Coloractal Cancer is the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal system. In this presentation brief information about this cancer is supplied.
may useful for medical students
This document discusses cancer screening and provides statistics and information about cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence, and screening. It notes that screening aims to detect cancer early through routine tests when it may be easier to treat. The benefits of screening include finding cancers before symptoms appear and improving survival rates, but there are also risks like false positives requiring additional testing and overdiagnosis. The document provides data on the most common cancers and mortality rates in the UK, as well as trends in cervical cancer mortality following the introduction of screening. It outlines the criteria for effective screening tests and examples of cancers currently screened for in clinical practice like breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers.
International incidence of colorectal cancer is high, making it the 3rd most common cancer in men and 2nd in women. Risk factors include age over 60, diet high in red/processed meats, family history, smoking, obesity, and certain medical conditions. Colorectal cancer develops from polyps that may bleed, cause bowel changes, or spread. Screening allows early detection and reduces mortality. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy depending on stage. Prevention focuses on screening, lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and avoiding risk factors when possible.
Clinical features and investigation of carcinoma colonAgasya raj
Colon cancer is the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are generally absent until late stages and commonly include abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and unintentional weight loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, blood tests, biopsy, and imaging like colonoscopy. Staging involves determining if the cancer has spread locally or to distant sites like the liver or lungs. Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer.
This document discusses the management of colon cancers. It covers various treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer. For stage III colon cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFOX or CapeOx is preferred after surgery to improve disease-free and overall survival based on clinical trials. Surgery aims to do an R0 resection with adequate margins and lymph node sampling. Laparoscopic surgery has comparable oncologic outcomes to open surgery.
Breast and Cervical cancer awareness - breast cancer treatment in puneOnco Life Cancer Centre
This document provides information about breast and cervical cancer awareness. It discusses what cancer is, common causes like lifestyle factors, diet, and environment. It provides statistics on cancer cases and deaths in India. The most common cancers in females are breast, cervix, colorectal, and ovarian cancers, while in males they are oral, lung, stomach, prostate and large intestine cancers. It then focuses on breast cancer, risk factors, increasing incidence rates in India, screening methods, and treatments. It also discusses cervical cancer causes, symptoms, and screening including Pap smear and HPV testing. It emphasizes the importance of exercise, diet, and vaccination in cancer prevention.
This document provides information about colorectal cancer, including:
1) It is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Risk increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 50.
2) Known risk factors include diet high in red/processed meats, obesity, smoking, personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, and certain inherited genetic syndromes.
3) The most common inherited syndromes linked to colorectal cancer are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), which account for about 5-10
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counsellingDrAyush Garg
Mrs. X is a 46-year-old woman concerned about breast cancer risk due to a friend's recent diagnosis. She has no family history of breast cancer herself. The document discusses guidelines for breast cancer screening, genetic screening, and prevention. For Mrs. X, the assistant recommends annual mammography and clinical breast examination in line with screening guidelines for average-risk women over age 40. The benefits of screening increase with age, so annual screening is advised to detect any potential issues earlier.
This document discusses cancer screening and provides statistics and information about cancer incidence, mortality, prevalence, and screening. It notes that screening aims to detect cancer early through routine tests when it may be easier to treat. The benefits of screening include finding cancers before symptoms appear and improving survival rates, but there are also risks like false positives requiring additional testing and overdiagnosis. The document provides data on the most common cancers and mortality rates in the UK, as well as trends in cervical cancer mortality following the introduction of screening. It outlines the criteria for effective screening tests and examples of cancers currently screened for in clinical practice like breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers.
International incidence of colorectal cancer is high, making it the 3rd most common cancer in men and 2nd in women. Risk factors include age over 60, diet high in red/processed meats, family history, smoking, obesity, and certain medical conditions. Colorectal cancer develops from polyps that may bleed, cause bowel changes, or spread. Screening allows early detection and reduces mortality. Treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy depending on stage. Prevention focuses on screening, lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and avoiding risk factors when possible.
Clinical features and investigation of carcinoma colonAgasya raj
Colon cancer is the most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms are generally absent until late stages and commonly include abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, and unintentional weight loss. Diagnosis involves a complete history, physical exam, blood tests, biopsy, and imaging like colonoscopy. Staging involves determining if the cancer has spread locally or to distant sites like the liver or lungs. Treatment options depend on the stage of the cancer.
