here we have discuss about Flixborough disaster what are its causes, consequences, how to prevent such kinds of disasters.
it is my college presentation, I have uploaded this document so that it may help other students thank you :)
Change of management with competent Team Needs to be done For any change in process.When design a plant or process lot of safety were their because of its design .When we change this it might get disturbed and hence revisiting same is required .Two options change should be apple to apple or MOC process and HAZOP study again of entire process.
here we have discuss about Flixborough disaster what are its causes, consequences, how to prevent such kinds of disasters.
it is my college presentation, I have uploaded this document so that it may help other students thank you :)
Change of management with competent Team Needs to be done For any change in process.When design a plant or process lot of safety were their because of its design .When we change this it might get disturbed and hence revisiting same is required .Two options change should be apple to apple or MOC process and HAZOP study again of entire process.
About Piper Alpha Platform
The Happening Event Timeline
Cause of the Disaster
Effect of the Disaster
Key Failures
Improvement and Prevention
Conclusion
Seveso tragedy occurred in Italy in TCP manufacturing plant,in which lethal dioxin was released to the atmosphere causing the tragedy. This occurred due to instructional violation and unawareness of the fact that runaway reaction can occur at lower temperatures.It also caused cancer and death of animals
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster and The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident.
Which type of Chemistry is responsible to happened this is cleared by Mr. Akash Khojare
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
About Piper Alpha Platform
The Happening Event Timeline
Cause of the Disaster
Effect of the Disaster
Key Failures
Improvement and Prevention
Conclusion
Seveso tragedy occurred in Italy in TCP manufacturing plant,in which lethal dioxin was released to the atmosphere causing the tragedy. This occurred due to instructional violation and unawareness of the fact that runaway reaction can occur at lower temperatures.It also caused cancer and death of animals
The Bhopal disaster, also referred to as the Bhopal gas tragedy, was a gas leak incident in India, considered the world's worst industrial disaster and The Seveso disaster was an industrial accident.
Which type of Chemistry is responsible to happened this is cleared by Mr. Akash Khojare
The Powerpoint presentation contains every aspect of one of the most disastrious Tragedy that has happened to our country. The "BHOPAL GAS TRAGEDY". Starting from the Incorporation of the Gas Company to the After effects and the devastation of the Bhopal Gas Tragedy. It includes lot of pictures is amazing to view as a slideshow even more. The Presentation has been given a Retro look because of the the Tragedy which is still affecting the country !
- Ashmita Nahar !
A concise presentation about underwater welding. It briefly discusses about the main types, risks involved and practices involved in underwater welding
brief description about pressable ceramicsCONTENTS: • Introduction • Definition For Dental Ceramics • Definition For Pressable Ceramics • History • Various All Ceramic Systems • Classification • Pressable Ceramics • History • Generation Of Pressable Ceramics • Cerestore – Development Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage 2
3. IPS Empress - Materials And Composition Special Furnace Fabrication Advantage Disadvantage IPS Empress 2- INDICATION Properties Fabrication Method Advantage Disadvantage IPS Emax Press - Microstructure Composition Properties OPC 3G- Development Indication Properties 3
4. INTRODUCTION There have been significant TECHNOLOGICAL advances in the field of dental ceramics over the last 10 years which have made a corresponding increase in the number of materials available. Improvements in strength, clinical performance, and longevity have made all ceramic restorations more popular and more predictable 4
5. DEFINITION FOR DENTAL CERAMICS⁶ An inorganic compound with non metallic properties typically consisting of oxygen and one or more metallic or semi metallic elements (e.g ;Aluminium, Calcium, Lithium, Mangnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Silicon, Tin , Titanium And Zirconium)that is formulated to produce the whole or part of a ceramic based dental prosthesis 5
6. DEFINITION FOR PRESSABLE CERAMICS ⁶ • A ceramic that can be heated to a specified temperature and forced under pressure to fill a cavity in a refractory mold 6
7. HISTORY OF DENTAL CERAMICS ⁶ • 1789-first porcelain tooth material by a French dentist De Chemant • 1774- mineral paste teeth by Duchateau in England • 1808-terrometallic porcelain teeth by Italian dentist Fonzi • 1817- Planteu introduced porcelain teeth in US • 1837- Ash developed improved version of porcelain teeth 7
8. • 1903 – Dr.Charless introduced ceramic crowns in dentistry he fabricate ceramic crown using platinum foil matrix and high fusing feldspathic porcelain excellent esthetics but low flexural strength resulted in failure • 1965- dental aluminous core Porcelain by Mclean and Huges • 1984- Dicor by Adair and Grossman 8
9. 9
10. VARIOUS ALL CERAMIC SYSTEMS Aluminous core ceramics Slip cast ceramics Heat pressed ceramics Machined ceramics Machined and sintered ceramics Metal reinforced system 10
11. MICROSTRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION⁵ Category 1: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) Category 2: Glass-based systems (mainly silica) with fillers usually crystalline (typically leucite or a different high-fusing glass) a) Low-to-moderate leucite-
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
2. INTRODUCTION
•On Saturday 1 June 1974 at 4:53 p.m.,
Nypro (UK) site at Flixborough was
severely damaged by a large explosion
•Before the explosion: vertical crack on
reactor no 5 was leaking cyclohexane on
27 March 1974
3.
