This study was intended towards evaluating the impact of electricity availability on the operation and
performance of SMEs in the rural areas of Bangladesh. The results are based on a study from a survey
carried out in two electrified villages in Paikgacha, Khulna. The study detected favorable changes on the
production costs, profit margin, development and modernization of business, women empowerment,
quality of life, and human development due to the electrification. The findings of the paper will help the
stakeholders in number of areas including developing grid electricity services, supporting rural
electrification programs, developing the updated framework for micro enterprise development and also
overall reduction of poverty in the rural and disadvantaged areas of Bangladesh
Economic Impacts of Electricity Price Increases in South Africa, Stephen La...Stephen Labson
slEconomics has undertaken this review with the purpose of highlighting what we see as some of the more significant issues associated with electricity pricing in South Africa and its impact on the economy.
slEconomics., Electricity sector tariff reforms in Thailand. Stephen Labson 2014Stephen Labson
Thailand is a signatory to the ambitious blueprint for ASEAN economic integration which is meant to be rolled out during 2015. While the complete implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may take longer than originally called for, it remains a motivating factor in domestic and regional policy development.
In the energy sector AEC liberalisation is expected to have a significant impact on the structure of domestic and regional electricity markets, which will in turn have implications for tariff controls pertaining to regulated components of the Thai ESI. Moreover, the competitive dynamics of AEC liberalisation make this an opportune time to refine existing regulatory frameworks and underlying tariff setting mechanisms so as to maintain the competitive position of the Thai ESI and provide customers reliable electricity supply at fair and cost reflective prices.
With the above in mind, during 2014 Thailand’s Ministry of Energy engaged slEconomics Pty Ltd (as part of an international consortium) to review tariff setting mechanisms within the context of AEC liberalisation. This Review summarises the approach utilised in undertaking our analysis and key recommendations as presented to a public forum held in Bangkok 30 June 2014.
Eastern Winds examines the frontier of wind power development in Europe. The report deals with the prospects for wind power in central and eastern Europe, tackles financing and provides an in-depth analysis of 12 emerging wind power markets. Eastern Winds is also a tool for decision-makers highlighting bottlenecks, regulatory challenges and providing policy recommendations. The report features: 1- In depth analysis of central and eastern European markets: first wave (Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Hungary, Poland) second wave and future markets covering - Power market overview, wind energy sector, supply chain, legal framework, opportunities and challenges. 2- Analysis of the wind power sector’s growth in the region - high growth in the more mature markets but boom and bust effect - and projections up to 2020. 3- Wind energy financing - Requirements of private banks when financing projects in emerging markets, profiles of International Financial Institutions active in the region and EU funding. 4- Policy recommendations
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Assessing the Impact of Tamil Nadu’s Electricity Tariff Policy on TANGEDCO’S ...AurovilleConsulting
Electricity consumption is one of the most telling indicators to assess a nation’s economic development. A financially robust and vibrant electricity sector is pivotal for economic growth and is considered vital for a nation’s overall development. Tamil Nadu is one of the states with free electricity for agriculture and electricity tariffs for several other consumer categories such as domestic, huts, etc., are subsidised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. In addition to the electricity subsidy provided by the Government, the state owned electricity utility, TANGEDCO, cross-subsidises the lower consumer tariffs from higher tariffs revenue. However even with the combination of Government of Tamil Nadu subsidies and cross-subsidies, revenue is significantly lower than costs. In 2015-16 TANGEDCO’s cumulative revenue gap was INR 30,884.15 Crore. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of Tamil Nadu’s electricity policies on the financial performance of TANGEDCO.
Economic Impacts of Electricity Price Increases in South Africa, Stephen La...Stephen Labson
slEconomics has undertaken this review with the purpose of highlighting what we see as some of the more significant issues associated with electricity pricing in South Africa and its impact on the economy.
slEconomics., Electricity sector tariff reforms in Thailand. Stephen Labson 2014Stephen Labson
Thailand is a signatory to the ambitious blueprint for ASEAN economic integration which is meant to be rolled out during 2015. While the complete implementation of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may take longer than originally called for, it remains a motivating factor in domestic and regional policy development.
In the energy sector AEC liberalisation is expected to have a significant impact on the structure of domestic and regional electricity markets, which will in turn have implications for tariff controls pertaining to regulated components of the Thai ESI. Moreover, the competitive dynamics of AEC liberalisation make this an opportune time to refine existing regulatory frameworks and underlying tariff setting mechanisms so as to maintain the competitive position of the Thai ESI and provide customers reliable electricity supply at fair and cost reflective prices.
With the above in mind, during 2014 Thailand’s Ministry of Energy engaged slEconomics Pty Ltd (as part of an international consortium) to review tariff setting mechanisms within the context of AEC liberalisation. This Review summarises the approach utilised in undertaking our analysis and key recommendations as presented to a public forum held in Bangkok 30 June 2014.
Eastern Winds examines the frontier of wind power development in Europe. The report deals with the prospects for wind power in central and eastern Europe, tackles financing and provides an in-depth analysis of 12 emerging wind power markets. Eastern Winds is also a tool for decision-makers highlighting bottlenecks, regulatory challenges and providing policy recommendations. The report features: 1- In depth analysis of central and eastern European markets: first wave (Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Hungary, Poland) second wave and future markets covering - Power market overview, wind energy sector, supply chain, legal framework, opportunities and challenges. 2- Analysis of the wind power sector’s growth in the region - high growth in the more mature markets but boom and bust effect - and projections up to 2020. 3- Wind energy financing - Requirements of private banks when financing projects in emerging markets, profiles of International Financial Institutions active in the region and EU funding. 4- Policy recommendations
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
Assessing the Impact of Tamil Nadu’s Electricity Tariff Policy on TANGEDCO’S ...AurovilleConsulting
Electricity consumption is one of the most telling indicators to assess a nation’s economic development. A financially robust and vibrant electricity sector is pivotal for economic growth and is considered vital for a nation’s overall development. Tamil Nadu is one of the states with free electricity for agriculture and electricity tariffs for several other consumer categories such as domestic, huts, etc., are subsidised by the Government of Tamil Nadu. In addition to the electricity subsidy provided by the Government, the state owned electricity utility, TANGEDCO, cross-subsidises the lower consumer tariffs from higher tariffs revenue. However even with the combination of Government of Tamil Nadu subsidies and cross-subsidies, revenue is significantly lower than costs. In 2015-16 TANGEDCO’s cumulative revenue gap was INR 30,884.15 Crore. This paper presents an analysis of the impact of Tamil Nadu’s electricity policies on the financial performance of TANGEDCO.
