Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use. This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth. Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Final proof electricity ijbel vol 2-201308819641377
This document discusses a study examining the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in six economic corridors in Indonesia from 1984-2010. It provides background on electricity infrastructure and policy in Indonesia, reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the causal relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Indonesia, and describes the methodology used in this study, which employs Granger causality tests and error correction models on annual time series data from the six corridors. The key findings were uni-directional relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in some corridors but not others. The study aims to better inform regional electricity and development policies in Indonesia.
Chinas Energy Efficiency Dilemma Osowski 2009cosowski
Faced with rising energy costs, energy supply shortages and increasing environmental and health impacts from pollution, the leadership in Beijing appears to have reached a consensus on the need to improve the country’s energy usage. This article explores four key challenges the Chinese central government will contend with as it aims to improve energy efficiency: the competing objective of economic growth, an array of agencies with overlapping responsibilities for energy policy, limited central government control over local governments, and a weak regulatory environment. Without addressing the underlying problems of policy enforcement, the extent to which China will be able to achieve its energy goals remains uncertain.
This document discusses Ethiopia's drive toward developing hydropower as its primary energy source and the associated socio-economic and environmental implications. It notes that hydropower development could provide multiple benefits, including meeting energy demand cheaply, mitigating land degradation, avoiding CO2 emissions, promoting gender equality, enabling tourism, and creating jobs. However, it also acknowledges there are risks, such as vulnerability to natural hazards and potential social and environmental impacts. The document explores the extent to which increased hydropower generation could substitute imported fossil fuels over time through quantitative analysis. It recommends huge expansion of hydropower generation and managing potential risks and costs to sustain an economy reliant on hydropower-dominated energy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy input, price and industrial output in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption (oil, gas, coal, electricity) and industrial output in Pakistan using cointegration and causality tests. The results show:
1) There is a positive relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the long run.
2) Bidirectional causality exists between oil consumption and industrial output.
3) Unidirectional causality runs from electricity consumption to industrial output.
4) Industrial output causes coal consumption but there is no causality between gas consumption and output.
The government needs innovative energy policies to meet future energy demand and promote clean industrial growth using alternative energy sources like solar and wind.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Final proof electricity ijbel vol 2-201308819641377
This document discusses a study examining the causal relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in six economic corridors in Indonesia from 1984-2010. It provides background on electricity infrastructure and policy in Indonesia, reviews previous literature that has found mixed results on the causal relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Indonesia, and describes the methodology used in this study, which employs Granger causality tests and error correction models on annual time series data from the six corridors. The key findings were uni-directional relationships between electricity consumption and economic growth in some corridors but not others. The study aims to better inform regional electricity and development policies in Indonesia.
Chinas Energy Efficiency Dilemma Osowski 2009cosowski
Faced with rising energy costs, energy supply shortages and increasing environmental and health impacts from pollution, the leadership in Beijing appears to have reached a consensus on the need to improve the country’s energy usage. This article explores four key challenges the Chinese central government will contend with as it aims to improve energy efficiency: the competing objective of economic growth, an array of agencies with overlapping responsibilities for energy policy, limited central government control over local governments, and a weak regulatory environment. Without addressing the underlying problems of policy enforcement, the extent to which China will be able to achieve its energy goals remains uncertain.
This document discusses Ethiopia's drive toward developing hydropower as its primary energy source and the associated socio-economic and environmental implications. It notes that hydropower development could provide multiple benefits, including meeting energy demand cheaply, mitigating land degradation, avoiding CO2 emissions, promoting gender equality, enabling tourism, and creating jobs. However, it also acknowledges there are risks, such as vulnerability to natural hazards and potential social and environmental impacts. The document explores the extent to which increased hydropower generation could substitute imported fossil fuels over time through quantitative analysis. It recommends huge expansion of hydropower generation and managing potential risks and costs to sustain an economy reliant on hydropower-dominated energy.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy input, price and industrial output in pakistanAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between disaggregate energy consumption (oil, gas, coal, electricity) and industrial output in Pakistan using cointegration and causality tests. The results show:
1) There is a positive relationship between disaggregate energy consumption and industrial output in the long run.
2) Bidirectional causality exists between oil consumption and industrial output.
3) Unidirectional causality runs from electricity consumption to industrial output.
4) Industrial output causes coal consumption but there is no causality between gas consumption and output.
The government needs innovative energy policies to meet future energy demand and promote clean industrial growth using alternative energy sources like solar and wind.
energy crisis introduction (Autosaved)Faizan Ahmed
- Pakistan has faced chronic electricity shortages since the mid-2000s due to a combination of factors. Demand grew significantly but investment in generation did not keep pace, and existing plants were not upgraded for efficiency. Tariffs were kept artificially low for political reasons, preventing full recovery of costs. This contributed to the problem of "circular debt" where fuel suppliers were not paid due to utility arrears. By 2011, the electricity deficit exceeded 7,000 MW at times and the circular debt had ballooned to over Rs. 500 billion, severely impacting the economy and social stability. Alternative energy sources will be needed to resolve the crisis.
Economic Impacts of Electricity Price Increases in South Africa, Stephen La...Stephen Labson
slEconomics has undertaken this review with the purpose of highlighting what we see as some of the more significant issues associated with electricity pricing in South Africa and its impact on the economy.
Economy growth and oil import requirement in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article from the Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy that examines economy growth and oil import requirements in Indonesia through 2030. It develops an econometric energy balance model to project future energy needs and simulate strategies to reduce import dependence. The model estimates oil import will be more affected by transportation fuel consumption than economic growth, and projects Indonesia will become a net energy importer by 2015. The paper suggests reducing gasoline subsidies, increasing oil production, and diversifying transportation fuels could help reduce import reliance.
Managing China's energy productivity potential - what lessons for policy makersNicholas Howarth
This document discusses China's energy productivity and the policies implemented to improve it. It notes that between 2002-2005 China experienced declining energy productivity but that the 2006 targets in the 11th Five Year Plan helped reverse this trend. The 12th Five Year Plan extended these reforms with even more stringent targets. However, looking just at national statistics misses provincial complexities that offer both challenges and opportunities to further enhance China's energy productivity. Analyzing trade between provinces can provide insights into better aligning regional practices with national objectives.
