This document summarizes several theories of cognition, intrapersonal communication, and interpersonal communication. It discusses theories related to message design logics, communication accommodation, uncertainty reduction, expectancy violations, politeness theory, social exchange theory, the dialectical perspective, and communication privacy management. For each theory, it provides an overview of the key premises, assumptions, concepts, and predictions put forth by the theorists. The document is comprehensive in covering several important theories within the fields of cognition, intrapersonal communication, and interpersonal communication.
Focusing on credibility and trust, as key elements is critical to evaluating negative campaign messages. At the very least this study offers insights into the transference of attitudes and actions regarding negative comparative statements supporting existing research on Learning Theory.
Focusing on credibility and trust, as key elements is critical to evaluating negative campaign messages. At the very least this study offers insights into the transference of attitudes and actions regarding negative comparative statements supporting existing research on Learning Theory.
Credibility, reputation, identity, and image may be irreparably damaged from negative campaigning. This study provides useful insights for political advisors and the communications
industry to consider.
Chapter 3Interpersonal Communication and the SelfEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and the Self
1
Section 1
COMMUNICATION AND
THE SELF-CONCEPT
Interplay
2
Communication and the Self-Concept
Self-concept: relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
Self-esteem: part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
How does high or low self-esteem affect communication behavior?
All individuals hold a specific perception of themselves, and one piece of such perceptions is feelings of self-worth. People who feel good about themselves have positive expectations about how they will communicate, and those feelings increase the chances that communication will be successful (the same is true for negative evaluations).
3
How the Self-Concept Develops
Reflected appraisal: A mirroring of the judgments of those around you
Significant others: People whose evaluations are especially influential
Social comparison: Evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others
Reference groups: People against whom we evaluate our own characteristics
An individual’s self-concept develops over time, influenced by supportive messages from others, especially those who are particularly influential in our lives, and the way we compare ourselves to other people.
4
Characteristics of the Self-Concept
The self-concept is subjective
We inflate and/or underestimate our self-perception
Why?
Obsolete information
Distorted feedback
The myth of perfection
Social expectations
Sometimes we view ourselves more harshly than others view us, and sometimes we view ourselves more favorably than others view us. This is related to the fact that sometimes we let our past influence the way we view ourselves, we let overly critical messages influences us the most, we try to be perfect, and we live in a society that tends to reward those who actually downplay their strengths.
5
Characteristics of the Self-Concept
A healthy self-concept is flexible
The self-concept resists change
Cognitive conservatism: Seeking information that conforms to an existing self-concept
Human beings change overtime, and the self-concept can change, too – but typically, it is difficult for such changes to occur because we often try to confirm our existing self-concept instead of allowing it to adjust.
6
The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy and Communication
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a person’s expectations of an event and his or her behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case.
Four stages:
Holding expectation (for yourself or for others)
Behaving in accordance with that expectation
The expectation coming to pass
Reinforcing the original expectation
Sometimes, the things we expect to happen influence our behaviors to the point that those things we expect are even more likely to occur because the belief is being reinforced.
7
Types of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Self-imposed prophecies
Your own expectati ...
Module 3 ConclusionThrough this module’s online lectures and textb.docxraju957290
Module 3 Conclusion
Through this module’s online lectures and textbook readings, you analyzed how values and ethics are developed. You also evaluated the importance of accepting and managing diversity effectively.
Here are the key points covered:The six value orientations—individualism or collectivism; preferred personality; view of human nature; human-nature relationship; power distance; long-term vs. short-term orientation—all influence how individuals and groups understand and respond to the world, which in turn, affects how they interact with others.In addition to being truthful, ethical communication involves deciding which information can and should be disclosed or withheld as well as assessing the benefits or harm associated with specific messages.Truthfulness plays a fundamental role in ethical communication due to two reasons, you expect messages to be truthful and messages have consequences. The ethical consequences of sharing or withholding information depend on whether it is likely to help people to make informed decisions or not. A message is considered legitimately private when other parties have no right to expect access to it. Finally, to be an effective communicator, you have to discern the benefits or harm associated with your messages.The process of determining ethical choices and decisions can be based on both individual perspective and communal perspective. When ethics are discussed in an organizational context, the rights of the individual, such as the right to free speech or privacy, assume importance. However, a communal approach focuses on the common good or the best interests of the entire community. The morality of an action is assessed based on its consequences for the group.The three barriers to accepting diversity include preconceptions or lack of knowledge, stereotyping, and prejudice. These internal barriers however, can be overcome by increasing motivation, increasing knowledge of self and others, and avoiding stereotypes.Diversity can enhance your interpersonal effectiveness by increasing your opportunities, enhancing your abilities at work, and improving your self-awareness.
Diversity; Interpersonal Effectiveness
Learning about and accepting diversity can improve your interpersonal effectiveness and increase your personal and professional opportunities. It also allows you to widen your circle of friends and acquaintances and may even open up new business opportunities by helping you work in or manage diverse work groups.
