The document discusses various methods of evaluating the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains in nursing education.
In the cognitive domain, written examinations like essays and objective tests (multiple choice, true/false, matching) are commonly used. Oral examinations and practical or skills examinations are often used to evaluate the psychomotor domain. Various rating scales like Likert scales and semantic differential scales are employed to measure attitudes and evaluate the affective domain. The document provides definitions and advantages and limitations of these different evaluation methods.
This presentation includes meaning of Aptitude test, with its importance and use in education.Advantages and disadvantages of using aptitude test as well as references are their for further readings.
This presentation includes meaning of Aptitude test, with its importance and use in education.Advantages and disadvantages of using aptitude test as well as references are their for further readings.
A non standardized test is one that is not given to people initially to standardize it
Allows for an assessment of an individual's abilities or performances, but doesn't allow for a fair comparison of one student to another
A non standardized test is one that is not given to people initially to standardize it
Allows for an assessment of an individual's abilities or performances, but doesn't allow for a fair comparison of one student to another
Professional Education reviewer for PRC-LET or BLEPT Examinationelio dominglos
Professional Education reviewer for licensure examination for teachers. Designed reviewer for individuals who are to take PRC- BLEPT or LET covering a list of basic questions from different fields.
Assessment and evaluation- A new perspective
Unit 2- Tests and its Application
Syllabus of Unit 2
Testing- Concept and Nature
Developing and Administering Teacher Developed Tests
Characteristics of a good Test
Standardization of Test
Types of Tests- Psychological Test, Reference Test, Diagnostic Tests
2.2.1. Introduction-
Teachers construct various tools for the assessment of various traits of their students.
The most commonly used tools constructed by a teacher are the achievement tests. The achievement tests are constructed as per the requirement of a particular class and subject area they teach.
Besides achievement tests, for the assessment of the traits, a teacher observes his students in a classroom, playground and during other co-curricular activities in the school. The social and emotional behavior is also observed by the teacher. All these traits are assessed. For this purpose too, tools like rating scales are constructed.
Evaluation Tools used by the teacher may both be standardized and non-standardised.
A standardized tool is one which got systematically developed norms for a population. It is one in which the procedure, apparatus and scoring have been fixed so that precisely the same test can be given at different time and place as long as it pertains to a similar type of population. The standardized tools are used in order to:
Compare achievements of different skills in different areas
Make comparison between different classes and schools They have norms for the particular population. They are norm referenced.
On the other hand, teachers make tests as per the requirements of a particular class and the subject area they teach. Hence, they are purposive and criterion referenced. They want:
to assess how well students have mastered a unit of instruction;
to determine the extent to which objectives have been achieved;
to determine the basis for assigning course marks and find out how effective their teaching has been.
So our syllabus here revolves around the Tests.
2.2.2- Developing and Administering Teacher Developed Tests-
2.2.3-CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD MEASURING INSTRUMENT -
1. VALIDITY-
Any measuring instruments must fulfill certain conditions. This is true in all spheres, including educational evaluation.
Test validity refers to the degree to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure. It is a critical concept in the field of psychometrics and is essential for ensuring that a test is meaningful and useful for its intended purpose. It is the test is meant to examine the understanding of scientific concept; it should do only that and should not be attended for other abilities such as his style of presentation, sentence patterns or grammatical construction. Validity is specific rather than general criterion of a good test. Validity is a matter of degree. It may be high, moderate or low.
There are several types of validity, each addressing different aspects of the testing process:
1. Face-validity, 2.Content
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
1. SRI DEVARAJ URS COLLEGE OF NURSING- TAMAKA
KOLAR
SUBJECT- NURSING EDUCATION
TOPIC – COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE AND PSYCHOMOTOR
DOMAINS
PRESENTED BY:
Beneta.V
I year m.sc(n)
SDUCON
.
2.