4. • The temporary bypass assembly which was the bellow pipe was
installed to connect reactor no.4 and no.6 and also to further the
chemical production.
5. • Cause of the explosion:
-The bypass system ruptured due to slight rise in
pressure that strong enough to tear the bellows
-Ruptured due to shear stress
-Great amount of cyclohexane escaped from the holes
in the bellows and formed a cloud of cyclohexane
vapor
-The fire started when the cyclohexane formed a
flammable mixture and found source of ignition and
lead to massive vapor cloud explosion
7. •An environmentally well-known as a failure
caused by exposure to a corroding while under
a sustained tensile stress. (M.E. SAMIR, 2013)
•SCC is a cracking process that requires the
simultaneous action of a corrodent and
sustained tensile stress. (WebCorr website)
•Most rapid and unpredictable
STRESS CORROSION CRACKING (SCC)
8. •The process of SCC consist of 3 stages:
1. Crack initiation
2.Crack propagation
3.Brittle fracture
MECHANISM..
9. •SCC is initiated by stress concentrations at
defects on the material surface. The defect
may also be a result of pitting corrosion,
crevice corrosion, intergranular corrosion
or local galvanic corrosion.
CRACK INITIATION..
10. CRACK PROPAGATION..
• The passivation film at the tip of the crack is broken due to
plastic deformation. Pure and normally very active metal is
exposed and will be attacked by corrosion.
• Growth rate will be a combination of corrosion and cracking. The
crack start to growth when the stress concentration at the end of
te crack (KI) exceeds the threshold stress intensity factor for SCC
11. BRITTLE FRACTURE..
• When the stress concentration at the end of the crack exceeds the critical
stress intensity factor (KI > KIC), there will be a rapid, unstable brittle
fracture.
12. •NO UNIFIED MECHANISM in literature.
•Various model that have been proposed:
1. Adsorption model
2.Film rupture model
3.Pre-existing active path model
4.Embrittlement model
14. •Sources of tensile stress:
1. Assembly stress
2.Residual stress
3.Concentration of stress at the root of pre-
existing cracks or notches.
15. FACTOR : FLIXBOROUGH
• Presence of nitrates that had contaminated with
river water.
• Intergranular crack.
• Conjoint action of stress of an appropriate
magnitude and a corrosive environment, of a
specific composition, upon steel having a wide
range of composition of structures.
16. CASE DETAILS (COMMENT)
•Carelessness and less knowledge of the
workers/engineers.
• No references in designed the pipe.
• The only calculations made were of the capacity of the assembly
needed to carry the required flow.
• Nitrate treated cooling water be sprayed on the top of the reactor
18. • STEEL SELECTION :
• -used in corrosive environment likely to cause SCC
• - steel more resistant to SCC
• FABRICATION
• - useful with careful fit-up in welding to avoid sharp notches, crevices,
rough finishes, galvanic couples between dissimilar metals and limit the
hardness
• SURFACE TREATMENT
• - shot peening/surface burnishing produces compressive stress but still
need to use steel with corrosion resistant
19. • DESIGNED STRESSES
• - designed with limit stresses below 50% yield stress
• PROTECTIVE COATING
• - organic coatings because adherent and nonporous
20. SIMILAR CASES IN THE WORLD
• 1) December 1967 : Catastrophic collapse of the
Silver Bridge
• Cause: Rust and high level of residual stress in the
eyebar joint and the main chain joint failed result of
high bridge loading and low temperature
21. • 2) 9 May 1985: Rooftop and ceiling collapsed of swimming
pool in Uster, Switzerland
• Cause: environmental cracking of metal fastening
components made of stainless steel elements in the roof
construction
22. • 3) 1 June 2001: fatal accident in Dutch Swimming pool in Netherlands
• Cause: environmental cracking of stainless steel threaded bars
23. • 4) 13 December 2003: Williams 26-inch pipeline ruptured near
Toledo Washington
• Cause: due to high pressure
24. • 5) 7 December 2009: Quartz manufacturing crystal
plant accident
• Cause: Corrosive environment that led to cracks in a
high pressure vessel’s steel walls resulting in its failure