Learning about diversity can increase your effectiveness at work. It can also help improve your ability to communicate with colleagues and customers or clients who differ from you. This may pave the way for organizational rewards and opportunities. In addition, accepting diversity and honing your skills in this area can enhance your self-awareness. Part of accepting and understanding diversity is the ability to understand and critique your own cultural beliefs and values. This understanding ...
Interpersonal Communication Chapter 7 Developing and Maintain.docxnormanibarber20063
Interpersonal Communication
Chapter 7: Developing and Maintaining Relationships
+
What we will cover…
1. Types of interpersonal relationships
2. Why we form relationships
3. Managing Relationship dynamics
4. Self- Disclosure and Interpersonal Relationships
5. Stages of a Relationship
The chapters on interpersonal will be dense so make sure you ask questions?????
+
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal relationships: are the interconnections and independence between two individuals.
Interpersonal Communication: is the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two people who have a relationship and are influenced by each other’s messages.
+
Types of Interpersonal Relationships
People have webs of relationships or relational networks that connect them to others.
We will focus on the following 4:
Family
Friendship
Romantic Relationships
Online Relationships
+
Family Relationships
Family- is a small social group bound by ties of blood, civil contract, and a commitment to care for and be responsible for one another.
Family relationships are the most basic relationships in our lives.
Family relationships help us develop our communication skills and characteristics that affect future interactions.
+
Friendship
Friendship: is a close and caring relationship between two people perceived to be mutually satisfying and beneficial.
Friendship has many interpersonal benefits.
Important characteristics of friendship include
Availability
Caring
Honesty
Trust
Loyalty and
Empathy
+
Romantic Relationships
Romantic relationships define love as deep affection for others involving emotional ties, commitment, and intimacy.
Intimacy: is defined as closeness to and understanding of a relational partner
The 6 categories of Love include:
1. Eros (Erotic and Sexual Love)
2. Ludus (Playful, Casual Love)
3. Storge (Love that lacks Passion)
4. Pragma (Committed, practical love)
5. Mania (Intense, romantic love)
6. Agape (Selfless, romantic love)
+
Romantic Relationships (cont..)
Relational Harmony: has physical and psychological benefits.
Differences in notions of love vary little among cultures
+
Online Relationships
Social Information Processing Theory:
Argues that communicators use unique cues in their online messages to develop realtionships that are just as close as face-to-face ones.
Hyperpersonal Communication:
Can be present in online communication. These messages are more personal than face-to-face ones.
Romance can also be maintained through the use of electronic media. Online communication allows us to maintain intimacy over distance
+
Functions of Relationships
Relationships provide companionship and fulfill the need for inclusion. This need can sometimes be motivation behind the desire for a relationship.
Relationships also fulfill the needs for mental, emotional, and physical stimulation.
Some people use relationships to fulfill a practical or psychological goal.
+
Interperso.
Sex RelationshipChapter 1Role relationship · Casual·.docxbagotjesusa
Sex Relationship
Chapter 1:
Role relationship:
· Casual
· Interchangeable
· Limited behavior interdependence
· No interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationship:
1. Mutual influence (Behavior, attitude)
2. Connection at social or emotional level (Support and reciprocity)
3. Unique communication (shared experience, insider jokes, knowledge and disclosure of personal information)
4. Repeated interaction
Close/Intimate Relationship (Include all interpersonal relationship plus)
1. Emotional attachment (Deep emotional connection)
2. Irreplaceability
3. Need fulfillment
· Affection
· social inclusion
· behavior control
Five characteristic of relationship types:
1. Voluntary vs Involuntary (Friends and parents)
2. Genetically related vs nonrelated (Share gene or not)
3. Platonic vs Sexual
4. Romantic vs nonromantic
5. Sex and gender
5 Principle of interpersonal communication:
Principle 1 Exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages between two people
1. Repetition/Reinforcement (Consistent with message the person is making verbally)
2. Contradiction (undermine a message)
3. Substitution (take place of verbal message)
Principle 2 Communication is inevitable
· One must communicate in interpersonal setting
Principle 3 People use interpersonal communication to fulfill goals
1. Self-presentation goals (Convey information)
2. Relational goals (Improve relationship)
3. Instrumental goals (accomplish task, getting things done)
Principle 4 Interpersonal communication varies in effectiveness
1. Effective messages lead to shared meaning between a sender and receiver
2. Effective: A message is received the way it is intended
Principle 5 Every message contains both content and relational information
1. Content: Information at a literal level
2. Relational information: Context for interpreting the message
Chapter 2:
Social scientific theory: A statement that explains and predicts an element of human experience.
