The document discusses different ways to refer to other parts of a text, including referring back to earlier parts, referring forward to later parts, and referring to visuals such as graphs or tables. It provides examples of language that can be used to refer to different parts of a text, such as "as mentioned above", "as indicated in the table below", and "please see the graph on page 10". The purpose is to demonstrate how to use cohesive devices to help the text flow smoothly and help the reader understand connections within the document.

1. Cohesion: Referring to other
parts of a text.

2. Introduction
When writing reports or complex emails and
memos, it is often necessary to:
• refer back to an earlier part of the text
• refer forwards to something that is coming
later
• refer to visuals such as graphs or statistical
tables

3. Introduction
Employee Skills
It was stated in paragraph 3.2 above that in
our group of companies the majority of our
employees have a university degree or
professional qualification. The pie chart below
shows the current mix of employee skills. It
should be noted that only 20% of our work
force is unskilled.

4. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
described
explained above, this survey is
As mentioned earlier, extremely
indicated in paragraph 1.0 above, important.
outlined

5. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
above facts should be considered
The
above-mentioned carefully.

6. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
The facts mentioned above should be considered
carefully.

7. Referring to Earlier Parts of
the Text
Please see paragraph 1.2 above.

8. Referring Forwards
We sometimes wish to indicate that we are
going to write about something later in the
email or report.

9. Referring Forwards
described
explained
As mentioned below, the new product will be
launched in January.
indicated

10. Referring Forwards
The following procedure should be adhered to very
carefully.

11. Referring Forwards
1.survey carried out
2.report to principal
The procedure is as follows: officer
3.necessary action taken

12. Referring to Visuals
We often wish to draw the reader’s attention
to a visual or a statistical table.

13. Referring to Visuals
our share of
bar chart
above the market has
table indicates,
As the on page 12 increased
graph
below substantially.
pie chart

14. Referring to Visuals
above shows the relevant
The table on page 12 gives figures.
below

15. Referring to Visuals
Please see the graph on page 10.

16. Referring to Visuals
bar chart our largest
table markets are in
As indicated in the below,
graph South East
pie chart Asia.