Barriers, Drivers and Policy Options For Improving Industrial Energy Efficien...CSCJournals
Energy demand in Pakistan is far greater than its indigenous energy supply, leading to prevailing energy crises in the country. The industrial sector, as one of the largest consumers of energy in Pakistan has significant potential for widespread adoption of energy efficiency measures. However, past policies and plans on energy efficiency have not been widely adopted by the industrial sector of Pakistan. This paper identifies and addresses policy-related implementation and institutional gaps. A questionnaire used to collect data from the target group, selected from concerned government organizations, industry and academics in Pakistan. The results indicates the existence of economic, technical and organizational barriers to industrial energy efficiency and highlights stakeholders opinion about policy tools that can be adopted for promoting industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. Based on results analysis, the paper explores key barriers and drivers to industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. The paper also investigates that there is great scope for adoption of voluntary policy tools linked with incentive-based mechanism in energy intensive industries of Pakistan.
A Review of Restructured Power Development and Reform Programme in Indiaijiert bestjournal
The power sector is one of the most important infrastructural aspec ts of the Indian economy. But of late,it has been facing some serious problems such as old worn-out and poor distributi on network leading to frequent outages,skewed tariff structure,huge Transmission & Distribution (T &D) losses largely due to outright theft & unmetered supply,high LT/HT line ratio,overloaded DT/ Lines,lack of accountability at feeder level and in distribution setup of State Electricity Boards (SEBs). Henc e,the Government identified Distribution Reforms as the key area to bring about the efficiency & commerc ial availability into the power sector. The Government took various initiatives in this direction;one of these is the introduction of Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP) in February,2000. The main objective of thi s programme was to initiate a financial turnaround in the performance of the State owned power sector .
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Cointegration relationship betweeCOINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC ...aeijjournal
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in HaryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in Haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 12-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.653 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653/617 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653
iData Insights, the leader in providing Research and Consultancy services is coming up with an incisive data series report titled “Power Tariffs in India: 2014-15” in February 2015.
The report is divided in to two volumes:
Volume I: It comprises of Retail Distribution Supply Tariffs 2014-15 applicable in different states of India. This includes information about Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Domestic Charges.
Volume II: The Second Volume will consist of Transmission and Generation Power Tariffs for the year 2014-15 applicable for different transmission and generation companies of India. This volume gives critical information about Wheeling, Cross Subsidy surcharge, Fuel Adjustment Charges, Open Access Charges, Renewable and Cogeneration Charges.
The Effect of Electricity Supply on the Performance of Small and Medium-Scale...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research work analyzed the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality,using small and medium scale businessmen and women as well as power holding company staff. The objectives of this study to analyze the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The survey research design was adopted and a twelve (12) item structured questionnaire was used to obtain a sample size of 248 small and medium scale business owners and power holding staff randomly selected from the population. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality. The results further revealed that insufficient electricity supply significantly affect the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The study concludes that there are enormous difficulties being experienced by businesses in Cross River State and other parts of Nigeria due to inadequate and unreliable electric power supply. Thus an inadequate and unreliable supply of electricity imposes costs and therefore constrained firms’ operational performance as firms suffer high overhead cost due to the deficient electricity supply from the national grid. The study recommends that the Nigerian government needs to consider the issue of power supply reliability very seriously by facilitating both private and public investment in electricity infrastructure.
Renewable Energy Power Projects for Rural Electrification in IndiaMohit Sharma
As demand for energy is increasing around the world & in India, there is a positive growth trend coming in the renewable energy sector also. There are many rural and remote areas which are energy deficient.
Private companies are encouraged by Government creating opportunities by various governmental schemes like Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna, Distributed Decentralized Generation and support in finance, distribution, technology, land, etc. As every area has its dynamics and differs from others in terms of topography, density of population and energy needs, there is a need of study for specific features related to a region (like a cluster of 19 villages in Gaya, Bihar requiring about 750kw Plant studied here) with the help of surveys, financial tools and earlier standards. Other renewable sources and areas are also covered in the book. The confidential information is edited-redacted.
Barriers, Drivers and Policy Options For Improving Industrial Energy Efficien...CSCJournals
Energy demand in Pakistan is far greater than its indigenous energy supply, leading to prevailing energy crises in the country. The industrial sector, as one of the largest consumers of energy in Pakistan has significant potential for widespread adoption of energy efficiency measures. However, past policies and plans on energy efficiency have not been widely adopted by the industrial sector of Pakistan. This paper identifies and addresses policy-related implementation and institutional gaps. A questionnaire used to collect data from the target group, selected from concerned government organizations, industry and academics in Pakistan. The results indicates the existence of economic, technical and organizational barriers to industrial energy efficiency and highlights stakeholders opinion about policy tools that can be adopted for promoting industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. Based on results analysis, the paper explores key barriers and drivers to industrial energy efficiency in Pakistan. The paper also investigates that there is great scope for adoption of voluntary policy tools linked with incentive-based mechanism in energy intensive industries of Pakistan.
A Review of Restructured Power Development and Reform Programme in Indiaijiert bestjournal
The power sector is one of the most important infrastructural aspec ts of the Indian economy. But of late,it has been facing some serious problems such as old worn-out and poor distributi on network leading to frequent outages,skewed tariff structure,huge Transmission & Distribution (T &D) losses largely due to outright theft & unmetered supply,high LT/HT line ratio,overloaded DT/ Lines,lack of accountability at feeder level and in distribution setup of State Electricity Boards (SEBs). Henc e,the Government identified Distribution Reforms as the key area to bring about the efficiency & commerc ial availability into the power sector. The Government took various initiatives in this direction;one of these is the introduction of Accelerated Power Development Programme (APDP) in February,2000. The main objective of thi s programme was to initiate a financial turnaround in the performance of the State owned power sector .