This document discusses the management of colon cancers. It covers various treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer. For stage III colon cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy with FOLFOX or CapeOx is preferred after surgery to improve disease-free and overall survival based on clinical trials. Surgery aims to do an R0 resection with adequate margins and lymph node sampling. Laparoscopic surgery has comparable oncologic outcomes to open surgery.
Breast and Cervical cancer awareness - breast cancer treatment in puneOnco Life Cancer Centre
This document provides information about breast and cervical cancer awareness. It discusses what cancer is, common causes like lifestyle factors, diet, and environment. It provides statistics on cancer cases and deaths in India. The most common cancers in females are breast, cervix, colorectal, and ovarian cancers, while in males they are oral, lung, stomach, prostate and large intestine cancers. It then focuses on breast cancer, risk factors, increasing incidence rates in India, screening methods, and treatments. It also discusses cervical cancer causes, symptoms, and screening including Pap smear and HPV testing. It emphasizes the importance of exercise, diet, and vaccination in cancer prevention.
This document provides information about colorectal cancer, including:
1) It is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the US. Risk increases with age, with most cases occurring in people over 50.
2) Known risk factors include diet high in red/processed meats, obesity, smoking, personal or family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, and certain inherited genetic syndromes.
3) The most common inherited syndromes linked to colorectal cancer are Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) and Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (HNPCC), which account for about 5-10
Breast cancer screening, prevention and genetic counsellingDrAyush Garg
Mrs. X is a 46-year-old woman concerned about breast cancer risk due to a friend's recent diagnosis. She has no family history of breast cancer herself. The document discusses guidelines for breast cancer screening, genetic screening, and prevention. For Mrs. X, the assistant recommends annual mammography and clinical breast examination in line with screening guidelines for average-risk women over age 40. The benefits of screening increase with age, so annual screening is advised to detect any potential issues earlier.
This document discusses colorectal cancer facts and prevention strategies. It notes that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women. Regular screening tests beginning at age 50 can detect pre-cancerous polyps so they can be removed before becoming cancerous. Lifestyle factors like maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, not smoking, limiting alcohol, and keeping a healthy weight can help reduce cancer risk. The document recommends following screening guidelines and knowing family health history to prevent and detect colorectal cancer early.
colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
This document summarizes the management of pancreatic carcinoma. It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, hereditary syndromes, pathophysiology including pre-cancerous lesions, types of pancreatic cancer, staging, prognostic factors, diagnostic techniques, treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and historical prospective studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of pancreatic carcinoma covering all relevant aspects of the disease.
The document discusses colorectal cancer (CRC), including risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, staging classifications, and treatment options. Key points include: CRC risk is increased by factors like age, family history, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Symptoms depend on tumor location but may include bleeding, pain, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnostic workup involves colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Staging uses the TNM system and determines five-year survival rates. Treatment involves surgery like colectomy or polypectomy and postoperative monitoring for recurrence.
This document discusses different types of colorectal polyps. It defines a polyp as any lesion elevated above the bowel surface and classifies polyps as neoplastic (adenomatous or polyposis syndromes like FAP) or non-neoplastic (hamartomas, metaplasias, pseudopolyps). It describes adenomatous polyps in detail and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. It also discusses juvenile polyps, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, inflammatory polyps, connective tissue polyps, and hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes like FAP and HNPCC. Management options including endoscopic, transanal, abdominal procedures and surgery are provided.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, comprising 18-25% of female cancers. Risk increases with age and genetic predisposition plays a role in some cases.
- Pathology includes non-invasive (lobular carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ) and invasive types (invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma).
- Diagnosis involves risk assessment models, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk in some families.
- Treatment and prevention depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery
This document discusses colorectal cancer. Some key points:
- Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in North America. It affects the colon and rectum.
- Risk factors include family history, age over 50, inflammatory bowel disease, poor diet, smoking, and diabetes. Genetic changes like mutations in APC and DNA repair genes contribute to colorectal cancer development.
- Screening tools include fecal occult blood tests, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and virtual colonoscopy. Screening guidelines vary but generally recommend annual fecal tests, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50. Family history of colorectal cancer may
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. It typically presents in individuals over 50 years of age with symptoms like weight loss, anemia, abdominal discomfort, and rectal bleeding. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT scan to evaluate the colon and detect metastasis, and colonoscopy to directly visualize the colon and perform biopsies. Staging uses the TNM system and determines appropriate treatment and prognosis.