China in Africa Practicum Research PaperLauren Hovis
This document examines U.S. and Chinese electrification efforts in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to present. It finds that China has contributed over 36,000 MW of power through approximately 160 projects, compared to over 8,000 MW through around 70 projects from the U.S. While Chinese projects have helped increase energy access, they have also faced criticism for lack of job creation, displacement of people, and contribution to emissions. U.S. projects emphasize renewable energy and good governance. The document recommends the U.S. strengthen energy partnerships, increase commercial outreach, focus capacity building, and expand off-grid solutions to promote sustainable development and democratic institutions in the region over the next five years.
IHS Markit Report: Advancing the Landscape of Clean Energy InnovationEnergy for One World
This document summarizes a report on advancing clean energy innovation in the United States. It discusses the roles of the private sector, federal government, and technologies with breakthrough potential in clean energy innovation. Key recommendations include that the private sector and strategic philanthropic investors should support promising early stage technologies, federal funding for energy research should focus on a portfolio of technologies with high potential, and the Department of Energy's structure could be optimized to prioritize innovation over specific fuels.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
What does energy efficiency matter? Energy efficiency is the single most cost-effective way of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and an essential component of any strategy to reach long-term emission reduction goals. It also boosts economic productivity, improves energy security, reduces expenditure on fuels and energy infrastructure, reduces air pollution and develops the energy services industry.
If Australia improved its energy efficiency by just an extra one per cent each year it would generate an additional $8 billion in GDP by 2020 and $26 billion by 2030. This is an important contribution to improving Australia’s productivity, as well as cutting our energy bills and carbon pollution.
For more information please visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/boosting-australias-energy-productivity.html
This document discusses India's growing energy needs and the role of renewable energy in meeting those needs. It notes that India's population and economic growth are driving up demand for energy, but the current system relies heavily on fossil fuels and is failing to provide reliable electricity access across the country. The document argues that India needs to shift towards renewable resources like solar and wind to achieve its goals of high economic growth and universal access to energy in a sustainable manner. It assesses India's Renewable Purchase Obligation policy, which requires utilities to source a certain portion of energy from renewables, and finds many states are failing to meet these targets. The document recommends increasing India's national renewable energy target and setting ambitious but differentiated state-level targets tailored
This document discusses developments in India's energy sector, including problems and prospects. It provides an overview of India's legislative framework and policies related to different energy sectors such as electricity, coal, oil and gas, renewable energy, and nuclear energy. The key laws and policies are described, including the Electricity Act of 2003, Integrated Energy Policy of 2006, and provisions for renewable energy. The existing institutional structure governing India's energy sector, comprised of four main ministries, is also briefly outlined. In summary, the document analyzes India's energy legislative framework and the structure managing the country's energy development, resources and supply.
Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
Development Economics: IMPACT OF GROWTH ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND CARBON EMI...Deepmala Pokhriyal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of per capita GDP growth on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It finds that energy consumption and emissions generally increase with rising incomes, though the relationship varies between high, middle, and low-income countries. The Kuznets curve hypothesis, which predicts an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and economic growth, is also examined for different countries and time periods. Regression analysis of 189 countries from 1960-2005 shows pollution initially rising then falling with income, supporting the Kuznets curve. India and China see higher pollution increases from growth than other nations due to their economic compositions.
“Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural SMEs”ijmvsc
This study was intended towards evaluating the impact of electricity availability on the operation and
performance of SMEs in the rural areas of Bangladesh. The results are based on a study from a survey
carried out in two electrified villages in Paikgacha, Khulna. The study detected favorable changes on the
production costs, profit margin, development and modernization of business, women empowerment,
quality of life, and human development due to the electrification. The findings of the paper will help the
stakeholders in number of areas including developing grid electricity services, supporting rural
electrification programs, developing the updated framework for micro enterprise development and also
overall reduction of poverty in the rural and disadvantaged areas of Bangladesh
World Economic Forum report on the state of energy transition around the globe, and their recommendations.
Please consult with our working practice Energy For One World on how best to see and where best we can approach the present gap and (leadership) change challenge we see ourselves in.
This document summarizes a guest lecture on energy and society that discussed several topics: (1) critiques of Ontario government reports and policies around replacing coal power, increasing electricity prices, and promoting renewable energy (2) analysis questioning the health impacts attributed to coal power and rate impact projections of renewable energy (3) concerns about propaganda around assigning blame for increased electricity costs.
The changing environmental scenario and depleting conventional energy resources has impelled the world to seek out alternative sources of energy. Mankind is consciously moving towards the use of renewable energy, with the prime focus on alleviating dependency on conventional energy sources. Acting in this direction, the United Nations (UN) has started a global initiative - ‘Sustainable Energy for All’ - to drive the use of renewable energy.
Franklin Neubauer criticized New Jersey's 2011 Energy Master Plan for failing to set clear long-term energy efficiency goals and misleadingly using PJM's electric load forecast to reduce the state's energy savings target. New Jersey's approach ignored factors like distributed generation and the recession that contributed to declining PJM forecasts. Neubauer estimated that failing to pursue aggressive energy efficiency cost New Jersey $11.5 billion in lost utility bill savings from 2010-2015. He urged New Jersey to return to the specific 15,000 GWh energy savings goal set in 2008.
The document discusses India's history of solar energy policies from the 1970s to present. Early policies focused on rural electrification but saw limited success due to high fossil fuel availability and solar technology immaturity. The Electricity Act of 2003 and National Electricity Policy of 2005 emphasized renewable energy. Key subsequent policies included the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which set targets to ramp up solar power capacity to 20,000 MW by 2022 through various incentives and programs. The document outlines the goals and implementation of the Mission's first phase from 2009-2013, which included the development of 1000 MW of large solar plants and 100 MW of rooftop solar projects.
IChemE Energy Centre report - Transitions in electricity systems towards 2030...Alexandra Howe
1. Climate change mitigation efforts in the analyzed countries are implemented only if they promote economic growth objectives.
2. Energy security concerns drive diversification of electricity sources, with many countries investing in natural gas infrastructure and promoting renewable energy.
3. A key driver of capacity expansion is addressing shortages in electricity supply to fuel economic growth, with countries investing in new generation capacity and transmission infrastructure.