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Cointegration relationship betweeCOINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC ...aeijjournal
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in HaryanaSubmissionResearchpa
In this paper, a discussion has been made about the current contemporary issues and challenges of the power sector in Haryana. The issues related to tariff rates, transmission and distribution losses, financial constraints & NPA, capacity constraints, and aggregate technical and commercial losses are discussed. The Haryana Power Utilities (HPUs) are required to be changed adequately from substantial losses to the sound profits by taking legitimate activities for improving the financial efficiencies, and technical performance by Kamaljit Singh and Jasvinder Kaur 2020. Contemporary issues and challenges of power sector in Haryana. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 10 (Oct. 2020), 12-14. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i10.653 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653/617 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/653
iData Insights, the leader in providing Research and Consultancy services is coming up with an incisive data series report titled “Power Tariffs in India: 2014-15” in February 2015.
The report is divided in to two volumes:
Volume I: It comprises of Retail Distribution Supply Tariffs 2014-15 applicable in different states of India. This includes information about Industrial, Commercial, Agricultural and Domestic Charges.
Volume II: The Second Volume will consist of Transmission and Generation Power Tariffs for the year 2014-15 applicable for different transmission and generation companies of India. This volume gives critical information about Wheeling, Cross Subsidy surcharge, Fuel Adjustment Charges, Open Access Charges, Renewable and Cogeneration Charges.
The Effect of Electricity Supply on the Performance of Small and Medium-Scale...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This research work analyzed the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality,using small and medium scale businessmen and women as well as power holding company staff. The objectives of this study to analyze the comparative study of the effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The survey research design was adopted and a twelve (12) item structured questionnaire was used to obtain a sample size of 248 small and medium scale business owners and power holding staff randomly selected from the population. The results of the study revealed that there is a significant effect of electricity supply on the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality. The results further revealed that insufficient electricity supply significantly affect the performance of small and medium-scale enterprises in Calabar South and Calabar Municipality.The study concludes that there are enormous difficulties being experienced by businesses in Cross River State and other parts of Nigeria due to inadequate and unreliable electric power supply. Thus an inadequate and unreliable supply of electricity imposes costs and therefore constrained firms’ operational performance as firms suffer high overhead cost due to the deficient electricity supply from the national grid. The study recommends that the Nigerian government needs to consider the issue of power supply reliability very seriously by facilitating both private and public investment in electricity infrastructure.
Renewable Energy Power Projects for Rural Electrification in IndiaMohit Sharma
As demand for energy is increasing around the world & in India, there is a positive growth trend coming in the renewable energy sector also. There are many rural and remote areas which are energy deficient.
Private companies are encouraged by Government creating opportunities by various governmental schemes like Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojna, Distributed Decentralized Generation and support in finance, distribution, technology, land, etc. As every area has its dynamics and differs from others in terms of topography, density of population and energy needs, there is a need of study for specific features related to a region (like a cluster of 19 villages in Gaya, Bihar requiring about 750kw Plant studied here) with the help of surveys, financial tools and earlier standards. Other renewable sources and areas are also covered in the book. The confidential information is edited-redacted.
lable at ScienceDirectEnergy 36 (2011) 4445e4459Contents.docxcroysierkathey
lable at ScienceDirect
Energy 36 (2011) 4445e4459
Contents lists avai
Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy
Summoning earth and fire: The energy development implications
of Grameen Shakti (GS) in Bangladesh
Benjamin K. Sovacool*, Ira Martina Drupady
Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore, 469C Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 259772
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 14 December 2010
Received in revised form
27 March 2011
Accepted 31 March 2011
Available online 4 May 2011
Keywords:
Bangladesh
Energy poverty
Energy development
* Corresponding author. Tel.: þ65 6516 7501; fax: þ
E-mail address: [email protected] (B.K. Sovaco
0360-5442/$ e see front matter � 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
doi:10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.077
a b s t r a c t
Since its establishment in 1996, the nonprofit company Grameen Shakti (GS) has installed almost half
a million solar home systems (SHS), 132,000 cookstoves, and 13,300 biogas plants among 3.1 million
beneficiaries. They plan to ramp up their expansion so that by 2015, more than 1.5 million SHS are in
place along with 100,000 biogas units and 5 million improved cookstoves. This article describes GS’s
current activities, the contours of its programs, and likely reasons for its success. It also explores the
remaining challenges facing GS and distils common lessons for other energy development assistance
projects and programs around the world. After detailing research methods consisting primarily of
research interviews and site visits, the article briefly explores the history of GS and summarizes its three
most prominent programs. The article then identifies six distinct benefits to their programsdexpansion
of energy access, less deforestation and fewer greenhouse gas emissions, price savings, direct employ-
ment and income generation, improved public health, and better technologydbefore discussing chal-
lenges related to staff retention and organizational growth, living standards, technical obstacles,
affordability, tension with other energy programs, political constraints, and awareness and cultural
values.
� 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
The cockroaches, calls for prayer, cold showers, and repeated
power outages at our hotel in Dhaka, Bangladesh, obscured the
fact that a few blocks down the road, something exciting and
possibly revolutionary was happening in the campaign to fight
energy poverty in the country. At the nearby offices of the
Grameen Bank, a nonprofit company, Grameen Shakti (GS), has
kept lights glowing and chimneys smoking in rural Bangladesh
households since 1996, through affordable renewable energy
projects. Taking a leaf from the success of Grameen Banks, GS
pioneered the use of microcredit schemes and technical assistance
to promote solar home systems (SHS), small-scale biogas plants,
and improved cookstoves (ICS). Together these technologies
reduce deforestation, fight poverty and climate change, provide
energy ser ...
The study assessed the effect of power supply on the performance of Abuja Electricity Company of
Nigeria (Kogi, Niger, Nassarwa and Abuja). The study adopted a survey research design. The population of the
study consists of 6012 SMEs in Kogi, Niger
Electricity is one of the most important drivers of socio-economic development, yet up to 250 million Indians are not connected to the national grid, and the majority of rural consumers have grossly unreliable power supply. More than solar lanterns and home systems that power a few lights and fans, among the most efficient ways to provide reliable electricity in remote areas is through local mini-grids. India has several run by energy service companies and usually funded by philanthropic capital.
Most of these enterprises have not been able to scale-up their impact meaningfully because the risk of the national grid entering their markets can render their mini-grid unviable. Rather than seeing “grid versus mini-grid” as a policy choice, Beyond Off-Grid: Integrating Mini-Grids with India’s Evolving Electricity System explores ways we can encourage more of both: to have the grid operate in partnership with a network of distributed mini-grids to accelerate electrification.