This document provides an overview of cholangiocarcinoma including its epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathology, tumor classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Cholangiocarcinoma arises from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts and can be intrahepatic, perihilar, or distal.
- Risk factors include primary sclerosing cholangitis, parasitic infections, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, and toxins.
- Clinical presentation is usually jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests of tumor markers like CEA and CA19-9 and imaging studies.
- Tumor classification is based on extent of involvement
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It begins as pre-cancerous changes to cervical cells and can progress to cancer. About 10,520 new cases are diagnosed in the US each year, with risks highest for those who are sexually active at a young age or have HPV. Screening via Pap tests can detect cell abnormalities early when treatment is most effective. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or vaccines.
This document provides information on pancreatic adenocarcinoma, including its anatomy, physiology, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. It also covers cystic lesions of the pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumours. The staging and survival rates for pancreatic cancer are presented. Complications of pancreatic surgery and mortality rates at high volume centers are summarized.
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing a breast lump. It outlines the triple assessment strategy which involves clinical examination, imaging, and tissue biopsy. This is currently the gold standard for diagnosis and can achieve nearly 100% diagnostic accuracy. The first step is confirming the presence of a discrete mass through physical examination. Next, imaging such as mammography or ultrasound is used to distinguish simple cysts from solid lesions. Tissue sampling of solid lesions through fine needle aspiration or core biopsy provides a histological diagnosis and guides management, which could include surgery for malignant masses or follow up for benign lesions.
This document summarizes information about colorectal carcinoma:
- It is the 3rd most common cancer and most common after age 60. Risk factors include diet, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and genetic conditions.
- Inherited conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome can cause colorectal cancer. FAP causes multiple polyps developing by the teen years and cancer by age 40.
- Presenting symptoms include blood in stool, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, obstruction, and weight loss. Investigations include colonoscopy, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, with only 15-20% of patients eligible for potentially curative surgery. Recent data shows survival may be improving, especially for those who receive adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after surgery. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound to stage the cancer and determine if it can be surgically removed. Endoscopic ultrasound is particularly useful for assessing local tumor spread and blood vessel involvement. A tissue biopsy may also be taken during endoscopic ultrasound to identify the type of cancer.
The anal canal is approximately 4 cm in length extending from the anorectal junction to the anal verge. Anal cancers are rare and mostly squamous cell carcinomas arising from the anal transitional zone. Risk factors include HPV infection and immunosuppression. Combined chemoradiotherapy is the standard first-line treatment and results in high response rates and organ preservation compared to radiation alone. Salvage surgery may be considered for select cases after failed nonsurgical treatment or as primary treatment for those who cannot tolerate chemoradiotherapy. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 45-86% depending on depth of invasion and nodal involvement.
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancies, with papillary carcinoma being the most frequent type at 60% of cases. Papillary carcinoma commonly presents in younger females and has a good prognosis with a 95% 20-year survival rate. Medullary carcinoma is a rare but aggressive type associated with genetic syndromes. Anaplastic carcinoma is the most lethal type with median survival of only 4-5 months. Treatment options depend on tumor size and extent, and may include thyroid lobectomy, total thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine, chemotherapy, or external beam radiation.
This document provides a brief review of colorectal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that globally, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and second in females. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals beginning at age 50. Treatment typically involves surgical resection as the only curative option, and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer.
The document summarizes breast cancer staging systems. It discusses:
- The importance of accurate staging for determining prognosis and treatment.
- The TNM system used worldwide for clinical staging, which classifies tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M).
- Revisions made in the 7th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual to the TNM classifications for breast cancer, including changes to the definitions of inflammatory carcinoma and microinvasive carcinoma.
- Recommendations for determining tumor size using various imaging modalities and microscopic vs. gross measurements.
- Staging of noninvasive cancers such as DCIS and LCIS.
- Grading of invasive
The document discusses carcinoma of the prostate, including:
1. It provides information on prostate anatomy and the distribution and risk factors of prostate cancer.
2. Early detection is important as survival rates are 99% for localized cancer but only 31% once it has spread; screening involves digital rectal exams and PSA tests beginning at age 40-50.
3. Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of cancer, and include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal cancers, including gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and small bowel tumors. Key points discussed include risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, staging classifications, treatment options, and screening recommendations for colorectal cancer. Inheritable syndromes associated with colorectal cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome are also reviewed.
Decision making in early & advanced colorectal cancermostafa hegazy
This document discusses decision making for early and advanced colorectal and rectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, staging, and treatment decisions based on cancer location and stage. Treatment may involve polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Decision making is guided by a multi-disciplinary team based on tumor characteristics and with the goal of maximizing survival while preserving organ function and quality of life.
This document discusses colorectal cancer facts and prevention strategies. It notes that colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and women. Regular screening tests beginning at age 50 can detect pre-cancerous polyps so they can be removed before becoming cancerous. Lifestyle factors like maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, not smoking, limiting alcohol, and keeping a healthy weight can help reduce cancer risk. The document recommends following screening guidelines and knowing family health history to prevent and detect colorectal cancer early.
colorectal cancer, epidemiology, risk factors, sign and symptom,
pathophysiology, complications, assessment and diagnostic findings, medical and nursing interventions
This document summarizes the management of pancreatic carcinoma. It discusses the anatomy, epidemiology, risk factors, hereditary syndromes, pathophysiology including pre-cancerous lesions, types of pancreatic cancer, staging, prognostic factors, diagnostic techniques, treatment including surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiotherapy and historical prospective studies. It provides a comprehensive overview of pancreatic carcinoma covering all relevant aspects of the disease.
The document discusses colorectal cancer (CRC), including risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, staging classifications, and treatment options. Key points include: CRC risk is increased by factors like age, family history, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Symptoms depend on tumor location but may include bleeding, pain, and changes in bowel habits. Diagnostic workup involves colonoscopy, biopsy, and imaging tests. Staging uses the TNM system and determines five-year survival rates. Treatment involves surgery like colectomy or polypectomy and postoperative monitoring for recurrence.
This document discusses different types of colorectal polyps. It defines a polyp as any lesion elevated above the bowel surface and classifies polyps as neoplastic (adenomatous or polyposis syndromes like FAP) or non-neoplastic (hamartomas, metaplasias, pseudopolyps). It describes adenomatous polyps in detail and the adenoma-carcinoma sequence. It also discusses juvenile polyps, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, inflammatory polyps, connective tissue polyps, and hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes like FAP and HNPCC. Management options including endoscopic, transanal, abdominal procedures and surgery are provided.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including risk factors, pathology, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women, comprising 18-25% of female cancers. Risk increases with age and genetic predisposition plays a role in some cases.
- Pathology includes non-invasive (lobular carcinoma in situ, ductal carcinoma in situ) and invasive types (invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, medullary carcinoma).
- Diagnosis involves risk assessment models, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Genetic testing helps determine hereditary risk in some families.
- Treatment and prevention depend on cancer type and stage but may include surgery
This document discusses colorectal cancer. Some key points:
- Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in North America. It affects the colon and rectum.
- Risk factors include family history, age over 50, inflammatory bowel disease, poor diet, smoking, and diabetes. Genetic changes like mutations in APC and DNA repair genes contribute to colorectal cancer development.
- Screening tools include fecal occult blood tests, sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and virtual colonoscopy. Screening guidelines vary but generally recommend annual fecal tests, sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years starting at age 50. Family history of colorectal cancer may
Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. It typically presents in individuals over 50 years of age with symptoms like weight loss, anemia, abdominal discomfort, and rectal bleeding. Diagnosis involves blood tests, imaging like CT scan to evaluate the colon and detect metastasis, and colonoscopy to directly visualize the colon and perform biopsies. Staging uses the TNM system and determines appropriate treatment and prognosis.
This document provides an overview of cholangiocarcinoma including its epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathology, tumor classification, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Some key points:
- Cholangiocarcinoma arises from the epithelial cells of the bile ducts and can be intrahepatic, perihilar, or distal.
- Risk factors include primary sclerosing cholangitis, parasitic infections, cholelithiasis, hepatitis, and toxins.
- Clinical presentation is usually jaundice. Diagnosis involves blood tests of tumor markers like CEA and CA19-9 and imaging studies.