3. INTRODUCTION
• Measurement is any device which allows the students to
obtain information in a quantitative form. It is an act or process
that involves the assignment of a numerical index to whatever
is being assessed.
4. DEFINITION :
• "Evaluation is the collection of, analysis and interpretation of
information about any aspect of a programme of education or
training as part of a recognised process of judging its effectiveness,
its efficiency and any other outcomes it may have."
5. STEPS OF EVALUATION
Define objectives
Provide teaching –learning
experience
Select measuring instrument
Administer test
Decide marking
Score test
Analyze result
Take decision
9. DEFINITION
Examination is an appraisal of ability,
achievement or present status in any respect and
it is an instrument used in making such a
appraisal.
• -GOOD (1959)
11. WRITTEN EXAMINATION
• The Written Examination is a comprehensive exam that
assesses the examinee's knowledge of basic sciences and
clinical concepts based on criterion-referenced testing.
Examinees will be measured against the skill and knowledge
represented by each test item.
12. METHODS OF
KNOWLEDGE
ASSESSMENT
.
Essay type
descriptive –
narrative type,
comparison,
amplification,
precise writing,
short answers
Multiple
choice,
matching, true
or false, fill up,
sentence
completion etc
Subjective
type
Objective
type
13.
14. ESSAY TEST
An essay test presents one or more questions or either
tasks that require extended written responses from the
person being tested…
----Robert level and david
15. ESSAY TEST
➢Wiedmann (1933) observed that an essay type question
may use the following Eleven words signifying the
simple to higher mental processes and classified as eleven
major categories:
• What, Who, When, Which and Where, List, Describe,
Contrast, Compare, Explain,
• Discuss, Develop, Summarize and Evaluate
19. PRINCIPLES FOR
PREPARING ESSAY TYPE
TEST
➢ Do not give too many lengthy questions.
➢ The limits of areas and the behaviour which you want should be
clearly mentioned.
➢ Words should be simple ,unambiguous and carefully selected.
➢ Do not allow too many choices.
➢ According to the level of student, difficulty and complexity items has to be
selected
20. ADVANTAGES OF ESSAY
TYPE
Students can have free to communicate the ability for independent
thinking.
Test the ability to communicate in writing depth of knowledge &
understanding.
Students can demonstrate her ability to organize ideas & express
them effectively in a logical & coherent fashion.
It requires short time for teachers to prepare the test & administer.
It can be successfully employed for all school subjects.
21. LIMITATIONS OF AN ESSAY
1. It is unreliable to score.
2. Essay questions are not given complete marks.
3. Provide little useful feedback measured thoroughly.
4. Takes longtime
5. Limited content sampling.
22. SHORT ANSWER TYPE:
Short answer items uses a direction where the complication
item consist of an incomplete statement.
Eg: who discovered penicillin.
23. SHORT ANSWER
CONSTRUCTION
It is required answers is both brief & specific.
Don’t take statements directly from textbooks to use a
basis for short answer.
Blanks for answer should be equal in length an in a
column to the right of the question.
Do not include too many blanks when completion items
are used.
24. SHORT ANSWER
Advantages:
Easy to score, reliability to score is improved quick
response.
Disadvantage :
Difficult in constructing reliable response.
25.
26. OBJECTIVE TEST
Objective test are items are items that can be objectively
scored on which person selects a response from a list of
options.
-------Weirsma & G .Jurs-1990
27. TYPES OF OBJECTIVE
TEST
Selection
type
True or
false
Multiple
choice
questions
Matching
Problem
situation
Extended
matching
Supply
type
Sentence
completion
Name the
following
28. 1.TRUE OR FALSE
Alternative response consist of a declarative statement
where student has to make.
The student is asked to tick mark the correct response.
Eg: Tetany occurs with increased secretion of
parathyroid hormones ( )
True/false Yes/no
Agree/
disagree
29. MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS:
Most widely used
STEM : problem may be stated as a direct /indirect
choices / options include words no or symbols.