What does the roadmap for this ‘interconnection’ of our energy system look like? How can we leverage both government and private investment? What are the different interconnection models and their commercial, technical and regulatory implications? Where do mini-grids go from here? This timely report – commissioned by the Asha Impact Trust in collaboration with Shakti Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation – provides a multi-layered perspective to address these questions based on extensive research, wide-ranging policymaker interactions, and our investment experience evaluating mini-grid operators.
ADB Economics Working Paper Series
Power Sector Development in Myanmar
Kee-Yung Nam, Maria Rowena Cham,
and Paulo Rodelio Halili
No. 460 | October 2015
Kee-Yung Nam (kynam@adb.org) is Principal
Economist, Maria Rowena Cham (rmcham@adb.org) is
Senior Economics Officer, and Paulo Rodelio Halili
(phalili@adb.org) is Senior Economics Officer at the
Economic Research and Regional Cooperation
Department, Asian Development Bank (ADB).
This paper was written as a background paper for the
ADB Myanmar Country Diagnostics Study. The authors
wish to thank Ron Ico, Lyndree Malang, and Lotis Quiao
for their excellent research support.
“Street Lights Replacement System- A Key Necessity for Make in India Campaign”inventionjournals
The government of India introduced the Make in India Campaign for boosting the growth of economy and GDP. The Make in India campaign mainly focuses on the rapid industrialization through the foreign direct investment (FDI) by other countries in the different sectors. India is a developing country. It has scarce resources. The Make in India campaign needs electrical power to provide to industrial sectors which are going to be newly start up through this campaign. As per the Power Ministry of the government, India has a huge gap between the demand and supply of the electricity since last few years. In such a condition, it is not possible to provide electricity to those industries which will come through Make in India campaign because there is already deficit in existing scenario. In such a condition the government needs to generate more electricity and to generate electricity, huge investment is required as existing coal reserve may not be sufficient. It is not possible for government to invest huge amount on generating the electricity as it is not sustainable. Therefore, researchers try in this research paper to find the alternative solution for this problem. After study, it is found that the replacement of streetlights in the country can fulfill the deficit of demand and supply of electricity and it can be a motivator factor for the successful implementation of the Make in India campaign. In this paper, researchers focus how street lights can play vital role in the economy as well as try to provide alternative solutions to save a huge amount of government
Crowdfunding for PV micro-grids in rural IndiaBoris Lopicich
Several policies have been implemented in the past decades, intending to solve the problem of low rates of energy access in rural India. One of the most popular solutions, although still in the early stages, is low-carbon electricity generation through off-grid solar Photo-Voltaic (PV) power plants. The lack of funding for these types of infrastructure projects, however, is a major obstacle to providing electricity to over 45 per cent of the rural population currently lacking it, and a “bottom-up” approximation from the private sector is necessary to overcome the current scenario.
However, the study of current and new funding mechanisms is not possible without taking a systemic approach that shows different levels and stages of the innovation process. The present report also pays attention to other dimensions of the current paradigm of energy efficiency investments, including aspects such as regulatory laws, and social and technological context, which have straight influence in the rates of rural electrification. The new configuration of actors in the electric market is also examined. Multiple new players have assumed a fundraising role and, properly regulated, could be drivers of the transition toward sustainable energy for all. Many have focused on solar appliances, small entrepreneurs and final consumers, while others put their efforts into micro-grid projects and partnerships with solar companies. The latter are the subject of this research.
Having this purpose in mind, the present report looks primarily to clarify whether and to what extent Crowdfunding Platforms (CFPs) can be an alternative to existing funding mechanisms for off-grid projects in rural India; aiming to analyse barriers that potential donors – especially from overseas – may face. Current methods employed by practitioners to circumvent these obstacles are examined, concluding that changes in regulatory laws would help to provide with more incentives to private donors and foreign lenders to be part of the Indian energy transition by investing in CFPs.
Achieving Universal Electrification in India: A Roadmap for Rural Solar Mini-...The Rockefeller Foundation
Access to electricity has been an essential force in India’s recent growth and progress. If India is to become a true leader on the global stage, such progress needs to continue, particularly for low-income rural communities. Unlike in decades past, however, India can no longer provide electricity to its citizens purely from conventional sources like coal, gas and large hydroelectric dams. It is time to turn the page, and to embrace the new generation of clean technologies.
The sheer number of Indian citizens without reliable electricity underscores the magnitude of the challenge. At the same time, the scale of the Indian market presents a tremendous opportunity for innovative solutions. Solar power has made inroads into the Indian market, and can soon become cost competitive with conventional sources. However, a number of technological and business innovations are needed to make it affordable, especially for India’s rural poor. This report analyses the underlying challenges in making solar power a reality in rural
This report analyses the underlying challenges in making solar power a reality in rural India and identifies what actions can be taken to overcome them. In doing so, it lays a strong foundation for helping India achieve universal electrification. It also introduces a roadmap for helping India become a true global leader in clean energy, not just for itself, but also for the rest of the developing world.
Design & Implementation of a Low Cost Data Logger for Solar Home SystemDr. Amarjeet Singh
The demand of electric power is increasing
gradually with the advancement of modern technology &
engineering. Because the demand of electricity in urban
areas or in industrial zones is large in amount & also more
important than the rural areas, there exists a shortage of
electric power supply facilities for rural households or
remote location from the cities. In this case, Solar Energy is a
promising solution to meet the demand for electricity
services of rural areas in developing countries like
Bangladesh. The effectiveness & stability of small PV
systems for rural development is needed to be monitored for
successful installment of Solar Panel. In order to analyze the
system & modify it for cost reduction a data capturing unit
should be constructed that can store the voltages & currents
at three different terminals. A microcontroller operated
Smart Data Logger can perform this work with high
accuracy & precision maintaining the system cost much less
than the conventional system. This paper deals with the
design and implementation of a low cost data logger for solar
home system. An experimental set up is designed and
implemented and the paper illustrates the working principle,
data observation and analysis, limitations, and future aspects
of a low cost data logger for solar home system.
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1. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
“Impacts of Electricity Access to Rural SMEs”
Tarun Kanti Bose1, Md. Reaz Uddin2, Ambarish Mondal3
1
Assistant Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University,
Bangladesh.
2
Assistant Professor, Business Administration Discipline, Khulna University,
Bangladesh.
3
Independent Researcher.