Renewable Energy Subsidy Policies and Investments in China the USA and German...Osama Elaish
This document provides an overview of renewable energy subsidy policies and investments in China, the USA, and Germany from 2004-2013. It summarizes China's renewable energy subsidy policies including tax incentives, interest-discount loans, direct subsidies, and renewable portfolio standards/feed-in tariffs. It also notes that China's investments in renewable energy increased rapidly from $2.4 billion in 2004 to a record high of $59.6 billion in 2012, driven largely by subsidies and policies promoting wind and solar energy. Wind attracted $28 billion and solar $22.6 billion of China's $56.3 billion in renewable energy investments in 2013.
This document analyzes the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Nigeria using a multivariate cointegration approach. It tests for long-run cointegration and short-run causality between GDP, capital, labor, real exchange rate, and energy consumption at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. The empirical findings indicate long-run cointegration between the variables at aggregate and disaggregate levels, except for coal. In the short-run, Granger causality runs only from GDP to electricity consumption. The study proposes policies to address Nigeria's energy and development challenges, such as enhancing energy supply and efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and developing appropriate policies.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Swaziland. It begins by introducing the topic and noting Swaziland's reliance on imported energy. It then reviews literature on the causal relationship between energy use and GDP, finding mixed results. Some studies find energy consumption causes growth, others find growth causes energy use, while some find bidirectional causation. The document outlines the study's methodology, which will use an autoregressive distributed lag model and bounds testing approach to analyze data on Swaziland's GDP, electricity consumption, and other variables from 1980-2010 to determine the relationship.
energy crisis introduction (Autosaved)Faizan Ahmed
- Pakistan has faced chronic electricity shortages since the mid-2000s due to a combination of factors. Demand grew significantly but investment in generation did not keep pace, and existing plants were not upgraded for efficiency. Tariffs were kept artificially low for political reasons, preventing full recovery of costs. This contributed to the problem of "circular debt" where fuel suppliers were not paid due to utility arrears. By 2011, the electricity deficit exceeded 7,000 MW at times and the circular debt had ballooned to over Rs. 500 billion, severely impacting the economy and social stability. Alternative energy sources will be needed to resolve the crisis.
Economic Impacts of Electricity Price Increases in South Africa, Stephen La...Stephen Labson
slEconomics has undertaken this review with the purpose of highlighting what we see as some of the more significant issues associated with electricity pricing in South Africa and its impact on the economy.
Economy growth and oil import requirement in indonesiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes an article from the Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy that examines economy growth and oil import requirements in Indonesia through 2030. It develops an econometric energy balance model to project future energy needs and simulate strategies to reduce import dependence. The model estimates oil import will be more affected by transportation fuel consumption than economic growth, and projects Indonesia will become a net energy importer by 2015. The paper suggests reducing gasoline subsidies, increasing oil production, and diversifying transportation fuels could help reduce import reliance.
Managing China's energy productivity potential - what lessons for policy makersNicholas Howarth
This document discusses China's energy productivity and the policies implemented to improve it. It notes that between 2002-2005 China experienced declining energy productivity but that the 2006 targets in the 11th Five Year Plan helped reverse this trend. The 12th Five Year Plan extended these reforms with even more stringent targets. However, looking just at national statistics misses provincial complexities that offer both challenges and opportunities to further enhance China's energy productivity. Analyzing trade between provinces can provide insights into better aligning regional practices with national objectives.
China in Africa Practicum Research PaperLauren Hovis
This document examines U.S. and Chinese electrification efforts in sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to present. It finds that China has contributed over 36,000 MW of power through approximately 160 projects, compared to over 8,000 MW through around 70 projects from the U.S. While Chinese projects have helped increase energy access, they have also faced criticism for lack of job creation, displacement of people, and contribution to emissions. U.S. projects emphasize renewable energy and good governance. The document recommends the U.S. strengthen energy partnerships, increase commercial outreach, focus capacity building, and expand off-grid solutions to promote sustainable development and democratic institutions in the region over the next five years.
IHS Markit Report: Advancing the Landscape of Clean Energy InnovationEnergy for One World
This document summarizes a report on advancing clean energy innovation in the United States. It discusses the roles of the private sector, federal government, and technologies with breakthrough potential in clean energy innovation. Key recommendations include that the private sector and strategic philanthropic investors should support promising early stage technologies, federal funding for energy research should focus on a portfolio of technologies with high potential, and the Department of Energy's structure could be optimized to prioritize innovation over specific fuels.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
What does energy efficiency matter? Energy efficiency is the single most cost-effective way of lowering greenhouse gas emissions and an essential component of any strategy to reach long-term emission reduction goals. It also boosts economic productivity, improves energy security, reduces expenditure on fuels and energy infrastructure, reduces air pollution and develops the energy services industry.
If Australia improved its energy efficiency by just an extra one per cent each year it would generate an additional $8 billion in GDP by 2020 and $26 billion by 2030. This is an important contribution to improving Australia’s productivity, as well as cutting our energy bills and carbon pollution.
For more information please visit www.climateinstitute.org.au/boosting-australias-energy-productivity.html
This document discusses India's growing energy needs and the role of renewable energy in meeting those needs. It notes that India's population and economic growth are driving up demand for energy, but the current system relies heavily on fossil fuels and is failing to provide reliable electricity access across the country. The document argues that India needs to shift towards renewable resources like solar and wind to achieve its goals of high economic growth and universal access to energy in a sustainable manner. It assesses India's Renewable Purchase Obligation policy, which requires utilities to source a certain portion of energy from renewables, and finds many states are failing to meet these targets. The document recommends increasing India's national renewable energy target and setting ambitious but differentiated state-level targets tailored
This document discusses developments in India's energy sector, including problems and prospects. It provides an overview of India's legislative framework and policies related to different energy sectors such as electricity, coal, oil and gas, renewable energy, and nuclear energy. The key laws and policies are described, including the Electricity Act of 2003, Integrated Energy Policy of 2006, and provisions for renewable energy. The existing institutional structure governing India's energy sector, comprised of four main ministries, is also briefly outlined. In summary, the document analyzes India's energy legislative framework and the structure managing the country's energy development, resources and supply.