- Tumor classification is based on extent of involvement
Cervical cancer develops in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus. It begins as pre-cancerous changes to cervical cells and can progress to cancer. About 10,520 new cases are diagnosed in the US each year, with risks highest for those who are sexually active at a young age or have HPV. Screening via Pap tests can detect cell abnormalities early when treatment is most effective. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, or vaccines.
This document provides information on pancreatic adenocarcinoma, including its anatomy, physiology, clinical presentation, investigations, staging, treatment and prognosis. It discusses the exocrine and endocrine functions of the pancreas. It also covers cystic lesions of the pancreas and pancreatic endocrine tumours. The staging and survival rates for pancreatic cancer are presented. Complications of pancreatic surgery and mortality rates at high volume centers are summarized.
The document discusses the approach to diagnosing a breast lump. It outlines the triple assessment strategy which involves clinical examination, imaging, and tissue biopsy. This is currently the gold standard for diagnosis and can achieve nearly 100% diagnostic accuracy. The first step is confirming the presence of a discrete mass through physical examination. Next, imaging such as mammography or ultrasound is used to distinguish simple cysts from solid lesions. Tissue sampling of solid lesions through fine needle aspiration or core biopsy provides a histological diagnosis and guides management, which could include surgery for malignant masses or follow up for benign lesions.
This document summarizes information about colorectal carcinoma:
- It is the 3rd most common cancer and most common after age 60. Risk factors include diet, diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and genetic conditions.
- Inherited conditions like familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome can cause colorectal cancer. FAP causes multiple polyps developing by the teen years and cancer by age 40.
- Presenting symptoms include blood in stool, changes in bowel habits, abdominal pain, obstruction, and weight loss. Investigations include colonoscopy, imaging, and blood tests. Treatment depends on staging but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Pancreatic cancer has a poor prognosis, with only 15-20% of patients eligible for potentially curative surgery. Recent data shows survival may be improving, especially for those who receive adjuvant chemoradiation therapy after surgery. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT scans and endoscopic ultrasound to stage the cancer and determine if it can be surgically removed. Endoscopic ultrasound is particularly useful for assessing local tumor spread and blood vessel involvement. A tissue biopsy may also be taken during endoscopic ultrasound to identify the type of cancer.
The anal canal is approximately 4 cm in length extending from the anorectal junction to the anal verge. Anal cancers are rare and mostly squamous cell carcinomas arising from the anal transitional zone. Risk factors include HPV infection and immunosuppression. Combined chemoradiotherapy is the standard first-line treatment and results in high response rates and organ preservation compared to radiation alone. Salvage surgery may be considered for select cases after failed nonsurgical treatment or as primary treatment for those who cannot tolerate chemoradiotherapy. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 45-86% depending on depth of invasion and nodal involvement.
Thyroid cancers are the most common endocrine malignancies, with papillary carcinoma being the most frequent type at 60% of cases. Papillary carcinoma commonly presents in younger females and has a good prognosis with a 95% 20-year survival rate. Medullary carcinoma is a rare but aggressive type associated with genetic syndromes. Anaplastic carcinoma is the most lethal type with median survival of only 4-5 months. Treatment options depend on tumor size and extent, and may include thyroid lobectomy, total thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine, chemotherapy, or external beam radiation.
This document provides a brief review of colorectal cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, screening, diagnosis, and treatment options. It notes that globally, colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and second in females. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals beginning at age 50. Treatment typically involves surgical resection as the only curative option, and may be combined with chemotherapy or radiation therapy depending on the stage of cancer.
The document summarizes breast cancer staging systems. It discusses:
- The importance of accurate staging for determining prognosis and treatment.
- The TNM system used worldwide for clinical staging, which classifies tumors by size (T), lymph node involvement (N), and metastases (M).
- Revisions made in the 7th edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual to the TNM classifications for breast cancer, including changes to the definitions of inflammatory carcinoma and microinvasive carcinoma.
- Recommendations for determining tumor size using various imaging modalities and microscopic vs. gross measurements.
- Staging of noninvasive cancers such as DCIS and LCIS.
- Grading of invasive
The document discusses carcinoma of the prostate, including:
1. It provides information on prostate anatomy and the distribution and risk factors of prostate cancer.
2. Early detection is important as survival rates are 99% for localized cancer but only 31% once it has spread; screening involves digital rectal exams and PSA tests beginning at age 40-50.
3. Treatment options depend on the stage and grade of cancer, and include watchful waiting, surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy.