Abstract:
This study was intended towards evaluating the impact of electricity availability on the operation and
performance of SMEs in the rural areas of Bangladesh. The results are based on a study from a survey
carried out in two electrified villages in Paikgacha, Khulna. The study detected favorable changes on the
production costs, profit margin, development and modernization of business, women empowerment,
quality of life, and human development due to the electrification. The findings of the paper will help the
stakeholders in number of areas including developing grid electricity services, supporting rural
electrification programs, developing the updated framework for micro enterprise development and also
overall reduction of poverty in the rural and disadvantaged areas of Bangladesh.
Key Words
Rural Electrification, Rural Micro-Enterprises, Paikgacha, Human Development.
1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
1.1Background of the Study:
Rural Electrification in Bangladesh has commenced its inauguration in 1978, with the technical
help and guidance of National Rural Electrification Cooperative Association (NRECA) of
United States of America with an aim to provide the electricity outside the metropolitan areas.
The project is primarily based on the innovative idea of member-owned, Palli Bidyut Samities
(PBSs) which is very much identical to the rural electric cooperatives that exist in the United
States (Meadows et al., 2003). The primary motives behind REP were directed towards
electrification of irrigation pumps and tube-wells, agro-based industries. The main idea behind
that campaign was to boost up the agricultural sector of the country. Currently the area of
operation has been changed and now the rural electrification is virtually serving many more
areas and industries in the rural Bangladesh. Introducing electricity into different peoplesdomestic/household, industrial, irrigation equipment, commercial, street light and office use,
provides the necessary infrastructure for accelerated economic activities as well as creating
environment for realizing human capabilities (Nelson, 2003). Therefore it is eventually helping
the business operation of many groups. SME sector and especially in rural areas of Bangladesh
is a major contributor to the GDP. Therefore it vital to flourish this sector and electrification can
be a major factor behind it. It is cannot be done in better ways to conduct a case study on a rural
areas of the country. This study has done the same thing.
DOI: 10.5121/ijmvsc.2013.4402
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2. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
1.2 Rationale:
Rural electrification is a very important process to provide access to modern energy, especially
to the poor people in developing countries like Bangladesh. Rural electrification programs in
Bangladesh focus on providing development assistance through the supply of electricity
services to stimulate economic productivity and enhance the quality of life in rural areas.
These projects do not start with an assessment of the needs of the people that they are meant to
serve. The rural electricity evaluation programs at present are confined to measure only
quantifiable variables, such as the number of households electrified. Moreover impact of
electrification on rural SMEs operation also seldom evaluated. This study will mitigate that gap.
This study adopts qualitative technique to gauge the impact of rural electrification. The result
of the study is expected to offer feedback to project planners.
1.3 Objectives:
Main Research Objective:
a. The main objective of the research is to identify the impact of electricity services on
rural micro-enterprises.
Specific Objectives: In order to facilitate the general objective, two specific objectives outlined
in this study:
a. To identify the cost effectiveness, time utilization, women empowerment, human
development experienced by micro-enterprises in using electricity.
b. To identify the most significant changes brought to enterprises by up taking electricity
services.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK:
2.1 Introduction:
The SMEs worldwide are recognized as a key contributor to economic growth. The case for
fostering SME growth in Bangladesh is of high significance since it offers diversified areas of
contribution. There are few factors found to be critical for accelerating SMEs of the country.
Rural electrification is one of those key factors. Rural electrification is well recognized as one
of the important pre-requisites in uplifting living standards of the geographically and
economically disadvantaged communities in developing countries (Chaurey et al., 2004;
Bhattacharyya, 2005). It also assists the business conduction of diversified types of businesses.
This study evaluates such impacts on rural SMEs of the country with a case study.
2.2 Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) — Defined:
There is no universally accepted definition of SMEs, it is virtually impossible to provide any
concrete definition. There is no standard definition for SMEs in the United States also.
Conventionally it is determined by the industry in within which it operates. In some cases it is
defined under few important criteria like capital, income, number of employees etc. According
to the definition provided by Germany SMEs are enterprises with a limit of 500 employees,
while in Belgium it is only 100 (Chaurey et al., 2004). Small and cottage industries (SCIs) in
the previous versions of the Industrial Policy of Bangladesh has been replaced by SME in the
Industrial Policy 1999, which defines “small industry” as an enterprises (excluding cottage
units) employing fewer than 50 workers and/or with a fixed capital investment of less than BDT
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3. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
100 million and “medium industry” as enterprises employing between 50 to 99 workers and/or
with a fixed capital investment of between BDT 100 million and BDT 300 million
(Bhattacharyya, 2005).
2.3 Energy and Rural electrification:
Energy for carrying out production and other causes can be like- petroleum, gas, kerosene, and
electricity. Electricity can produced by burning fossil fuels or by using renewable sources like
solar, biomass, hydro or wind (Meadows et al, 2003). It also can be produced by nuclear energy
sources. Rural electrification is the process of generating and spreading electrical power to rural
and remote areas. Electricity is used not only for lighting and household purposes, but it also
allows for mechanization of many farming operations, such as threshing, milking, and hoisting
grain for storage. In areas facing labor shortages, this allows for greater productivity at reduced
cost (Bhattacharyya, 2005).
2.4 Modern energy as a catalyst for SMEs:
While lack of modern energy is often characterized as a barrier to micro-enterprise development,
removing this barrier does not necessarily result in micro-enterprise development. In other
words, access to modern energy is neither the only nor even necessarily the most important
factor influencing micro-enterprise development. Other factors such access to finance, markets,
and other infrastructure are also very important. Support for the notion that modern energy can
and does act as a stimulus for the emergence, growth and continued development of microenterprises is relatively strong in the literature reviewed (Fakira, 1994; Foley, 1990; Karekezi
and Majoro, 2002). Fakira (1994 cited in Meadows, et al 2003), for example, claims that “energy
is one of the critical resources needed to liberate micro-enterprises from low value, low
productivity and low income activities.” Allerdice and Rogerson (1997) suggest that “access to
even limited amounts of electricity for micro-enterprises in non-grid–connected areas can be
important to the establishment and growth of those businesses.” Foley’s (1990) study reports
increased economic activity and higher living standards following electrification and concludes
that “the arrival of an electricity supply in certain areas seems to be a crucial factor in
precipitating decisions by local entrepreneurs to invest in a variety of productive enterprises.”