Social identity theory:
· Explains that people’s concept of themselves are linked to their membership in social group (Broad or narrow)
· Predict that social group use in-group behavior to create solidary and display their identity to outsiders
· Self-esteem, superior to others
Communication theory:
· Personal frame (An image about ourselves)
· Enactment frame (Identities develop or change through interaction with others)
· Relationship frame (Identity shaped by relationship we have)
· Communal frame (Identity shaped by groups we are part of and the culture in which we live)
Self-expansion theory:
· People are invested in personal growth
· People view close relationship as a means of growth
· People see both material or non-material benefits to relationships (Affection, sex, money, power and so on)
· Partners’ identities merge over time in complementary ways
Principle of identity management:
1. Provide use with hierarchical structure of who we are (Most important attributes will be stable over time)
2. Shaped through interact.
Interpersonal Communication
Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and Perception
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
3.2 List and describe the strategies we use to form impressions of others.
3.3 List and describe the strategies we use to interpret the behavior of others.
3.4 Identify the eight factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
3.5 Identify and apply five suggestions for improving interpersonal perception.
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (1 of 5)
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Defining PerceptionYour perceptions of people go beyond simple interpretations of sensory information.
Interpersonal perception
Passive perception
Active perception
Perception: the process of experiencing the world and making sense out of what you experience
Interpersonal perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people
Passive perception: perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one’s surroundings
Active perception: perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (2 of 5)
What do you think is happening in this photograph? Your interpretation reflects interpersonal perception.
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (3 of 5)
The Stages of PerceptionStage 1: Selecting
We perceive and remember selectively
Selective perception
Selective attention
Selective exposure
Selective recall
We thin slice.
Selective perception: process of seeing, hearing, or making sense of the world around us based on factors as our personality, beliefs, attitudes, hopes, fears, and culture, as well as what we like and don’t like
Selective attention: process of focusing on specific stimuli, locking on to somethings in the environment and ignoring others
Selective exposure: tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors
Selective recall: process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us
Thin-slicing: observing a small sample of someone’s behavior and then making a generalization about what the person is like, based on the sample
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (4 of 5)
When we observe others, we gather information about them and ascribe motives and causes to their behaviors—sometimes inc.
Credibility, reputation, identity, and image may be irreparably damaged from negative campaigning. This study provides useful insights for political advisors and the communications
industry to consider.
Chapter 3Interpersonal Communication and the SelfEstelaJeffery653
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and the Self
1
Section 1
COMMUNICATION AND
THE SELF-CONCEPT
Interplay
2
Communication and the Self-Concept
Self-concept: relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
Self-esteem: part of the self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth
How does high or low self-esteem affect communication behavior?
All individuals hold a specific perception of themselves, and one piece of such perceptions is feelings of self-worth. People who feel good about themselves have positive expectations about how they will communicate, and those feelings increase the chances that communication will be successful (the same is true for negative evaluations).
3
How the Self-Concept Develops
Reflected appraisal: A mirroring of the judgments of those around you
Significant others: People whose evaluations are especially influential
Social comparison: Evaluating ourselves in terms of how we compare with others
Reference groups: People against whom we evaluate our own characteristics
An individual’s self-concept develops over time, influenced by supportive messages from others, especially those who are particularly influential in our lives, and the way we compare ourselves to other people.
4
Characteristics of the Self-Concept
The self-concept is subjective
We inflate and/or underestimate our self-perception
Why?
Obsolete information
Distorted feedback
The myth of perfection
Social expectations
Sometimes we view ourselves more harshly than others view us, and sometimes we view ourselves more favorably than others view us. This is related to the fact that sometimes we let our past influence the way we view ourselves, we let overly critical messages influences us the most, we try to be perfect, and we live in a society that tends to reward those who actually downplay their strengths.
5
Characteristics of the Self-Concept
A healthy self-concept is flexible
The self-concept resists change
Cognitive conservatism: Seeking information that conforms to an existing self-concept
Human beings change overtime, and the self-concept can change, too – but typically, it is difficult for such changes to occur because we often try to confirm our existing self-concept instead of allowing it to adjust.
6
The Self-Fulfilling
Prophecy and Communication
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a person’s expectations of an event and his or her behavior based on those expectations make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case.
Four stages:
Holding expectation (for yourself or for others)
Behaving in accordance with that expectation
The expectation coming to pass
Reinforcing the original expectation
Sometimes, the things we expect to happen influence our behaviors to the point that those things we expect are even more likely to occur because the belief is being reinforced.
7
Types of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Self-imposed prophecies
Your own expectati ...
Module 3 ConclusionThrough this module’s online lectures and textb.docxraju957290
Module 3 Conclusion
Through this module’s online lectures and textbook readings, you analyzed how values and ethics are developed. You also evaluated the importance of accepting and managing diversity effectively.
