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Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer is a significant health concern, with an estimated 95,520 new cases of colon cancer and 39,910 new cases of rectal cancer annually, resulting in 50,260 deaths per year. Risk factors include age, diet, genetics, and environmental factors, with screening recommendations starting at age 50 for average risk individuals. Symptoms range from changes in bowel habits to late-stage signs like weight loss and jaundice.
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Colorectal cancer
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- 2. 95,520 Estimated new casesdevelop each year of colon cancer 2http://pressroom.cancer.org/CRCstats2017
- 3. 39,910 Estimated new casesdevelop each year of rectal cancer 3http://pressroom.cancer.org/CRCstats2017
- 4. 50, 260Annual Deathrate despite regardless sex 4http://pressroom.cancer.org/CRCstats2017
- 5. Affects both gender •10% in both female and male with the incidence increasing significantly in persona over age 50. 5
- 6. Place your screenshothere The incidence rate is 50 times higher in people over ages of 60 to 79 than those aged 40 years. 6
- 7. Place your screenshothere The disease occur most frequently countries like North America, Eastern and Western Europe, the Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, and Australia. 7
- 8. Place your screenshothere The incidence varies among races, and ethnicity. African American, Indians, Hawaiians, and Mexicans have the highest incidence and mortality. 8
- 9. ETIOLOGY The cause ofcolorectal cancer is UNKNOWN 9
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- 23. Screening ASYMPTOMATIC PERSON Annual: • DIGITALRECTAL EXAMINATION • FECAL OCCULT BLOOD TEST for person over age 50. • PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOP Y should be done every 5 years. • COLONOSCOPY every 10 years. 23 • DOUBLE CONTRAST BARIUM ENEMA should be performed every 5-10 yrs and complement a colonoscopy exam • SIGMOIDOSCOPY at lease every 5 yrs
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- 28. INCREASED RISK RISK CATEGORIES ▸Single, small (<1cm) adenoma ▸ Large (1+ cm) adenoma, multiple adenomas (with high grade dysplasia, or villous change) ▸ Personal hx or curative intent resection of colorectal ca ▸ Either colorectal ca, or adenomatous polyps in any first degree relatives at any age (if not hereditary syndrome) AGE TO BEGIN ▸ 3-6yrs after the initial polypectomy ▸ Within 3yrs after initial polypectomy ▸ 40y/o, or 10 yrs before the youngest case in the immediate family RECOMMENDATION ▸ Colonoscopy ▸ Colonoscopy ▸ Colonoscopy 28
- 29. HIGH RISK RISK CATEGORIES ▸Family hx of familial adenomatous polyps (FAP) ▸ Family hx of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) ▸ Inflammatory bowel disease Chronic ulcerative colitis ▸ Crohn’s Disease AGE TO BEGIN ▸ Puberty ▸ Age 21 ▸ Cancer risk begins to be significant 8yrs after the onset of pancolitis, or 12-15yrs after the onset of left sided colitis RECOMMENDATION ▸ Early surveillance with endoscopy, and counseling to consider genetic testing ▸ Colonoscopy and counseling to consider genetic testing ▸ Colonoscopy with biopsies for dysplasia 29
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- 31. ▸ Barium Enema ▸Colonoscopy ▸ CT/MR/PET scan ▸ Stool for occult blood ▸ Liver Scan ▸ Bone Scan ▸ CBC, AST (SGOT), LDH, ALP, BUN ▸ Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) ▸ Rectal UTZ 31
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- 33. GENERAL ▸ Change inbowel habits ▸ Shape, color, size of stool ▸ Abdominal pain ▸ Anorexia ▸ flatulence ▸ Indigestion ▸ Alteration in constipation, or diarrhea ▸ Feeling of incomplete evacuation (tenesmus) 33
- 34. LATE SYMPTOMS ▸ Weightloss ▸ Fatigue ▸ Decline in general health ▸ Jaundice 34
- 35. RIGHT-SIDED LESION ▸ Dull,vague, abdominal pain radiating to the back ▸ Dark, red, or mahogany-red blood in stool ▸ Weakness, anemia, malaise, indigestion, weight loss, liquid stool 35
- 36. LEFT-SIDED LESION ▸ Changein bowel habits—cramps ▸ Gas pains ▸ Decrease in caliber of stool ▸ Bright red bleeding ▸ Constipation ▸ Rectal pressure ▸ Incomplete evacuation of stool ▸ Abdominal pain 36
- 37. TRANSVERESE COLON ▸ Palpablemasses ▸ Obstruction ▸ Changes in bowel habits ▸ Bloody stool 37
- 38. RECTAL ▸ Changes inbowel habits ▸ Bright-red bleeding ▸ Tenesmus ▸ Pain in the groin (labia, scrotum, legs, or penis) ▸ Constipation 38
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- 43. PART 2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Made by:Rosemarie Carpio Reference: Oncology Nursing by Martha E. Langhorne 43