Rogerson (1997) cites evidence from KwaZulu/Natal of positive impacts of on existing SMEs
that benefited from the switch to electricity including welding shops and tailors.
2.5 Research Gap:
A detailed scientific investigation on the economic impact of rural electrification has not been
carried out for the case of Paikgacha. This research is expected to fill a part of this gap.
Paikgacha is very important part of Bangladesh because of its Shrimp cultivation, agriculture,
etc. Though Paikgacha has strong participation of our national economy, there has not more
research about its development. In spite of participation of GDP, Govt. has not much attention of
this Upazila. This research on rural electrification of Paikgacha and it has been tried to find out
how electrification can change the economic status as well as rural enterprises.
3. METHODOLOGY:
3.1 Research Framework:
Jirbunia and Motbari villages, which located at Paikgacha upazila in Khulna district, were
selected as a case study for this research. This case study involved more than one unit of
observation, studying events within their real life context. The research concentrated on
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4. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
collecting, analyzing and interpreting qualitative data within the selected areas of interest. The
target group for this study was the SMEs which are utilizing the electricity as a power and
energy resources to run their business. Structured interview along with personal observation
were used to take responses from those target SMEs. This research is Qualitative in nature. It
attempts to find out impacts of electricity access to rural enterprises in Paikgacha. Primary data
from surveys and secondary data from government and non-government sources are used in this
study.
3.2 Identification of Study Villages:
The framework poses some limitation to the final selection of the villages because of the missing
data. Nonetheless, the following factors have been considered in making the final selection of
the villages to be studied: 1. The period of electrification. Comparing energy use patterns, social
conditions, and the level of economic development or well-being within a year or two
after electrification will not provide a fair evaluation of its impact. Empirical evidence
shows that economic changes due to electrification tend to be incremental and often take longer
than a few years to detect. According to the theory of transition, households ascend the
energy ladder in a gradual manner (Foster and Tre, 2000). 2. Proximity to the highway and
markets. All villages selected are within a two or three hours walk from the nearest major
highway. 3. Logistics: Time, budget, and other logistic problems involving travel and
accommodation were also considered in deciding the survey villages
3.3 Types of SMEs Studied:
It was essential for this study to select the appropriate SMEs to evaluate the impact of electricity
access to their operation and maintenance of business. Therefore the selected SMEs were also
needed to be diversified in nature. That means it had to be of different categories like
manufacturing, service, retails and other types. The impact of electricity access and advantages
of that along with some disadvantages were evaluated. The types of operation includes : grain
milling, hairdressing and hair cutting salons/barber shop, carpentry/furniture manufacturers,
welding shops, retail shops and tailoring shops.
3.4 Research and Data Gathering Tools:
For this study the primary major data resources were the primary data which was derived
through the on field survey of the respondents. In addition some secondary data were also
collected to complement the primary data resources. In order to ensure the validity and reliability
of the data proper and right sources of information/key informants were identified and selected
from the study areas. There were frequent revisit to the field in order ensure the validity of the
data collection.
3.5 Data and Compilation Methods:
Qualitative information about linkages of grid electricity services and SME’s was gathered
during data collection. In addition, Micro-enterprises changes were analyzed in terms of
establishment, growth, expansion, decline and closure. The changes were measured by using
indicators such as changes in assets of entrepreneurs and other people involved in an enterprise
activities, changes in number of workers in the enterprise this measure was often favored
because it is most easily and accurately remembered by entrepreneurs and it does not need to be
deflated, production technologies introduced after SMEs being electrified, rate of production and
changes of production processes.
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5. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
4. FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS:
4.1 Impact on Production Cost:
4.1.1 Low Connection cost and Cheap Energy:
In the study area most of the enterprises are grid electricity connected but a little number of
small enterprises are not yet connected. Although there have debated between electrified
enterprises and non-electrified enterprises. The reasons given by these micro-enterprise owners
for being connected and use grid electricity services were as follows: An initial connection is
reasonable and not high, Service is reliable and its all day in non-stop service. In a day only 3 or
4 hours electricity would be off especially at noon and mid night; so most enterprises do not
suffer from it, Monthly electricity bill is lower compare to kerosene, diesel and other sources and
Very easy and access to use.
4.1.2 Uninterrupted Service:
In my study area grid electricity is connected. These two villages are connected to electricity
before 5 years (Jirbunia) or 15 years (Motbari) ago. Before electrification the main energy
sources were kerosene, diesel or battery charger. At that time people man finished their job
before sunset because of energy source’s shortage as well as cost. Though it was costly, the
supply of kerosene, diesel, and battery was not available. The supplier was retail shops, when
that retailer was failed to supply then the whole villages especially the enterprises were fallen in
darkness and businesses were stopped early. So we can see in that time some retail shops would
control their villages and business. But after electrification energy service is uninterrupted at the
time. No one can depend on retailer. Some interviewer says that they are very happy to grid
connection because now they does not depend on any supplier for energy, easy to access, cheap
cost, and especially they use electricity whenever they want. Most of the businesses are operated
with grid electricity for a long time.
4.1.3 Labor Costs:
Labor costs consist of the cost of the work that goes into the manufacturing of a product or the
execution of a service. After electrification, various types of machinery may performing the
major task of manufacturing firm so firms need less worker and now they pay little for the same
task as before.
4.1.4 Time Allocation:
It is expected that with electricity, the extended evenings would be spent in socially and
economically productive ways. Most impact studies agree that there have been positive changes
with family spending more time together and the introduction or expansion of the small local or
cottage industries. One of the findings is that the many households have changed their way of
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6. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
spending the evening after electrification. As compare to past studies the owner can open their
firm more time for production purpose.
4.1.5 Low Production Cost:
As energy cost is low so the per unit production cost is also low for that owners can get more
income. Before electrification major part of enterprises owners buys their selling products from
wholesaler and they can pay a high amount for transportation. Some of the enterprises use
kerosene, diesel, battery etc. as energy source that was costly to grid electric energy. For
example, Grain Milling, before electrification this is not available in village. Only 1 or 2
machine operated with kerosene or diesel. But, after electrification machine start to use modern
energy which is cost effectiveness and operating of machine is also easy.