Here are the key points covered:The six value orientations—individualism or collectivism; preferred personality; view of human nature; human-nature relationship; power distance; long-term vs. short-term orientation—all influence how individuals and groups understand and respond to the world, which in turn, affects how they interact with others.In addition to being truthful, ethical communication involves deciding which information can and should be disclosed or withheld as well as assessing the benefits or harm associated with specific messages.Truthfulness plays a fundamental role in ethical communication due to two reasons, you expect messages to be truthful and messages have consequences. The ethical consequences of sharing or withholding information depend on whether it is likely to help people to make informed decisions or not. A message is considered legitimately private when other parties have no right to expect access to it. Finally, to be an effective communicator, you have to discern the benefits or harm associated with your messages.The process of determining ethical choices and decisions can be based on both individual perspective and communal perspective. When ethics are discussed in an organizational context, the rights of the individual, such as the right to free speech or privacy, assume importance. However, a communal approach focuses on the common good or the best interests of the entire community. The morality of an action is assessed based on its consequences for the group.The three barriers to accepting diversity include preconceptions or lack of knowledge, stereotyping, and prejudice. These internal barriers however, can be overcome by increasing motivation, increasing knowledge of self and others, and avoiding stereotypes.Diversity can enhance your interpersonal effectiveness by increasing your opportunities, enhancing your abilities at work, and improving your self-awareness.
Diversity; Interpersonal Effectiveness
Learning about and accepting diversity can improve your interpersonal effectiveness and increase your personal and professional opportunities. It also allows you to widen your circle of friends and acquaintances and may even open up new business opportunities by helping you work in or manage diverse work groups.
Learning about diversity can increase your effectiveness at work. It can also help improve your ability to communicate with colleagues and customers or clients who differ from you. This may pave the way for organizational rewards and opportunities. In addition, accepting diversity and honing your skills in this area can enhance your self-awareness. Part of accepting and understanding diversity is the ability to understand and critique your own cultural beliefs and values. This understanding ...
Interpersonal Communication Chapter 7 Developing and Maintain.docxnormanibarber20063
Interpersonal Communication
Chapter 7: Developing and Maintaining Relationships
+
What we will cover…
1. Types of interpersonal relationships
2. Why we form relationships
3. Managing Relationship dynamics
4. Self- Disclosure and Interpersonal Relationships
5. Stages of a Relationship
The chapters on interpersonal will be dense so make sure you ask questions?????
+
Interpersonal Communication
Interpersonal relationships: are the interconnections and independence between two individuals.
Interpersonal Communication: is the exchange of verbal and nonverbal messages between two people who have a relationship and are influenced by each other’s messages.
+
Types of Interpersonal Relationships
People have webs of relationships or relational networks that connect them to others.
We will focus on the following 4:
Family
Friendship
Romantic Relationships
Online Relationships
+
Family Relationships
Family- is a small social group bound by ties of blood, civil contract, and a commitment to care for and be responsible for one another.
Family relationships are the most basic relationships in our lives.
Family relationships help us develop our communication skills and characteristics that affect future interactions.
+
Friendship
Friendship: is a close and caring relationship between two people perceived to be mutually satisfying and beneficial.
Friendship has many interpersonal benefits.
Important characteristics of friendship include
Availability
Caring
Honesty
Trust
Loyalty and
Empathy
+
Romantic Relationships
Romantic relationships define love as deep affection for others involving emotional ties, commitment, and intimacy.
Intimacy: is defined as closeness to and understanding of a relational partner
The 6 categories of Love include:
1. Eros (Erotic and Sexual Love)
2. Ludus (Playful, Casual Love)
3. Storge (Love that lacks Passion)
4. Pragma (Committed, practical love)
5. Mania (Intense, romantic love)
6. Agape (Selfless, romantic love)
+
Romantic Relationships (cont..)
Relational Harmony: has physical and psychological benefits.
Differences in notions of love vary little among cultures
+
Online Relationships
Social Information Processing Theory:
Argues that communicators use unique cues in their online messages to develop realtionships that are just as close as face-to-face ones.
Hyperpersonal Communication:
Can be present in online communication. These messages are more personal than face-to-face ones.
Romance can also be maintained through the use of electronic media. Online communication allows us to maintain intimacy over distance
+
Functions of Relationships
Relationships provide companionship and fulfill the need for inclusion. This need can sometimes be motivation behind the desire for a relationship.
Relationships also fulfill the needs for mental, emotional, and physical stimulation.
Some people use relationships to fulfill a practical or psychological goal.
+
Interperso.