Energy Services Market: Conceptual Framework and Mechanism of FormingIJCMESJOURNAL
The energy services market is the youngest, compared to other types of energy markets, but also the most actively expanding worldwide in two priority areas: energy efficiency and renewable energy sources. At the same time, the incompleteness of the theoretical foundations substantially slows down its development. This paper provides an overview of the legal and regulatory frameworks associated with energy services market formation, brings together conceptual ideas and innovation studies from developed countries, and offers a theoretical foundations (model) of the energy services market formation based on the synergetic combination of energy systems requirements analysis and set theory. A new organizational structure of the energy services market clients’ interaction with energy-and-fuel markets, markets of energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies and markets of consumers, as well as a new organizational mechanism for supporting the effective functioning of the energy services market based on a system of corresponding equations are proposed. In general, the proposed framework allows the researchers and engineers to define in more depth and more clearly the system-coordinated pathways to improve the energy services market functioning.
Development Economics: IMPACT OF GROWTH ON ENERGY REQUIREMENTS AND CARBON EMI...Deepmala Pokhriyal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the impact of per capita GDP growth on energy consumption and carbon emissions. It finds that energy consumption and emissions generally increase with rising incomes, though the relationship varies between high, middle, and low-income countries. The Kuznets curve hypothesis, which predicts an inverted U-shape relationship between pollution and economic growth, is also examined for different countries and time periods. Regression analysis of 189 countries from 1960-2005 shows pollution initially rising then falling with income, supporting the Kuznets curve. India and China see higher pollution increases from growth than other nations due to their economic compositions.
“Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural SMEs”ijmvsc
This study was intended towards evaluating the impact of electricity availability on the operation and
performance of SMEs in the rural areas of Bangladesh. The results are based on a study from a survey
carried out in two electrified villages in Paikgacha, Khulna. The study detected favorable changes on the
production costs, profit margin, development and modernization of business, women empowerment,
quality of life, and human development due to the electrification. The findings of the paper will help the
stakeholders in number of areas including developing grid electricity services, supporting rural
electrification programs, developing the updated framework for micro enterprise development and also
overall reduction of poverty in the rural and disadvantaged areas of Bangladesh
World Economic Forum report on the state of energy transition around the globe, and their recommendations.
Please consult with our working practice Energy For One World on how best to see and where best we can approach the present gap and (leadership) change challenge we see ourselves in.
This document summarizes a guest lecture on energy and society that discussed several topics: (1) critiques of Ontario government reports and policies around replacing coal power, increasing electricity prices, and promoting renewable energy (2) analysis questioning the health impacts attributed to coal power and rate impact projections of renewable energy (3) concerns about propaganda around assigning blame for increased electricity costs.
The changing environmental scenario and depleting conventional energy resources has impelled the world to seek out alternative sources of energy. Mankind is consciously moving towards the use of renewable energy, with the prime focus on alleviating dependency on conventional energy sources. Acting in this direction, the United Nations (UN) has started a global initiative - ‘Sustainable Energy for All’ - to drive the use of renewable energy.
Franklin Neubauer criticized New Jersey's 2011 Energy Master Plan for failing to set clear long-term energy efficiency goals and misleadingly using PJM's electric load forecast to reduce the state's energy savings target. New Jersey's approach ignored factors like distributed generation and the recession that contributed to declining PJM forecasts. Neubauer estimated that failing to pursue aggressive energy efficiency cost New Jersey $11.5 billion in lost utility bill savings from 2010-2015. He urged New Jersey to return to the specific 15,000 GWh energy savings goal set in 2008.
The document discusses India's history of solar energy policies from the 1970s to present. Early policies focused on rural electrification but saw limited success due to high fossil fuel availability and solar technology immaturity. The Electricity Act of 2003 and National Electricity Policy of 2005 emphasized renewable energy. Key subsequent policies included the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, which set targets to ramp up solar power capacity to 20,000 MW by 2022 through various incentives and programs. The document outlines the goals and implementation of the Mission's first phase from 2009-2013, which included the development of 1000 MW of large solar plants and 100 MW of rooftop solar projects.
IChemE Energy Centre report - Transitions in electricity systems towards 2030...Alexandra Howe
1. Climate change mitigation efforts in the analyzed countries are implemented only if they promote economic growth objectives.
2. Energy security concerns drive diversification of electricity sources, with many countries investing in natural gas infrastructure and promoting renewable energy.
3. A key driver of capacity expansion is addressing shortages in electricity supply to fuel economic growth, with countries investing in new generation capacity and transmission infrastructure.
Renewable Energy Subsidy Policies and Investments in China the USA and German...Osama Elaish
This document provides an overview of renewable energy subsidy policies and investments in China, the USA, and Germany from 2004-2013. It summarizes China's renewable energy subsidy policies including tax incentives, interest-discount loans, direct subsidies, and renewable portfolio standards/feed-in tariffs. It also notes that China's investments in renewable energy increased rapidly from $2.4 billion in 2004 to a record high of $59.6 billion in 2012, driven largely by subsidies and policies promoting wind and solar energy. Wind attracted $28 billion and solar $22.6 billion of China's $56.3 billion in renewable energy investments in 2013.
This document analyzes the relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Nigeria using a multivariate cointegration approach. It tests for long-run cointegration and short-run causality between GDP, capital, labor, real exchange rate, and energy consumption at both aggregate and disaggregate levels. The empirical findings indicate long-run cointegration between the variables at aggregate and disaggregate levels, except for coal. In the short-run, Granger causality runs only from GDP to electricity consumption. The study proposes policies to address Nigeria's energy and development challenges, such as enhancing energy supply and efficiency, diversifying energy sources, and developing appropriate policies.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between electricity consumption and economic growth in Swaziland. It begins by introducing the topic and noting Swaziland's reliance on imported energy. It then reviews literature on the causal relationship between energy use and GDP, finding mixed results. Some studies find energy consumption causes growth, others find growth causes energy use, while some find bidirectional causation. The document outlines the study's methodology, which will use an autoregressive distributed lag model and bounds testing approach to analyze data on Swaziland's GDP, electricity consumption, and other variables from 1980-2010 to determine the relationship.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the relationships between electric power consumption, foreign direct investment (FDI), and economic growth in India and Pakistan from 1975-2008. For India, the findings indicate long-run causal relationships where electric power consumption and FDI boost economic growth, and electric power consumption and economic growth impact FDI. For Pakistan, the findings show foreign investment and economic growth cause electric power consumption in the long run. The study adds to the limited literature on the electricity consumption-FDI-economic growth nexus and provides a comparative analysis of the results for India and Pakistan.