4.2 Making Better Profit:
In the survey villages the electricity service is uninterrupted, low connection cost, cheap
energy and for that production is low. AS the production cost is low so business may get
more profit. This profit is not only the owners of the enterprises but also the general
consumers. When the production cost is low then the businesses may also cut their price
to attract more customers. Though the general profit margin level is low than the
previous time, in the end of period the business can get higher profit because their sales
volume would be increased. So we can conclude that electrification get more profit to
general public.
4.2.1 Low Production Cost:
As energy cost is low so the per unit production cost is also low for that owners can get more
income. Before electrification major part of enterprises owners buys their selling products from
wholesaler and they can pay a high amount for transportation. Some of the enterprises use
kerosene, diesel, battery etc. as energy source that was costly to grid electric energy. For
example, Grain Milling, before electrification this is not available in village. Only 1 or 2
machine operated with kerosene or diesel. But after electrification machine start to use modern
energy which is cost effectiveness and operating of machine is also easy. As the energy is cheap
so per unit production cost is also cheap compare to diesel or kerosene energy.
4.2.2 Enterprises Open More Hours:
Household income is expected to rise after electrification. Electricity is expected to offer new
income generating sources or improve existing ones. The extension of working hours into the
late evenings as well as adjusting household chores at different times of the day resulting from
the presence of electricity are found to aid in raising incomes. In a village where electric bulbs
were not used, most of households and any type of micro-enterprises finished their last task
before sunset. In one word after sunset all work would be finished and everyone prepared to bed
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7. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
early. In my investigation I have to found that after electrification people are more conscious to
use time. For example, a tea stole in village Motbari said that before electrification he used
kerosene lamp in his stole at evening and it would be opened at 6.30 p.m. He closed his stole
early because of not availability of customers. After sunset villagers go back their owns nets. But
now the situation is different, electricity is available and every enterprises use electric power.
With the other enterprises, the tea stole also use electricity bulbs and also use additional small
lights in front of stole for that more customer would be attractive.
4.2.3 Reduce Manpower to SMEs:
From the survey it has been found that in a manually handled enterprise need more workers for
example graining millers who need only one person to operate machine and require two or three
additional workers to help him. On the other hand before electrification more man power were
necessary as such 10 or 15 workers were necessary to grain rice crops. In these villages, before
electrification most of the farmers were used cows to grain rice crops. For that more hours were
wastage but now only 1 or 2 hour needed for huge rice grain with the help of electricity. For
shrimp cultivation, my surveyed villages are specially shrimp enterprises based. Two household
out of three households have shrimp enterprises and those households who have no shrimp
enterprises are also engaged to shrimp enterprises. They are engaged as monthly paid labor,
Daily labor etc. Most of the shrimp enterprises are large and need more labor to duty at night to
save shrimp’s fish from thief. Before electrification, labor was used battery torches. These
torches did not cover more spaces for a one labor, so needed more labor and spent more money
to wages. But after electrification shrimp enterprises use electric bulbs which have more power.
It has been found that now each enterprise has only 2 or 3 labor just to help owner because at
night the light can cover all the space of shrimp enterprises. From the two examples we can
conclude that modern energy saves money that is cost effectiveness, easy to use, reduce
operation cost of enterprises and reliable.
4.2.4 Higher Profit Margin:
In the survey villages enterprises profit margin is high and also provide quality product. As the
man power is lower than the previous situation for the same task, which generates higher profits.
After electrification the machines replaces with men so need not more manpower and at the
same time also produce quality products. Above the two examples, for grain milling, only 2 or 3
person need to production after electrification where 10or 15 person need before electrification.
As the man power is lower for the same production so profit margin must be increased. For the
shrimp enterprises, after catches the fish the owner sell it to wholesaler and then wholesaler sell
it to dealer. This may take a long time. Before electrification fish wastage rate is high because
ice does not protect the fish properly but now large refrigerator is used to protect and that must
ensure the best quality. More service, more hours and get more profit. After electrification most
the enterprises open long time because customers may also come after sunset. As the customers
are available, more products must sell and ultimate result would be profit.
4.3 Development & Modernization of Business:
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8. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
4.3.1 The Productive Use of Electricity:
The farmers use electric light in the evenings to package the vegetables properly, produce their
household utensils and prepare their produce to sell the following day. The main cash income
source for some peoples especially the shrimp enterprises, tailoring, retail shops, grain milling,
rice milling that can continue after sunset by using electric power. Before RE they did it during
the day which hampered other farm activities, but now they do it in the night. An attempt was
made to investigate qualitative impact of electricity on the production of various microenterprises at Paikgacha. Observations are made and questions are asked to elicit data on
production of some rural enterprises. I have to interview some of the enterprises owners,
workers, villagers, politicians, students, teachers etc. especially my maximum interviewers were
entrepreneurs. Some production efficiency indicators, namely increased productivity per worker,
price reduction per unit and increase in gross revenue per day were used to estimate the impact
of electricity on micro-enterprises. I found that introduction of modern technology in form of
machinery and tools provided the most dramatic and significant beneficial impact of electricity
on microenterprises studied at Paikgacha. The productivity per worker increased, both in the
quantity and quality of products made, leading to increase in volume of sales, hence higher gross
revenues per day.
4.3.2 Good Decoration of Business:
Decoration of a business helps to attract more customers and sell more products. As energy is
available and energy cost is lower than other sources so now the owners may decorate their
enterprises. For example, a tea stole is small shop and its major sell would be occurred after
sunset. So the owner decorates his stole with colored lighting which is very attractive. He also
has a color TV with cable line.ost of the time the cinema, drama or video songs play so
customers come to see TV and get tea after tea. As more customers come and sell more so earn
more profit. It’s all would be possible through electrification.
4.3.3 Change Transport Infrastructure:
The development of areas depends on its transportation system also. How easily people move to
another place can generate to change economic scenario. Before electrification the two study
area, the main transportation road was mud and basically there had not no vehicles for transport.
In the rainy season the people had not go out and the enterprises had been suffered from that
season. But now after electrification, the economic conditions of entrepreneurs are better than
before. As the areas are getting developed gradually and the rural enterprises also have strong
participation to our national economy so the govt. are more conscious to develop rural
infrastructure. Now these areas have concrete road so the customers are available even in rainy
day and enterprises can transport their product to one another.