Sex RelationshipChapter 1Role relationship · Casual·.docxbagotjesusa
Sex Relationship
Chapter 1:
Role relationship:
· Casual
· Interchangeable
· Limited behavior interdependence
· No interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationship:
1. Mutual influence (Behavior, attitude)
2. Connection at social or emotional level (Support and reciprocity)
3. Unique communication (shared experience, insider jokes, knowledge and disclosure of personal information)
4. Repeated interaction
Close/Intimate Relationship (Include all interpersonal relationship plus)
1. Emotional attachment (Deep emotional connection)
2. Irreplaceability
3. Need fulfillment
· Affection
· social inclusion
· behavior control
Five characteristic of relationship types:
1. Voluntary vs Involuntary (Friends and parents)
2. Genetically related vs nonrelated (Share gene or not)
3. Platonic vs Sexual
4. Romantic vs nonromantic
5. Sex and gender
5 Principle of interpersonal communication:
Principle 1 Exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages between two people
1. Repetition/Reinforcement (Consistent with message the person is making verbally)
2. Contradiction (undermine a message)
3. Substitution (take place of verbal message)
Principle 2 Communication is inevitable
· One must communicate in interpersonal setting
Principle 3 People use interpersonal communication to fulfill goals
1. Self-presentation goals (Convey information)
2. Relational goals (Improve relationship)
3. Instrumental goals (accomplish task, getting things done)
Principle 4 Interpersonal communication varies in effectiveness
1. Effective messages lead to shared meaning between a sender and receiver
2. Effective: A message is received the way it is intended
Principle 5 Every message contains both content and relational information
1. Content: Information at a literal level
2. Relational information: Context for interpreting the message
Chapter 2:
Social scientific theory: A statement that explains and predicts an element of human experience.
Social identity theory:
· Explains that people’s concept of themselves are linked to their membership in social group (Broad or narrow)
· Predict that social group use in-group behavior to create solidary and display their identity to outsiders
· Self-esteem, superior to others
Communication theory:
· Personal frame (An image about ourselves)
· Enactment frame (Identities develop or change through interaction with others)
· Relationship frame (Identity shaped by relationship we have)
· Communal frame (Identity shaped by groups we are part of and the culture in which we live)
Self-expansion theory:
· People are invested in personal growth
· People view close relationship as a means of growth
· People see both material or non-material benefits to relationships (Affection, sex, money, power and so on)
· Partners’ identities merge over time in complementary ways
Principle of identity management:
1. Provide use with hierarchical structure of who we are (Most important attributes will be stable over time)
2. Shaped through interact.
Interpersonal Communication
Eighth Edition
Chapter 3
Interpersonal Communication and Perception
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;any rental, lease, or lending of the program
Learning Objectives
After reading this chapter, you should be able to:
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
3.2 List and describe the strategies we use to form impressions of others.
3.3 List and describe the strategies we use to interpret the behavior of others.
3.4 Identify the eight factors that distort the accuracy of interpersonal perception.
3.5 Identify and apply five suggestions for improving interpersonal perception.
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (1 of 5)
3.1 Define perception, and explain the three stages of interpersonal perception.
Defining PerceptionYour perceptions of people go beyond simple interpretations of sensory information.
Interpersonal perception
Passive perception
Active perception
Perception: the process of experiencing the world and making sense out of what you experience
Interpersonal perception: process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting your observations of other people
Passive perception: perception that occurs without conscious effort, simply in response to one’s surroundings
Active perception: perception that occurs because you seek out specific information through intentional observation and questioning
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (2 of 5)
What do you think is happening in this photograph? Your interpretation reflects interpersonal perception.
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (3 of 5)
The Stages of PerceptionStage 1: Selecting
We perceive and remember selectively
Selective perception
Selective attention
Selective exposure
Selective recall
We thin slice.
Selective perception: process of seeing, hearing, or making sense of the world around us based on factors as our personality, beliefs, attitudes, hopes, fears, and culture, as well as what we like and don’t like
Selective attention: process of focusing on specific stimuli, locking on to somethings in the environment and ignoring others
Selective exposure: tendency to put ourselves in situations that reinforce our attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors
Selective recall: process that occurs when we remember things we want to remember and forget or repress things that are unpleasant, uncomfortable, or unimportant to us
Thin-slicing: observing a small sample of someone’s behavior and then making a generalization about what the person is like, based on the sample
*
Understanding Interpersonal Perception (4 of 5)
When we observe others, we gather information about them and ascribe motives and causes to their behaviors—sometimes inc.
Chapter 11
Relationships with Romantic Partners
1
Defining Romantic Relationships
We experience different types of love.