DISTRACTORS : wrong or incorrect answers.
ANSWERS: right alternative item.
30. MULTIPLE CHOICE
QUESTIONS:
1. Stem – The gland secreting insulin.
a. Thyroid
b. Pancreases.
c. Hypothalamus
d. Others
Answer : pancreases Distractor : others
31. MCQ ADVANTAGES
1. Ensures objectively reliability & validity.
2. Provide precise & unambiguous measurement of higher
intellectual process.
3. Provide detailed feedback for both students & teachers.
4. Easy & rapid to score.
32. MCQ DISADVANTAGES
1. Takes longtime for construction.
2. Require careful preparation.
3. Costly when group is on all to respond.
33. MULTIPLE RESPONSE
This type of test is more than one of the given alternative is correct but there
is only one correct to or question started in the first sentence of the item.
Eq: which of the following groups could be including among K sparing
diuretics ?
a. Diamox & bumet.
b. Chlorthalidone & chlorthiazide.
c. Spirondoctone & triamlterene
d. Frusemide & ethacrynic
3 chioces only :
34. MATCHING TYPE:
Prepared in two column response column & stimulus
column the items have to be matched.
Uses:
Useful in testing lower level of intelligence skills such
as recall
35. PROBLEM SOLVING
EVALUATION
➢The problem solving situation should be
geared to the learners knowledge and
experience
➢Information about the incident or situation
should be sufficient to assure clarity of
presentation
➢The critical incident is to be sharply presented
➢Questions posted should be directly related to the
data incorporated.
36. EXTENDED MATCHING
• Extended matching items/questions (EMI or EMQ) are a
written examination format similar to multiple choice questions
but with one key difference, that they test knowledge in a far
more applied, in depth, sense.
• It is often used in medical education and other healthcare
subject areas to test diagnostic reasoning.
42. ORAL EXAMINATION
An examination consisting of a dialogue where the
examiner asks questions & the candidate will reply.
AIMS OF ORAL EXAMINATION :
1. To assess a students ability to communicate orally with
another person.
2. To use stimulation methods eg: role play telephone
conservation.
44. ADVANTAGES OF ORAL
EXAMINATION
1. Provides direct personal contact with the candidates.
2. Provides opportunity to task mitigation circumstances
into account.
3. Provides flexibility in moving from candidates.
45. DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL
EXAMINATION
1. Lack of standardization, objectively & reproductively of
results.
2. Permits favoritism & possible abuse of the personal
contact.
3. Shortage of trained examiners to administer the
examination.
4. Costly in terms of professional time & limited value of
the information.
46.
47. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
To develop appropriate professional skills over a period of
time with constant practice.
It should be conducted in actual field, hospital, clinic,
wards & health care center.
48. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
Purposes :
1. To assess the ability of students to give care in a practical situation.
2. Attitude of the students towards clients.
3. To assess expertise in nursing technique & skills in proper recording &
reporting.
49. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
Advantages :
1. It provides opportunity to test all the sense in a realistic.
2. Possibility of performance evaluation in clinical situation.
3. Tests for investigate abilities.
4. Rapport will be established.
5. Attitude of the student can be observed & tested including the responsiveness
to a complex situation.
50. PRACTICAL EXAMINATION
Disadvantages :
1. Lacks in standardized in bedside examinations providing care with
patients.
2. Lack of objectivity & suffers from irrelevant factors.
3. Limited feasibility for large group.
4. Takes longer time to complete the examination for the entire group.
53. OBSERVATIONAL
CHECKLIST
Suggestions to follow while using checklist:-
should relate directly to learning objectives.
clearly specify the traits or characteristics to be observed.
Have a separate checklist for each student.
the observer must be trained how to observe what to observe
& how to record the observed behavior.
Completed checklist should be given to each student discuss
the strength and weakness of the performance.