This document provides an overview of gastrointestinal cancers, including gastric adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, and small bowel tumors. Key points discussed include risk factors, signs and symptoms, diagnostic testing, staging classifications, treatment options, and screening recommendations for colorectal cancer. Inheritable syndromes associated with colorectal cancer such as familial adenomatous polyposis and Lynch syndrome are also reviewed.
Decision making in early & advanced colorectal cancermostafa hegazy
This document discusses decision making for early and advanced colorectal and rectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, staging, and treatment decisions based on cancer location and stage. Treatment may involve polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Decision making is guided by a multi-disciplinary team based on tumor characteristics and with the goal of maximizing survival while preserving organ function and quality of life.
This document discusses decision making for early and advanced colorectal and rectal cancer. It provides information on risk factors, symptoms, staging, and treatment decisions based on cancer location and stage. Treatment may involve polypectomy, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Decision making is guided by a multi-disciplinary team based on tumor characteristics and with the goal of maximizing survival while preserving organ function and quality of life.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I-IV respectively.
Gastric cancer is a common cancer worldwide, with high rates in East Asia and Eastern Europe. Napoleon likely died from a stage IIIA gastric cancer based on historical accounts of his symptoms. For diagnosis, endoscopy with biopsy is needed but endoscopic ultrasound and CT scans can help determine tumor depth and metastasis. Treatment depends on stage - early cancers may be treated with endoscopic resection while later stages typically require surgical resection with chemotherapy sometimes used as adjuvant therapy or for palliation. Prognosis correlates with stage, with 5-year survival rates of 90%, 60%, 30%, 8% for stages I to IV respectively.
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, inflammatory bowel disease, lifestyle factors like obesity and smoking. Screening is recommended regularly beginning at age 50 to detect cancers early. Staging uses the TNM system and treatment depends on stage but commonly includes surgery along with chemotherapy and radiation for later stages. The document provides detailed information on epidemiology, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, treatment and screening guidelines for colorectal cancer.
1. Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide, with over 1.2 million new cases annually. The risk increases with age, with most cases occurring after age 50.
2. Screening is recommended for average risk individuals starting at age 50, and earlier for those with risk factors like family history or inflammatory bowel disease. Screening options include annual fecal tests and colonoscopy every 10 years.
3. Treatment depends on the cancer stage and location. Early stage cancers are typically treated with surgery alone, while later stages may involve chemotherapy and radiation in addition to surgery. The goals are curative therapy for early stages and palliative care for metastatic disease.
This document provides information on benign tumours known as polyps, adenomatous polyps, and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). It discusses that adenomatous polyps have malignant potential that increases with size, villous type, and dysplasia. FAP is defined by having 100 or more colorectal adenomas and carries a 100% risk of developing colorectal cancer if left untreated. Treatment options for polyps and FAP include polypectomy, colectomy, and proctocolectomy depending on the severity and extent of lesions.
This document discusses malignant obstructive jaundice and its causes such as gallbladder cancer and bile duct cancer. It provides details on the incidence, risk factors, pathology, staging, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of gallbladder cancer. Key points include that gallbladder cancer occurs predominantly in elderly people, has a poor prognosis, and is often diagnosed at late stages. Surgical resection is the main treatment for early stage disease while palliative options are used for advanced or unresectable cases. Prognosis depends on the pathologic stage, with T1a cancers having an excellent prognosis.
This patient presented with rectal bleeding and weight loss and was found to have stage III adenocarcinoma. Given his family history of colorectal cancer in a first-degree relative at a young age, he is at high risk for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). HNPCC accounts for 5-7% of colorectal cancers and results from a mutation in DNA mismatch repair genes. Individuals with HNPCC have an increased lifetime risk of colorectal and other cancers. The patient was counseled on genetic testing and increased screening for relatives is recommended.
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer deaths in North America. Risk factors include family history, age over 50, inflammatory bowel disease, poor diet, smoking, and certain genetic conditions. Screening tools like fecal occult blood tests and colonoscopy can detect early-stage cancers. Treatment may involve surgery to remove the cancerous tissue, and sometimes chemotherapy or radiation. After treatment, regular follow-up via tests like CT scans and colonoscopies can help monitor for cancer recurrence.
colorectal cancer 18 aug 22 final yr.pptxafzal mohd
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Risk factors include lifestyle, family history, and certain medical conditions. Screening is recommended starting at age 50. Surgery is the main treatment for localized cancer, with options depending on tumor location. Adjuvant therapies like chemotherapy may be given after surgery. Five-year survival rates range from over 90% for early stage to less than 10% for metastatic disease.