This paper aims to analyze the relationship between energy consumption and GDP per capita in Libya from 1970-2009 using techniques like Johnson cointegration. The results show there is a positive relationship between energy consumption and GDP per capita in Libya. Energy consumption leads to economic growth and acts as an incentive. Thus, Libya should adopt energy policies that stimulate economic growth and expand employment opportunities.
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Dynamic Linkages between Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Economic G...AkashSharma618775
During the last decades, the relationship between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic
growth has been well documented in the energy economics literature. In term of our present case, limited research
had been conducted for GCC countries. This study is an addition to the existing literature by empirically
investigates the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, and urbanization in the Gulf. A
standard growth models will be estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. In addition, panel
unit root and panel co-integration tests will be employed to check for the efficiency of the data. The long run
relationship is estimated using fully modified OLS and: Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) methods. Panel
Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also utilized in this study.
The study found that there exists a long relationship between GDP per capita electricity consumption, Urban
population, inflation, and degree of openness. The degree of adjustment was found to be 0.43 percent, meaning
that any deviation for FDI from its long run path will be corrected by 0.43 percent each year.
The main policy implication for GCC to have reasonable level of growth depends on their ability to develop and
utilize the effective use of electricity power. The study suggests that to move away from oil which is fluctuate over
time to establishing a good base for industrialization by the shift of utilizing a strict balance between electricity
consumption and urbanization rate which it doesn’t affect in the long run the climate change.
- The document analyzes the impact of feed-in tariff (FIT) policy on renewable energy sources of electricity (RES-E) using data from 35 OECD and 4 non-OECD countries from 1990-2012.
- Using fixed effects and propensity score matching estimators, the study finds strong evidence that FIT policy increases RES-E. Market liberalization is also found to be necessary for FIT policy success.
- The study aims to address whether FIT policy accelerates RES-E growth and if electricity market regulation hinders FIT policy effectiveness by examining the causal relationship between FIT policy and RES-E.
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
This document discusses the role of green financing and eco-innovation in improving energy efficiency in developed countries before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. It explores the relationship between green finance, eco-innovation, and energy intensity in Group of Seven (G7) economies from 1990 to 2020. The study finds that green finance and eco-innovation, as measured by environmental taxes and innovation factors, significantly reduce energy intensity. However, economic growth enhances energy intensity. The results indicate that promoting green finance and eco-innovation can help G7 countries achieve their energy efficiency goals.
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S. .docxmydrynan
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S.:
Concern over Environmental Quality or Rising Unemployment?
Adrienne M. Ohler*
A B S T R A C T
This paper studies the development of renewable energy (RE) in the U.S. by
examining the capacity to generate electricity from renewable sources. RE ca
pacity exhibits a U-shaped relationship with per capita income, similar to other
metrics for environmental quality (EQ). To explain this phenomenon, I consider
several of the environmental Kuznets curve theories that describe the relationship
between income and environmental quality (Y-EQ), including evolving property
rights, increased demand for improved EQ, and changing economic composition.
The results fail to provide support for the Y-EQ theories. I further consider the
alternative hypothesis that increases in unemployment lead to increases in relative
RE capacity, suggesting that promoting RE projects as a potential job creator is
one of the main drivers of RE projects. The results imply that lagged unemploy
ment is a significant predictor of relative RE capacity, particularly for states with
a large manufacturing share of GDR
Keywords: Renewable energy, Environmental quality, Environmental Kuznets
curve, Electricity mix, Transition, Unemployment
http://dx.doi.Org/10.5547/01956574.36.2.5
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper analyzes the transition between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
by empirically examining the relationship between per capita income and the relative use of RE
sources. Schmalensee, Stoker, and Judson (1998) stress that examining this relationship is important
to understanding whether energy transitions are due to fundamental economic trends or environ
mental policy. Using 1990-2008 state level panel data from the U.S. electricity market, I examine
two measures of relative RE use: the percent of capacity that utilizes RE sources and the devel
opment of RE capacity, defined as the change in the percent of RE capacity. The basic regression
results report a U-shaped relationship between income and RE capacity.
Literature on the empirical relationship between renewable energy (RE) and income typ
ically finds a positive relationship. Research on an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for RE
suggests that demand for RE increases with income. Bollino (2009) shows that high income indi
viduals are willing to pay more for electricity from RE, and Long (1993) presents results that suggest
high-income individuals spend more on RE investments. Oliver, Volschenk, and Smit (2011) study
the developing country of South Africa and also find a positive link between household income
and WTP for green electricity. On a more aggregate level, Carley (2009) finds evidence that the
percentage of RE generation increases with a state’s Gross State Product, and Burke (2010) finds
that the share of electricity generation from wind, and biomass electricity increases with per capita
* Illinois State University ...
National electric energy supply and industrial productivity in nigeria from 1...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined the impact of electric energy supply on industrial productivity in Nigeria from 1970 to 2010. The study used secondary data from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin to conduct a multiple regression analysis. The results showed that national energy supply had no significant impact on industrial productivity in Nigeria. Tests indicated that variables were stationary at first difference and industrial output may converge to equilibrium in the future. The study recommends sustained funding and private partnerships in the power sector to enhance economic growth.
Modeling and forecasting energy consumption in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that models and forecasts energy consumption in Ghana using seasonal ARIMA models. The author obtained monthly energy consumption data from 2001-2011 from Ghana's Ministry of Energy. Various SARIMA models were identified and fitted to the data. The best fitting model was selected as SARIMA (1,1,1)(0,1,2) based on having the lowest Akaike Information Criterion and Schwartz Bayesian Criterion values. This model was used to accurately forecast energy consumption for 2013 based on validation with 2012 data. The study aims to provide a modeling tool for long-term energy planning in Ghana.