Liking and Loving
Liking: Feeling of affection and respect that we typically have for our friends
Loving: Deeper and more intense emotional experience consisting of intimacy, caring, and attachment
Different Types of Romantic Love (1 of 3)
Passionate love: A state of intense emotional
and physical longing for union with another
Breeds excessively idealistic thinking
All cultures feel passionate love
No gender or age differences exist
Integrally linked with sexual desire
Negatively related to relationship duration
4
Different Types of Romantic Love (2 of 3)
Companionate love: An intense form of liking defined by emotional investment and deeply intertwined lives
Common in long-term relationships
Different Types of Romantic Love (3 of 3)
Six other types of romantic love
Storge: Friendly lovers
Agape: Forgiving lovers
Mania: Obsessive lovers
Pragma: Practical lovers
Ludus: Game-playing lovers
Eros: Romantic lovers
Key Elements of Romantic Relationships (1 of 2)
Romantic relationship: A chosen interpersonal involvement in which the participants perceive the bond as romantic
Key Elements of Romantic Relationships (2 of 2)
Perception
Diversity
Choice
Commitment
Tensions
Must manage relational dialectics
Communication
Proximity
Mere exposure effect: Idea that you become more attracted to those you have frequent contact with
Physical Attractiveness
Beautiful-is-good effect: Beautiful people are seen as competent, intelligent, and well adjusted.
Matching: We tend to form long-term relationships with people who are similar to us in physical attractiveness.
Similarity
We’re attracted to those we perceive as similar to ourselves.
Known as the birds-of-a-feather effect
11
Reciprocal Liking
Reciprocal liking: Potent predictor of attraction
We tend to be attracted to people who are attracted to us.
Resources
Social exchange theory: We’re drawn to those offering benefits with few associated costs.
Equity: Balance of benefits and costs exchanged by you and the other person
Inequity: One person is overbenefited or underbenefited.
Technology and Romantic Attraction
Despite its convenience, technology evokes tensions when it comes to dating.
Online self-presentations can be false.
Your partner will discover the truth.
We strive to accentuate attractive attributes and ask a friend to assess.
Relationship Development and Deterioration
All romantic relationships undergo stages marked by distinctive patterns in partners’ communication, thoughts, and feelings.
Coming Together
Stages of coming together
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Coming Apart
Stages of coming apart
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Maintaining Romantic Relationships
We can harness our communication skills and invest the effort necessary to maintain our ...
The aim of this lecture is to introduce and discuss social-psychological aspects of interpersonal relationships and, in particular, attraction, exclusion, and close relationships.
The following slides describe how to have trusting professional relationships. Mutual trust between partners is fundamental to commitment and engagement.
Navigating Cross-Cultural Dialogue: Understanding and Overcoming Communicatio...assignmentcafe1
In our globalized world, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important. However, it brings unique challenges, including navigating cultural differences that can impact effective dialogue. This presentation explores a significant cross-cultural challenge related to dialogue and provides insights on understanding and overcoming this challenge.
Slide 1: Importance of Cross-Cultural Dialogue
Highlight the significance of cross-cultural dialogue in fostering understanding, collaboration, and building relationships in diverse environments.
Emphasize the value of effective communication for bridging cultural gaps and achieving mutual respect.
Slide 2: Cultural Differences in Communication Styles
Discuss the diverse communication styles across cultures, including direct vs. indirect communication, high-context vs. low-context communication, and the use of nonverbal cues.
Explain how these differences can create barriers and misunderstandings in cross-cultural dialogue.
Slide 3: Language and Verbal Communication
Discuss how language barriers can hinder effective cross-cultural dialogue.
Highlight challenges such as accents, idioms, and varying levels of fluency, which may impact comprehension and clarity in communication.
Slide 4: Nonverbal Communication and Body Language
Explain how nonverbal communication cues such as gestures, facial expressions, and personal space can differ across cultures.
Discuss how misinterpretation of nonverbal cues can lead to misunderstandings or miscommunication in cross-cultural dialogue.
Slide 5: Different Perception of Time
Highlight cultural variations in attitudes towards time, such as punctuality, flexibility, and the importance of long-term relationships over deadlines.
Explain how different perceptions of time can affect communication dynamics and expectations in cross-cultural dialogue.
Slide 6: Cultural Context and Implicit Meanings
Discuss how cultural context shapes the interpretation of messages and the use of implicit or indirect communication.
Highlight the importance of understanding cultural norms, values, and historical context to grasp the intended meaning in cross-cultural dialogue.
Slide 7: Stereotyping and Preconceptions
Address the issue of stereotyping and preconceptions that can hinder open and unbiased dialogue.