54. RATING SCALE :
Definition :
It consist of a set of characteristics or qualities to be
judged. A rating scale is a method by which we systematize
the expression of opinion concerning a trait. The ratings are
done by parents, teachers, interviewers, & judges
55. RATING SCALE
Functions of rating scale:-
1. Direct observation towards specific aspects of behavior .
2. Provide a common frame of reference.
3. Convenient method for recording the observers judgement.
56. PRINCIPLES OF RATING
SCALE
1. It should be educationally significant.
2. It should be clearly observable.
3. It should be clearly defined.
4. Raters should be oriented to specific scale.
5. Raters should be given ratings when they feel
unqualified to judge.
6. Ratings from several observers should be combined
whenever possilble.
58. NUMERICAL RATING
SCALE
It is a simplest type of rating scales it is one in which the
rater puts a check or circles number to indicate degree to
which a characteristics is present.
Eg: 5- Outstanding
4- Above average
3- Average
2- Below average
1-poor
To what extent does student participated in discussion 1-2-
3-4-5
59.
60. 2. GRAPHIC RATING
SCALE
1. Each characteristics is followed by a horizontal line.
2. Rating is made by placing a check on the line.
Types:
Constant
alternative
Changing
alternative
Scale
61. GRAPHIC RATING
SCALE
1) Constant alternative scale :
Uses the same set of categories for each
characteristics.
2) Changing alternative scale :
when categories vary from one characteristics
to another the scale is called a changing
alternative scale Eg: social attitude of student.
63. DESCRIPTIVE RATING
SCALE
1. Uses descriptive phases to identify the points on a graphic
scale.
2. Descriptions are brief details that convey in behavioral terms
how pupils behave.
3. A space for comments is provided.
4. Eg: to what extend does student participant in discussions.
5. Never participants as much as others participants more than
other.
66. USES OF RATING
SCALE:
Procedure evaluation :
useful in evaluating procedures are it on same aspects of
performance.
Product evaluation :
it is desirable to judge the product it is desirable to judge the
product.
Evaluating personal social development:
commonest type used in schools, ratings are made after a
fixed period of observations. Ratings are done at periodic interval.
68. ADVANTAGES OF RATING
SCALE
1. Easy to administer.
2. Can be used for large groups.
3. Wide range of application.
4. Clarity of feedback to students.
69. DISADVANTAGES OF
RATING SCALE
1. Since the scales are standardized procedure the items
listed may or may not be consistent with stated
objectives for a particular course or learning
experience.
2. There is a lack of uniformity with which terms are
interpreted by evaluators.
3. Errors may be due to :
a. Ambiguity.
b. Personality of the rater, Halo effect, personal bias,
logical errors,
c. Attitude of the rater.
d. Opportunity for adequate observation.
71. AFFECTIVE DOMAIN
( Assessment of attitudes )
1. There are used for measuring the initial attitudes.
2. Questionnaire is prepared.
3. We will ask the individual to express his response.
4. Some relevant & indirect statement will be used to
reveal.
5. Scale also specifies the crucial shades of opinion.
73. LIKERT SCALE
The most widely used scaling technique is the likert
scale name after the psychologist rensis likert.
it consist of several declaration items that express a view
point on a topic.
asked to indicated the degree to which they agree or
disagree with the opinion expressed by the statement.
were several degrees of agreement or disagreement
positive statement start scoring 5-1 from front to back
negative statement start scoring from 1-5 from back to
front.
74. THESE POINTS WILL
CONSTITUTE THE SCALE
Each point of the scale carries a score.
strongly approve with positively items (5 to+02) &
strongly disapprove is given the least store (1 or -2) other
point will have all scores accordingly (5,4,3,2,&1).
Strongly disapprove with negatively items is given the
highest score (5 or +2) & strongly approve is given the
least score (1 or -2) other points will have the scores
accordingly (1,2,3,4) & 5
75.
76. ADVANTAGES OF LIKERT
SCALE
• The method of construction of likert type scale is less
cumbersome.
• It supplies more precise & define response towards an
issue.