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
Analysis of the electricity consumption in the south east geopolitical regi...Alexander Decker
This document analyzes electricity consumption patterns in Nigeria's South-East geopolitical region. It examines how socio-economic and physical factors influence consumption across the region's five states. The study reveals varying consumption rates between states. A key finding is that consumption in the region is significantly related to socio-economic and physical characteristics. The study formulates a model to predict consumption based on twelve determinants. It recommends adopting this model to guide sustainable planning in the region.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a journal article that investigates the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It finds that:
1) Nigeria has significant energy potential from various renewable resources like solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, but much of this potential remains untapped.
2) Previous studies on the relationship between energy and GDP in Nigeria and other countries have shown evidence of both uni-directional and bi-directional relationships.
3) The current study uses econometric analysis to explore the impact of energy consumption on economic growth in Nigeria, finding that energy consumption has a bi-directional relationship with GDP growth and directly contributes to economic development.
A var analysis of the relationship between energyAlexander Decker
This document analyzes the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. It begins with an abstract that outlines the study's objectives to investigate the direction of the relationship between energy and economic development using causality tests, as well as examine the impact of energy consumption on economic growth. The introduction provides context on energy's important role in development and standard of living. Nigeria faces issues of insufficient electricity supply and increasing demand. The literature review discusses concepts of energy as a critical factor of production and its role in supporting economic, social and environmental pillars of sustainable development. The study aims to empirically analyze the direction of causality between energy and GDP, and energy's contributions to Nigeria's economic development.
A Field Survey Based Study of Household Energy Use Patterns in Tertiary Insti...ijtsrd
The availability of energy sources, particularly electricity, is a basic requirement for living standards. The efficiency with which households use energy is critical not just for improving individual living conditions, but also for a countrys economic growth. There is a considerable imbalance between electricity demand and generation in Nigeria. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the energy related perceptions and awareness of household consumers in Ihiagwa and Nekede communities, and, to determine the level of alignment of this awareness with their actual preferences and behavior to derive insights for environmental and energy policy planning and management. We have collected the data in the form of questionnaires related, to personal profiles, behavior, and attitudes in the use of energy and electricity in 676 households in Nekede and Iheagwa. By analyzing the data, it was found that the Households 82.0 prefer electricity to other forms of energy. A large percentage of people 67.1 believed that their electric bill was causing them financial difficulties, and 80.2 had made efforts to reduce their electricity bill. Furthermore, the results suggest an attitude behavior gap in terms of energy sources and purpose of usage. Commercial energy is used and petroleum sources come as a stand in alternative source. The household features and average energy cost was correlated. The results show that ownership of the building factor had a statistically insignificant coefficient, a p value of 0.5586, income relationship with energy cost was a significant factor p value of 0.0009, and the number of family members and energy cost had a p value of 0.0004 respectively. The findings of this survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in Imo State and Nigeria by extension. These would aid in the development of the national energy strategy plan, as well as in understanding current energy use and availability conditions. Obasi Ibe B. | Opabisi Adeyinka K | Agbakwuru Bruno C. "A Field Survey-Based Study of Household Energy-Use Patterns in Tertiary Institutions Communities in Imo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57479.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57479/a-field-surveybased-study-of-household-energyuse-patterns-in-tertiary-institutions-communities-in-imo-state/obasi-ibe-b
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024)AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
The document compares the economic feasibility of installing domestic solar water heaters in three major cities of Pakistan: Lahore, Karachi, and Peshawar. Using RETScreen simulation software, the study finds that a solar water heater would be most feasible to install in Peshawar based on several factors. A system in Peshawar would save the most natural gas, have the shortest payback period, highest internal rate of return, and greatest net present value among the three cities. The study concludes that while solar water heating is economically feasible in all three cities, it is most beneficial option for Peshawar.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
concentration distribution and temperature distribution are evaluated. The obtained results exhibit that
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
In Databases one of the active research fields is mapping relational databases (RDB) into Resource
Description Framework (RDF). An enormous data is kept in the form of relational databases and accessing
of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHN...AEIJjournal2
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity C...AEIJjournal2
This study examines the long-run relationship between economic growth, exports, and electricity consumption in Fiji from 1981-2011. It finds:
1) The variables of economic growth, exports, and electricity consumption are cointegrated, indicating they share a common stochastic trend in the long-run.
2) In the long-run, causality runs from electricity consumption and exports to economic growth.
3) In the short-run, deviations from the long-run equilibrium between the variables are corrected at a rate of 22% per year, as shown by the error correction model.
The results suggest that policies aimed at reducing electricity consumption may negatively impact long-run economic growth in Fiji.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
This document summarizes research on the effect of zinc nitrate concentration on the structural and optical properties of ZnO thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis. The following key points are made:
1) X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a hexagonal wurtzite structure. Increasing the zinc nitrate concentration improved crystallinity and increased grain size.
2) Atomic force microscopy revealed the grain size increased from 13.3nm to 44.9nm as concentration rose from 0.05M to 0.2M. Surface roughness also increased with concentration.
3) Infrared spectroscopy showed peaks corresponding to O-H and N-H bonds, indicating water and residual
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...Open Access Research Paper
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COINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXPORT AND ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION: EVIDENCE FROM FIJI
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
1
COINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXPORT AND
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION: EVIDENCE
FROM FIJI
Keshmeer Makun
School of International Trade
Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
ABSTRACT
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Key Words:
Economic growth, Export, Energy.
JEL Classification: Q43, C34
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the perquisites for economic development. Countries around the world are now
putting measures to ensure energy security and perhaps to become energy independent. On the
other side energy prices have been increasing since early 1980s. Many researchers, hence, have
moved to examine the short term demand function for energy. The main idea of these studies has
been to know how demand for energy responds to changes in prices and income. However, there
is very few or no studies at least in pacific island countries (PICs) especially in Fiji that attempts
to address the energy issues based on long term perspective. Being an energy dependent country
and struggling to obtain potential growth rate of output, gaining insights on to long term growth
effect of energy is useful for policy makers to map out appropriate policy strategies. The direction
of causality is highly pertinent for policy makers. Therefore it is essential to look at long term
relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. This is the main objective of this
paper.