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COM310-Week 2 Lecture Slides
1. Inside the Head:
Theories of Cognition and
Intrapersonal Communication
2. Communication has early roots in psychology
Cognitive scholars are concerned with the mental
processes that are used to process stimuli and generate
particular effects
Contrasts behavioral view that focuses solely on
external causes (or stimuli) and behavioral effects
3. 1. Message Design Logics
2. Communication Accommodation Theory
3. Uncertainty Reduction Theory
4. Expectancy Violations Theory
4. O’Keefe
Premise: Message Design Logics predicts that people
strategically design messages sent to others
5. Three types of Design
1. Expressive design
2. Conventional design
3. Rhetorical design
6. Problems interacting with different MDL styles
When individuals share the same MDL:
they are more likely to acknowledge communication
problems
When individuals have different MDLs:
they are more likely to blame their problems on the
other’s bad intentions, mistaken beliefs, or undesirable
personality characteristics
7. Giles & Coupland
Premise: when individuals interact with others, they
will accommodate their speech and language patterns,
either by matching their partner’s speech or by
differentiating their speech and language use
8. Individuals belong to a wide variety of social groups
These groups shape each person’s collective identity
In-groups: social affiliations to which an individual feels
he or she belongs
Out-groups: social affiliations to which a person feels
that he or she does not belong
Language, speech, and nonverbal messages all
communicate one’s in-group and out-group status
9. Individuals adjust their speech and conversational
patterns either to assimilate with or to deviate from
others
Convergence: altering your speech and behavior so that it
matches that of your conversational partner
Divergence: rather than match your partner’s
communication patterns, you seek to make your speech
different
10. Predictions
When a person wants to be viewed as part of an in-
group, s/he will accommodate by convergence
When a persona wants to be viewed as distinct from a
certain group, s/he will alter your speech through
divergence
In addition to expressing disagreement or rejection of a
speaker, divergence also illustrates one’s cultural identity
or differences in one’s status.
11. Accommodation is not always appropriate or effective
When in doubt, individuals rely on social norms to
inform their decision to accommodate (or not)
12. Positive Effects Negative Effects
Increased attraction, Incorrect stereotypes of
social approval, and out-group, perceived
increased persuasion condescension, loss of
personal identity
13. Positive Effects Negative Effects
Protects cultural Perceived disdain for
identity, asserts out-group, perceived
power differences, lack of effort, and
and increased increased psychological
sympathy distance
14. Berger & Calabrese
Premise: URT explains and predict when, why, and
how individuals use communication to minimize their
doubts when interacting with others
15. URT functions based on three assumptions
Primary goal of communication is to minimize
uncertainties that we have about the world
Individuals experience uncertainty regularly; the
experience of uncertainty is unpleasant
Communication is the primary vehicle for reducing
uncertainty
16. Reducing uncertainty
3 antecedent conditions: influence whether we have
the motivation to reduce uncertainty
Anticipation of future interaction
Incentive value
Deviance
17. Two types of uncertainty
Behavioral uncertainty
Cognitive uncertainty
18. 8 Axioms that research has established follow from the principles
of URT:
Verbal communication reduces uncertainty
Welcoming nonverbal expressions reduce uncertainty
The greater the uncertainty, the more information-seeking behaviors
When uncertainty is high, intimacy is low
High uncertainty leads to more reciprocal communication strategies
Greater similarities between communicators reduces uncertainty
As uncertainty decreases, liking increases
Shared communication networks and ties reduce uncertainty
19. Berger (1995, 1997) noted that much of social
interaction is goal driven; we communicate for a
reason and we create plans to guide interaction
Uncertainty reduction strategies
Passive strategy
Active strategy
Interactive strategy
20. Burgoon
Premise: explains the meanings that people attribute
to the violation of their personal space and predicts
their response to such infringements
Assumptions
EVT builds on numerous axioms
Primary assumption: humans have competing needs for
personal space and for affiliation
21. EVT makes predictions as to how individuals will react
to a given violation
Reciprocate: match someone’s behavior
Compensate: counteract by doing the opposite of your
partner’s behavior
22. Core Concepts
Expectancy
Context of the behavior
Relationship with the person in question
Communicator’s characteristics
Violation valance (+/-)
Communicator reward valence (+/-)
25. Interpersonal Communication: messages that occur
between two, interdependent persons, with a focus on
how interpersonal messages are offered to initiate,
define, maintain, or further a relationship
IPC refers to both content and quality of messages and
the possibility of further relationship development
26. 1. Politeness Theory
2. Social Exchange Theory
3. Dialectical Perspective
4. Communication Privacy Management Theory
27. Brown and Levinson
Premise: politeness theory explains how we manage
our own and others’ identities through interaction, in
particular, through the use of politeness strategies
28. Assumption: all individuals are concerned with
maintaining face
Face: desired self-image that you wish to present to
others; includes awareness that interactional partners
have own face needs
Positive face
Negative face
It is difficult to achieve positive and negative face
simultaneously
29. Assumptions
Humans are rational and goal oriented with respect to
achieving face needs
We have choices and make communicative decisions to
maintain face
“Everyone’s face depends on everyone else’s [face] being
maintained” (Brown & Levinson, 1987, p.61).
Some behaviors are fundamentally face threatening;
inevitably we will hurt someone’s face
Face-threatening acts (FTAs)
31. Strategies for committing a FTA
Avoidance
Go off record
Negative politeness
Positive politeness
Bald on record
32. People choose their FTA strategy tactically
Three factors influence strategy choice:
Prestige
Power
Risk
33. Thibaut & Kelley
Premise: Social exchange theory (SET) explains when
and why individuals continue and develop some
personal relationships while ending others
34. Assumptions
Relationships are a function of comparing benefits
gained versus costs to attain benefits
People want to make the most of the benefits, while
lessening the costs (minimax principle)
By nature, humans are selfish; you tend to look out for
yourself first and foremost.