This document discusses tumors of the small and large intestines. It begins by describing non-neoplastic polyps such as hyperplastic, hamartomatous, inflammatory, and lymphoid polyps. It then discusses neoplastic epithelial lesions including benign adenomas and malignant adenocarcinoma, carcinoid tumors, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Mesenchymal lesions such as gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) and lymphoma are also reviewed. Specific topics covered in more depth include familial adenomatous polyposis, the adenoma-carcinoma sequence in colorectal carcinoma development, carcinoid tumors, gastrointestinal lymphoma, and TNM staging of colorectal carcinomas
This document provides guidelines for various cancer screening tests including mammography, pap smear, colonoscopy, and flexible sigmoidoscopy. It outlines the starting age, frequency, and ending age for each test. A case study is presented regarding a 66 year old woman found to have a breast mass. Screening protocols and efficacy for colonoscopy in detecting colon cancer are discussed. Risk factors, staging, and treatments for colon and breast cancer are also summarized.
Most common female cancer Accounts for 32% of all female cancerMukeshBhusare1
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer, accounting for 32% of all female cancers. It affects over 211,000 women yearly in the United States. Screening mammography is recommended annually starting at age 50 to help detect breast cancer early. Treatment options depend on cancer type and stage but may include lumpectomy, mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation, and tamoxifen. While survival rates have improved with advances in screening and treatment, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death among women.
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including:
- It is the fifth most common cancer in women and the fifth leading cause of cancer death.
- The cause is largely unknown. Risk factors include repeated ovulation, infertility treatment, high intake of animal fats, and genetic predispositions.
- Histopathological types include epithelial, germ cell, and sex cord-stromal tumors. Epithelial tumors are the most common and aggressive.
- Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like ultrasound and CT, and tumor markers like CA-125.
- Treatment involves surgical staging and debulking. Chemotherapy is also used and involves agents like cisplatin, carbop
This document discusses periampullary tumors, which arise near the ampulla of Vater. It defines periampullary tumors and lists the components that can be involved, including the bile duct, pancreatic duct, and duodenal mucosa. It then discusses cholangiocarcinoma, a type of bile duct cancer that can present as a periampullary tumor. Risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, treatment and prognosis of periampullary tumors are summarized. Surgical resection offers the best chance of survival, while unresectable tumors may be treated with stenting, radiation or chemotherapy to relieve symptoms.
Endometrial cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy, with a lifetime risk of developing it being 2.5%. It mostly occurs in women in their 6th-7th decades. Obesity is a major risk factor, accounting for 40% of cases. Diagnosis is usually through post-menopausal bleeding. Treatment involves a total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and surgical staging for high-risk cases. The role of lymphadenectomy is controversial, with some advocating for it only in high-risk cases. Adjuvant radiotherapy decreases pelvic recurrence rates. Prognosis is generally good, with an 80% 5-year survival rate.
- Thyroid cancer accounts for 1.5% of cancers in the US, with papillary carcinoma being the most common at 80% of cases.
- A 45-year-old female presented with a thyroid nodule that was found to be papillary carcinoma on biopsy. Near-total or total thyroidectomy is the recommended treatment.
- Her prognosis is favorable at ~90% 10-year survival given her diagnosis of papillary carcinoma and surgery. Ongoing monitoring is still recommended.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
2. Most common malignancy of GI
Aging
Dominant
after age 50
Hereditary Risk Factors
20% with a family history
FAP, HNPCC
Environmental and Dietary Factors
Saturated or polyunsaturated fats
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
long-standing colitis
Other Risk Factors
Cigarette smoking, Ureterosigmoidostomy, Acromegaly,
Pelvic irradiation
Epidemiology and Risk Factors
4. Definition:
An autosomal dominant condition with numerous
polyps and increased risk of colorectal cancer
A known family history of FAP with even one
adenomatous polyp …or
Developing hundreds to thousands of adenomatous
polyps shortly after puberty (without a family history)
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
5. 1% of all colorectal adenocarcinomas
mutation in the APC gene (5q)
75% of cases
25% without a family history
Lifetime risk of colorectal cancer 100% by age 50 years
Treatment is surgical
Most patients elect to have an ileal pouch–anal
anastomosis
FAP
6. fewer polyps (usually 10 to 100)
The right colon
Cancer risk 50%
APC mutation testing + in 60%
Screening by colonoscopy
Unknown family mutation
at age 13–15y, then every 4y to age 28y.