In this process we also be inclined address some neglected issues in examining long run
relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. One of these issues is omitted
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
2
variable bias. Many papers in energy journals have established the relationship between economic
growth and energy consumption within bivariate analysis, for example see Payne and Apergis [1]
for review. However, this two variable analysis has received a lot of criticism. It is argued that the
two variable relationships suffer from omitted variable bias and cointegration test from bivariate
analysis could be misleading, see Smyth and Lean [2] for detailed discussion. Wolde-Rufael [3]
shows that cointegration results from several African countries differ when additional variables
were included. This perhaps explains why till now the debate on long term relationship between
economic growth and energy consumption remain inconclusive. We purposely examine the
cointegration relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption, adding exports
as an extra variable. Though narrow export base, given Fiji’s importance of export to rest of the
world, electricity consumption is very influential in performance of export sector.
The purpose of this study is to establish if the variables under study are cointegrated, meaning
that they share common trend in the long run. This would be an interesting finding in light of the
small developing island nation. Secondly we develop error correction model to examine the
causal relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and export. By adding export
as an additional variable we anticipate to get clearer picture of relationship between economic
growth and energy consumption. The literature proposes four different hypotheses of causal
relationship. If there is uni-directional relationship from electricity consumption and export to
economic growth, than this would imply that export and electricity consumption has direct
influence on economic growth. Thus tax policies to reduce energy consumption would have
negative impact on economic growth. If there is uni-directional relationship from economic
growth to electricity consumption, than reduction in electricity consumption will not necessary
have negative impact on economic growth. Bidirectional relationship between economic growth
and electricity consumption implies that reduction in electricity consumption will negatively
impact economic growth and inturn low economic growth will negatively impact electricity
consumption. Finally, there could be no relationship between economic growth and electricity
consumption implying that the variables are not cointegrated. The findings of this paper could be
useful for policy makers in trade as well as in energy sector.
The remainder of this paper are organised as follows: section 2 gives a brief overview of energy
consumption in Fiji. Section 3 provides literature review on economic growth and energy
consumption. Section 4 outlines empirical methodology and results. Section 5 provides
conclusion with some policy implications.
2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN FIJI
Fiji is a small developing island economy with population of less than a million. Its per capita
GDP in current price is US$4437. The recent five years trend rate of growth is about 4% per year.
The per capita vehicle ratio is increasing in comparison to other developing countries. For
example this ratio has increased from 3 per 100 in 1970 to 17 per 100 in 2005. The public and
private transport, rental and hire cars and Fiji electricity Authority all use imported gasoline.
Since there are no oil fields and refineries in Fiji, all of its crude materials and mineral fuels are
imported. The import bill of mineral fuels was FJ$1165.7 million in 2011 which is slightly above
29% of its total imports. Total electricity produce by Fiji electricity authority in 2014 increased
by 0.2 percent. Electricity consumption increased by an annual 2.8 percent, driven by domestic –
5.1%, commercial – 2.3% and industrial- 1.9%. The demand for energy has been increasing
steadily over time in Fiji. This is due to an increase in income and changes in government policy
which enable people to buy pre-used vehicles, governments spending on infrastructure
development and increasing demand for electricity from rural areas and increasing number of
household population.
Table 1: Import of Minerals fuels, Crude Materials and Electricity production in Fiji.
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
3
Years Mineral Fuels
($million)
Crude Materials
($millions)
Electricity
Production (kWh)
2000 332.4 15.9 688
2001 443.5 13.7 726
2002 435.4 13.8 765
2003 463.0 16.3 812
2004 587.0 20.2 816
2005 784.0 21.7 823
2006 1021.5 32.1 690
2007 958.2 24.4 706
2008 1222.1 31.0 718
2009 720.4 25.0 715
2010 1100.5 30.3 764
2011 1165.7 30.5 741
Source: ADB (2012), Reserve Bank of Fiji Quarterly Review (2013).
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Akinboade and Kumo [4] analysed the energy demand for South Africa using the Autoregressive
Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure to cointegration. They analysed the long run
relationship and confirmed the cointegration relationship between the variables in energy
demand. Rao and Rao [5] estimated the gasoline demand for Fiji with 6 alternative time series
techniques. They found long run cointegration in 5 of these techniques however; estimates with
all the 6 alternative techniques were very close. Smyth and Lean [6] investigated the relationship
among output, export, electricity consumption, capital and labour for Malaysia. They used
granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). They found evidence of
bidirectional causality between output and electricity consumption and export led growth
hypothesis. Kwak and Yoo [7] in their analysis found long run cointegrating relationship between
economic growth and electricity consumption in Columbia and Venezuela. Chandran et. al. [8]
investigated the long run causality between growth and electricity consumption and price in
Malaysia. Their results show that in long run growth, electricity and prices are cointegrated. In
another study Smyth and Lean [9] examine the relationship among electricity consumption,
carbon dioxide emission and out for ASEAN countries by applying Johansen Fisher panel
cointegration. They confirmed long run relationship between the variables. Acarvci and Ozturk
[10] using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test procedure of cointegration and
vector error correction model examined the long run and short run relationship between economic
growth and electricity for 11 Middle East and North African countries. Their results show that
there is no cointegration in Iran, Morocco, and Syria. However, they found evidence of
cointegration in Egypt, Israel, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. Further, the result indicates that policies
for energy conservation can have little or no impact on economic growth in most of the MENA
countries. Narayan and Smyth [11] found positive effects of export and electricity consumption
on economic growth in a panel of six Middle Eastern Countries. In another study Narayan and
Smyth [12] shows that real income, employment and electricity consumption are cointegrated in
long run. However, other studies including Ghosh [13] for India, Hatemi and Irandoust [14] for
Sweden have found evidence of unidirectional causality from economic growth to electricity
consumption. Shiu and Lam [15] found long run cointegration relation between economic growth
and electricity consumption for China. The seminal work of Kraft and Kraft [16] applying VAR
model shows evidence of causality running from income to energy consumption in US over the
period 1947-1974. Tiwari [17] emphases that while non-renewable energy consumption have
negative effect on economic growth , consumption of renewable energy has positive effect on
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
4
economic growth in European and Eurasian countries. Payne and Apergis [1] found evidence of
bidirectional causality between economic growth and renewable and non-renewable energy
consumption for sample of 80 developing and developed countries. Tugcu et al. [18] examined
the long run relationship between economic growth and non renewable energy consumption for
G7 countries using production function. Their result shows that there is bidirectional causality
between economic growth and non-renewable energy in all G7 economies. Payne [19] reviewed
the literature on the relationship among economic growth and electricity consumption and shows
that evidence on causal relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption is
mixed. His analysis revealed that about 23% of the studies supported the growth hypothesis,
around 28% supported the conservation hypothesis, 18% supported the feedback hypothesis and
31% of the studies supported the neutrality hypothesis.