• Permits revelation of several degree of agreement or
disagreement.
• Scale has a broader area of reference & also a method of
checking.
77. DISADVANTAGES OF
LIKERT SCALE
• Total score values may be the same in many cases but
the attitude may be different towards the issue.
• There is no objective basis for expressing different
degree of disagreement of disagreement.
79. ADVANTAGES OF Q-
SORTS
• Can be applied to a wide variety of problem.
• Regarding people to place card in each file can reduce
biasis that are common in likert scale.
• It can be included in studies involving face to face
interaction.
80. DISADVANTAGES
• It is difficult & time consuming to administer Q – sort to
large sample of people.
• Forced distribution of cards according to researchers
specification.
• It cannot be incorporated into mailed or internet
questionnaires.
81. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE
Another technique for measuring psychological traits is
the semantic differential scale.
Respondents are asked to rate a concept.
Respondents place a check at appropriate point on 7
point rating scale.
85. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL
SCALE
1. The concept being rated can be virtually anything a person situation abstract,
idea, controversial issue & so forth.
2. Concept can be presented as a word as a phrase or even as visual material.
3. Concepts are included on a SD so that comparisons can be made across
concepts.
4. Researchers should keep in mind 2 considerations while selecting the bipolar
skills.
a) 1st the adjective pairs.
b) 2nd consideration in selecting adjective.
5. Research SD suggests that adjective pairs tend to clusters along 3 independent
dimensions.
86. ADVANTAGES OF SEMANTIC
DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
it is an efficient & easy method of studying attitude of a
large sample of respondents.
it is a standardized technique.
87. THURSTONE
DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
It is the most important scale to the contributors to attitude
scale.
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A THURSTONE SCALE :
1. Select the issue.
2. Design & collect 100- 150 attitudinal statements.
3. Avoid factual statements – multiple interpretations, past
tense, irrelevant ones, always, none, never, long,
statements
88. THURSTONE
DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
STEPS IN CONDUCTING A THURSTONE SCALE :
4. Write clear & direct statements.
5. Assign numbers to the statement, reproduce statement on
uniform .
6. Select 50 or more judges & give to each judge to sort items.
7. Job of a judge to place each statement particular.
8. Assemble all the judgments for each statement draws up
cumulative graph.
91. CUMULATIVE SCALE
(GUTTMAN)
The cumulative scale or Guttman scale measures to what
degree a person has a positive or negative attitude to
something. It makes use of a series of statements that are
growing or descending in how positive or negative a person
is towards the subject.
92.
93. TECHNIQUES INVOLVES
THE FOLLOWING STEPS:
1. Define the universe of the content with reference to problem.
2. Develop a member of items or statements.
3. Pretest the statement to determine whether the topic is scalable.
4. Tabulate the response giving one score for each “YES”
5. Rearrange the table by placing the respondents in order:
To test the unidimentionally the formula suggested by Guttmann is
reproductivity = no of errors 1 no of responses.
If the reproductivity is below 0.9 then the scale is not considered
unidimentionality.
Discard statements at the trial items with error for instance.
94. ADVANTAGES
1. It assures undimentionally of items in measuring
attitude.
2. Final scale contains a small number of items it is easy
to administer
3. It is not suitable for measuring attitude towards complex
variable.
95. CONCLUSION
The assessment of student achievement or understanding
what students know & can do is fundamental to effective
teaching & to students learning.
unless teachers know students well & are knowledgeable
about their achievement's they cannot be confident that
they are meeting the learning needs of their students.
96. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. D. Elakuvana Bhaskara Raj Nursing Education ; 2nd
Edition, Bangalore Emmess Medical Publication Page
No- 230-240
2. K.P Neeraja Nursing Education; Newdelhi; Jaypee
Brothers Medical Publishers, Page Number 440- 443
3. R.Sudha Nursing Education Principles & Concepts First
Edition, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher Page
Number- 164-174