4.4 Impact on Women Empowerment:
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9. International Journal of Managing Value and Supply Chains (IJMVSC) Vol.4, No. 4, December 2013
4.4.1 Increase Women’s Literacy Rate:
In where female education rate is high, so that society is also developed from every side. From
the situation of my survey areas, before electrification women were only involved in household
work and they wouldn’t have enough to go school, to read book because the day time was most
important for their own task, prepare meal, look after their animals and also went to bed early
because of energy cost and shortage. But now energy is available so after sunset they also have
enough time to read, to watch TV, to learn computer literacy. As they are now conscious about
their ability, rights and also have ability to take higher education.so education rate is increased.
4.4.2 Employment and Enterprise Development:
Women’s work is crucial to the survival of poor households and an important route through
which families escape poverty. When women earn an income, they are more likely than men to
spend it on food, education and health care for their children and families. And research shows
that women’s access to employment can be empowering: it boosts women’s self-esteem and
bargaining power within the household, gives them more mobility and exposes them to new
ideas and knowledge. From my survey eight (8) entrepreneurs of twenty (20) enterprises are
women and they are doing such business tailoring, retail shops etc. The owners say that they
have one or two worker or employees, so here employment may be created and enterprises also
developed.
4.4.3 Innovation for Women’s Empowerment and Gender Equality:
From my task I have to found how creative ideas intersect with women’s economic, social and
personal development. Including women in innovative pursuits can produce fundamentally
deeper benefits. Innovation can catalyze change and help dramatically shift persistent
inequalities between them and men. It also can arm women with the ability to recognize new
opportunities and the confidence to dive into them.
4.4.4 Technology Can Advance Women Economically:
After electrification many modern technology may be introduced in this locality that can enable
women to develop their economic potential, become stronger leaders and to more effectively
contribute to their families, communities and local economies. Specifically, we’ve found that
various technologies can help women increase their productivity as well as launch incomegenerating pursuits and entrepreneurial ventures
4.4.5 To increase women’s productivity through energy:
Some energy projects have the potential to help women produce more efficiently and to produce
more in a quantitative sense and better quality products leading to higher incomes for the women
and their families and to development in an economic sense. Examples include: electric sewing
machines to replace hand machines, electric driers which give a better quality product; electric
light allowing work in the evenings, refrigerators allowing the sale of cook drinks; and computer
supporting business enterprise. There are in fact a huge variety of interventions possible, most of
which have an important energy component.
4.4.6 Increase Women’s Participation to Family as Economically:
In my survey villages most of the family earners are men because women are illiterate and also
shortage of wealth they do not operate a business and also security is one of the main factor
especially after sunset. As in the villages women’s performs all of the household works so they
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do not stay outside for a long time. But after electrification girls go to school and have much
time to read apart from their household works. Women are now trying to start a new business
inside home or nearby home. In these villages some of the women are involved in tailoring,
sewing, agriculture, hatchery, retail shops etc. And they also open their business after sunset. As
the woman’s literacy rate increases and more conscious about the world and economy, their
intention also higher to participate to family especially economic help along with men.
4.5 Impact on Quality of Life
4.5.1 Impact on Improving Health:
Most scholars agree that rural electrification has positive bearings on health. After the
electrification of rural areas, significant social improvements took place:, new hospital is set up
and the number of health centers increased. So people can easily visit to near hospital or
dispensary to get better service that save time and money also. The health benefits from RE
operates through a number of channels: Improvements to health facilities, Better health from
cleaner air as households reduce use of polluting fuels for cooking, lighting, Improved health
knowledge through increased access to television, Better nutrition from improved knowledge
and storage facilities from refrigeration in dispensary.
4.5.2 Impact on improving Education:
The number of education institutions with lighting and night classes increased considerably. The
main channels through which electrification may affect education are (1) by improving the
quality of schools, either through the provision of electricity-dependent equipment, or increasing
teacher quantity and quality; and (2) time allocation at home, with increased study time, though
the availability of TV may decrease that time (but at the same time it may also possibly provide
educational benefits). Children in electrified households have higher education levels than those
without electricity.
4.5.3 Habitual Change of Recreation:
Before electrification the people of the studied areas were poor so their recreation system was
poor and simple. They did not have ability to fulfill their family’s demand. Now at home they
have TV, CD, VCD, and Computer. For their idle time they their time with watching TV, CD
and sometimes make tour to historical spot. At past, children were past their to play ground but
now they play game on computer. All of these can be done for their economic ability and rural
electrification helps the people to build as economically and to run electric device.
4.5.4 Change of Living Standard:
From my studied areas now people’s economic condition is better now. As there have more
opportunity to earn so their expenses scenario is also changed now. Before electrification in
these areas the living house were very normal which was not perfect for living but now twelve
(12) of twenty (20) interviewers say me they are living in pacca (building) house and ten (10)
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interviewers say that they have refrigerator for household use. All interviewer are now used at
least one mobile phone for personal communication and their family members also have 2 or 3
mobile phone which was dream before electrification.
4.5.5 Eradicating Poverty in Bangladesh:
The incidence of absolute income poverty at the national, urban and rural level is 42.10%,
37.90% and 43.30% in 2004. In my surveyed villages people now engaged in any work from
which they can earn their livelihood. Twenty (20) samples of enterprisers out of twenty (20)
owners are agreed in this case that they have better ability to fulfill their daily need. They also
inform me their village’s economic condition is better compare to previous. Rural electrification
has facilitated economic development in the surveyed villages with some households
(i)
Engaging in micro-enterprise such as using electrically driven machines or even
engaging such diesel operated machines beyond day light hours.
(ii)
Extending livelihood activities later into the evenings to prepare farm produce for
sale, spending more time in weaving, carpentry and other chores.
(iii)
Longer opening hours of the few shops in the villages and earning some income by
entertaining the villagers with movies through television sets.
These activities have increased the productive output (employment) and hence income of the
rural people in electrified villages. As such, rural electrification supports achieving the MDG
target of having 20% of the Bangladeshi below the poverty line by 2015.
5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATION:
Though some opinion is against the cost effectiveness, most of business owners are agreed with
low connection cost, affordable, reliable, and easy to use and also provide uninterrupted service.
As a result organizations can produce more products, open more hours, sell more products and
earn higher profit. When the earnings increased then it ultimately impacts quality of life such as
improving health and literacy levels, raising household income, providing employment,
preserving the environment, curbing rural-urban migration and stemming population growth,
empowering women and many more. Some of these benefits are clear some are subtly hidden
from our perceptions.
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