4. MODELLING, METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
To examine the long run relationship among economic growth, export and electricity
consumption we apply the Granger causality test. A standard specification if long run
cointegration relationship is evidenced to be presented as follows:
1)(21 tttt InELCInEXPInGDPPC εππα +++=
Where:
InGDPPC is natural log of GDP per capita at 2005 prices;
lnEXP is the natural log of ratio of exports to GDP (percent);
lnELC is the natural log of electricity consumption.
Accordingly the short run relationship can be examined through an error correction model (ECM)
framework:
2)(1
0
1
0
1
1
1 tt
n
i
ti
n
i
ti
n
i
tit ECMInELCInEXPInGDPPCYInGDPPC ελχα ++∆Ζ+∆+∆+=∆ −
=
−
=
−
=
− ∑∑∑
At outset we address 3 issues concerning this model (1) before we undertake empirical analysis.
These are (i) the order of integration of the variables under study (ii) the optimal order of VAR
(iii) whether EXP and ELC are weakly exogenous with respect to GDPPC.
The results of unit root test are given in table 2. We have used standard ADF test for the
variables. The result indicates that all variable are I (1) in levels and I (0) in their first difference.
An OLS estimation of the equation (1) yields an estimated residual series ECM. The ADF test on
ECM suggests that the estimated residual is stationary at level, indicating the evidence of a long
run cointegration relationship. The results in table 2 are self explanatory.
To determine the order of VAR the standard AIC and SBC criteria are used starting with order of
2. AIC indicated a second order but SBC indicated first order. Since our sample size is small we
decided to use first order of VAR.
Using first order of VAR we conduct the block non-causality test to find out if EXP and ELC are
weakly exogenous to GDPPC. Excluding the intercept, the null that explanatory variables are
exogenous was rejected at 5% level. The computed test statistics with p-value in brackets is X2
(2)
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
5
= 177.65(0.000) this implies that Granger causality estimate of cointegration equation can be
normalised in GDPPC.
Table 2: Unit Root Test
Variables ADF test Statistics Critical Value (5%)
GDPPC 0.3291(1) 2.9639
lnGDPPC 7.2100(1) 2.9677
EXP 1.9393(1) 2.9639
lnEXP 5.0172(1) 2.9677
ELC 1.1930(1) 2.9639
lnELC 5.2936(1) 2.9677
ECM 5.0209(1) 2.9718
Note: E-Views 8 have been used for the tests. The number of lags used is in the parentheses.
4.1 Estimates of Cointegration Equation
Estimates of cointegration equation with Granger causality is shown in table 3. We have
introduced an intercept dummy variable DUM 87206. This dummy variable is 1 for year 1987,
2000 and 2006 and zero for all other times. This was a time of political instability in Fiji. Also
without this dummy variable, test for serial correlation was poor. The coefficients of export and
electricity consumption are as expected with positive sign and plausible.
Table 3: Long Run estimates
Variables coefficient T-statistics P-Value
C 8320.96 11.0178 0.000
EXP 14.9682 -1.9802 0.057
ELC 4.02301 12.0391 0.000
DUM87206 -21.0167 -0.1375 0.8916
To examine the short run causality among the variables we proceed to apply Granger causality
tests within the error correction model framework. The results are reported in Table 4. For the
equation (2) with lnGDPPC as dependent variable, the coefficient for the error term (ECM) is
negative and significant at 1 percent level. A significant ECM is indicative of long run causality
running from export and electricity consumption to economic growth. The magnitude of ECM (-
0.22) indicates that adjustment towards the long run equilibrium is about 22 percent per annum.
This implies that though these variable deviate in the short run, they will converge to long run
equilibrium.
Table4: short Run Estimates
Variables Coefficient T-statistics P-Value
C 39.2136 1.0879 0.2866
lnEXP 7.8151 0.9496 0.3510
lnELC 0.6312 0.6277 0.5356
ECM(-1) -0.2197 3.4919 0.0017
The summary statistics of this model did not reveal any evidence against the validity of the
estimation. The R2
is about 86%. The Chi square test for serial correlation [X2
(2) =
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
6
5.1961(0.07)], normality of residual [X2
=0.4374(0.80)] and heteroscedasticity [X2
(3) =
2.2922(0.51)] were all significant at 5 % level.
5. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION
This study has examined the long run cointegration relationship between economic growth,
export and electricity consumption in Fiji using time series data over the period 1981-2011.
Employing standard granger causality test we find evidence that economic growth, export and
electricity are cointegrated. Thus in the long run, electricity consumption is essential for
economic growth and development. Government needs to understand the importance of energy
and electricity and allocate resources for development of new sources of energy and reduce
energy import bill. Investment in solar energy should continue as Fiji has abundance of sunlight.
Policy makers must note that taxation to limit energy import would have negative impact on
economic growth. Investment in energy infrastructure would be more appropriate so that private
sector investment can take place. Further, policy makers should undertake reforms that would
open up the energy sector for competition. This will reduce the cost of electricity and attract more
investment in export sector.
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[2] Lean, H.H. and R. Smyth, (2010a) “On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and
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7
[16] Kraft, J. and A., (1978) “On the relationship between energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and
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economic growth and CO2 emissions of Europe and Eurasian countries: A PVAR approach”,
Economics Bulletin, Vol. 31, No.3, pp. 2356-2372.
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and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries”, Energy Economics, No.
34, pp. 1942–1950.
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No. 87, pp. 723-731.
[20] Ajaz, W., (2014) “Comparing Economic Feasibility of domestic solar water heater installation in
major cities of Pakistan”, Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35-
42.
AUTHOR
Author at present is a PhD candidate at Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Liaoning, China.
He is also a Lecturer at Fiji National University. Phone: +86 15668675592 Email:
mkashmir.15@gmail.com or keshmeer.makun@fnu.ac.fj