acts on different receptors or different mechanism but have opposite effect on same physiological function • Histamine and adrenaline on bronchial muscles and BP • Hydrochlorthiazide and amiloride on urinary potassium excretion • Glucagon and insulin on blood sugar level
- 9. Receptor antagonism • One drug blocks the receptor action of another • They are selective • Anticholinergic only opposes the intestinal contraction by cholinergic agonists but not of histamine or 5-HT • Competitive and non competitive
- 10. Competitive • Equilibrium type • Antagonist chemically similar to agonist • Binds to the same site • Antagonist have affinity but no intrinsic activity • Higher concentration of agonist progressively overcomes the block • Parallel shift of DRC
- 12. Non competitive • Chemically unrelated to agonist • Binds to different site allosteric site • Allosteric antagonism • Receptor is unable to transduce the response • No competition • Even at high doses agonist is unable to reverse the block • Experimentally produced
- 14. Non equilibrium antagonism • Antagonist binds with strong bonds • Agonists are unable to reduce the receptor occupancy of antagonist • Flattening of agonist DRC • Phenoxybenzamine adrenaline @ α receptor
- 15. Thank you