35. Core Components
Outcome (O): ratio of rewards to costs in a given
relationship
Rewards – Costs = Outcome
Comparison level (CL): what rewards do I expect to
receive in this relationship?
Comparison level of alternatives (Clalt): what other
options do I have?
37. Baxter & Montgomery
Premise: explains how individuals sustain
relationships over time
38. Assumptions
Praxis : Relationships have a dynamic trajectory
Change: Relationships change
Contradictions (dialectics): Partners have essential
but different needs
Totality: Change in one partner will affect the other
39. Internal dialectics: central tensions between
partners
Autonomy<—>Connection
Openness<—>Closedness
Predictability<—>Novelty
40. External dialectics: central tensions that a dyad
experiences when interacting with other people
Inclusion<—>Seclusion
Revelation<—>Concealment
Conventionality<—>Uniqueness
41. Relationships are sustained, not maintained
To sustain a relationship, dialectical tensions must be
managed
Four primary strategies
1. Selection strategy
2. Cyclic alteration
3. Segmentation
4. Integration
42. Petronio
Premise: CPM’s explains why and how people make
decisions about whether to reveal or conceal private
information based on specific rules
43. 6 Major Principles
1. Public<—>Private dialectical tension is central
2. Private information: information that is inaccessible to
others
Possession is central feature
We make choices about sharing private information: to whom,
what, when, where, and how we share
3. Privacy Rules: guide sharing of private information
Cultural criteria
Gender criteria
Motivational criteria
Contextual criteria
Risk-benefit criteria
44. Major principles continued:
4. Boundaries
Personal boundaries: contain individual information.
Collective boundaries: contain shared information.
5. Boundary Coordination: maintaining collective
boundaries
Boundary linkage—alliances between the owners of the
information
Boundary ownership—rights and responsibilities bourn by
the owners of the information
Boundary permeability—how easily information is passed
through the boundary
6. Boundary Turbulence: occurs when the rules for
privacy management are not clear
46. Persuasion: “human communication that is designed
to influence others by modifying their beliefs, values,
or attitudes” (Simons, 1976, p. 21).
(NOTE: What happened to actions?)
Requirements for message to be considered persuasive:
1. Goal-driven sender
2. Communication is the means to achieve goal
3. Receiver must have free will
47. 1. Social Judgment Theory
2. Elaboration Likelihood Model
3. Theory of Planned Behavior
4. Inoculation Theory
48. Sherif & colleagues
Premise: SJT focuses on peoples’ assessment of
persuasive messages; people make evaluations about
the content of messages based on their anchors, or
stance, on a particular topic message
49. A person’s attitudes can be placed into one of three
categories
Latitude of acceptance
Latitude of rejection
Latitude of noncommitment
50. A person’s reaction to a persuasive message depends
on his or her stance
Persuader must map receivers’ attitudes and ego-
involvement toward a topic
Highly ego involved =
Larger latitude of rejection
Smaller latitude of noncommitment.
51. Social judgment explains responses through two
processes:
Contrast effect
Assimilation effect
52. Petty & Caccipopo
Premise: persuasion is a cognitive event; the targets of
persuasive messages use metal processes of motivation
and reasoning to accept or reject persuasive messages
53. Two Routes to Persuasion
Centrally routed messages
Peripherally routed messages
54. 1. Central Route:
Information, rational arguments, and evidence
Much more likely to create long-term change
Succeed only when two factors are met:
Motivated target
Able target
55. Central route relies on strong arguments:
Strong arguments create a positive cognitive response
Neutral arguments create a noncommittal cognitive
response
Weak arguments create a negative cognitive response
56. 2. Peripheral Route
When target’s motivation or ability is missing,
persuader can use the peripheral route
Peripheral messages rely on a target’s emotional
involvement
Persuade through superficial means
Lead to only short-term changes, if any change at all
58. Peripheral messages can be evaluated as:
Positive peripheral messages
Neutral peripheral messages
Negative peripheral messages
59. Fishbein & Ajzen
Premise: all behavior is intentional, or goal-driven.
Attitudes and behavioral norms predict behavioral
intention.
60. Attitudes: our sum of beliefs about something
Made of two components
One’s evaluation of the object
One’s belief strength
Normative beliefs: perceptions about what others in
your social network expect you to do
61. Evolution of a theory—
A third predictor has been added to the theory:
Perceived behavioral control is comprised of two
elements:
Self-efficiency
Controllability
63. People are more resistant to persuasion when an
inoculation process takes place
Two major components to an inoculation message:
1. Threat
2. Refutational preemption
(See Table 7.1)