Treatment is surgical
Total abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis
Attenuated FAP
7. Definition:
An AD genetic condition
High risk of colorectal carcinoma at an early age
(average age: 40–45 years) & other cancers
More common than FAP
70% develop cancer
HNPCC (Lynch Syndrome)
8. Is based on family history
The Amsterdam criteria:
3 affected relatives (one must be a first-degree relative
of one of the others)
in 2 successive generations of a family
one patient diagnosed before age 50 years.
HNPCC
Diagnosis
9. Screening
Colonoscopy
annually
At age 20–25y / 10y younger than the youngest age at
diagnosis in the family.
Transvaginal ultrasound / Endometrial aspiration biopsy
Annually
age 25–35y
HNPCC
Cntd...
10. Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis
once adenomas or a colon carcinoma is diagnosed
prophylactic colectomy
prophylactic hysterectomy
bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
women who have completed childbearing
HNPCC
Treatment
11. 10–15% of colorectal cancer
Risk of cancer increases with a family history.
Double with one first degree relative (12%)
35% with 2 first degree relatives
Screening Colonoscopy
every 5 y
at age 40y / 10y before the age of the earliest
Familial Colorectal Cancer
12. Nonspecific
a change in bowel habits
rectal bleeding
Abdominal pain
Bloating
Obstruction is more likely in Left-sided tumors
unexplained anemia
weight loss
Clinical Presentation
13. Tumor stage (T) Definition
T0 No evidence of cancer
Tis Carcinoma in situ
T1 Tumor invades submucosa
T2 Tumor invades muscularis propria
T3 Tumor invades through muscularis
propria into subserosa or into
nonperitonealized pericolic or perirectal
tissues
T4 Tumor directly invades other organs or
tissues or perforates the visceral
peritoneum of specimen
Staging
14. Nodal stage (N) Definition
NX Regional lymph nodes cannot be
assessed
N0 No lymph node metastasis
N1 Metastasis to one to three pericolic or
perirectal lymph nodes
N2 Metastasis to four or more pericolic or
perirectal lymph nodes
N3 Metastasis to any lymph node along a
major named vascular trunk
Staging
Distant metastasis (M)
MX Presence of distant metastasis cannot
be assessed
M0 No distant metastasis
M1 Distant metastasis present
15. Staging & 5-year suvival
Stage TNM 5-Year Survival
I T1–2, N0, M0 70–95%
II T3–4, N0, M0 54–65%
III Tany, N1-3, M0 39–60%
IV Tany, Nany, M1 0–16%
16. Colonoscopy
Synchronous disease up to 5%
Chest and Abdominal/pelvic CT scan
distant metastases
Routine Blood tests and CEA
Endorectal ultrasound / Pelvic MRI
The ultrasound T and N stage of rectal cancer
Preoperative Evaluation
17. The objective is
remove the primary tumor with clean borders
And its lymphovascular supply
Chemotherapy
Stages III and IV
Stage II if
Young patient
Bad histology
Radiotherapy
Greatly used for rectal cancers
Treatment
18. Stage 0 (Tis, N0, M0)
Polipectomy with clean margins
Stage I: The malignant polyp (T1, N0, M0)
Polipectomy by endoscope (low risk of LN metastasis)
Segmental colectomy
Stages I and II: Localized colon carcinoma (T1–3, N0, M0)
The majority cured with surgical resection
Adjuvant chemotherapy
young patients
“high-risk” histologic
THERAPY FOR COLONIC CARCINOMA
19. Stage III: Lymph Node Metastasis (T any, N1, M0)
Surgery
adjuvant chemotherapy
Stage IV: Distant metastasis (T any, N any, M1)
metastases limited to the liver
Resection
adjuvant chemotherapy
The remainder
Palliative therapy
22. A full colonoscopy
within 12 months
If normal, every 3-5y
CEA
every 2–3 months for 2 years
If + CT scan
Transrectal sonography
Rectal Cancer
Every 4 months for 4 y
Follow-Up and Surveillance