A non standardized test is one that is not given to people initially to standardize it
Allows for an assessment of an individual's abilities or performances, but doesn't allow for a fair comparison of one student to another
Administering,scoring and reporting a test pptManali Solanki
This document discusses administering, scoring, and reporting tests. It provides definitions for key terms like analysis, test, scoring, and report. It describes the important role of the test administrator in creating the right environment and putting students at ease. It discusses procedures for administering tests before, during, and after the test is completed. It also covers various methods for scoring tests including raw scores, percentile ranks, stanines, standard scores like z-scores and t-scores. Grading methods like letter grades, numbers, percentages, and checklists are also outlined. The document provides details on scoring essay questions, objective tests, and conducting item analysis to evaluate test quality. It emphasizes accurate and useful reporting of results to understand assessment
Short answer questions (SAQ) are open-ended questions that require students to write out an answer rather than select from options. They are used to assess basic knowledge and understanding. SAQ should use precise language and focus on important content. They are structured to test recall of specific facts and knowledge through brief, targeted answers. SAQ have advantages like being easy to score, improving reliability, and allowing for better content coverage than essays. However, they are not suitable for measuring complex learning or analytical reasoning abilities. Examples of good and bad SAQ structures are provided.
Evaluation and measurement nursing educationparvathysree
This document discusses evaluation and measurement in nursing education. It defines evaluation as determining the extent to which educational objectives are being realized, and measurement as assigning a numerical index to a characteristic. The purposes of evaluation are described, including diagnosis, prediction, grading, selection, guidance and determining program/teacher effectiveness. Principles of evaluation include clarifying what is evaluated and using appropriate techniques. Measurement functions include prognosis, diagnosis and research. Validity and reliability are important criteria for evaluative devices. The differences between measurement and evaluation are that measurement describes attainment quantitatively while evaluation makes qualitative value judgements.
The document discusses different types of tests used to evaluate students, including standardized tests and teacher-made tests. It defines tests as methods to measure student behavior and performance against standards. Standardized tests are administered uniformly, while teacher-made tests are designed by teachers to monitor student progress. The document also describes different question types like essay questions, short-answer questions, and multiple choice questions; and provides advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides guidance on constructing effective test items and developing reliable and valid tests.
Seminar on Standardized And Non Standardized Test.Reshma Kadam
This document provides an overview of standardized and non-standardized tests. It defines standardized tests as those with uniform administration and scoring to allow for comparison. Examples include achievement, IQ, and aptitude tests. Non-standardized tests are constructed by teachers and vary in their administration. The document discusses the construction, uses, and types of various tests and assessments including essays, short answers, multiple choice, true/false, matching, rating scales, and checklists. It provides guidance on developing valid, reliable, and objective tests and assessments.
1. The document discusses essay type questions, their advantages and disadvantages as an assessment tool.
2. Essay questions allow for freedom of response but are time-consuming to score and more subjective than other assessments.
3. The document provides tips for constructing and scoring essay questions effectively to accurately evaluate students' knowledge and skills.
Note on Evaluation and Assessment in Nursing Education (Part - 01)Babitha Devu
The document discusses evaluation and assessment in nursing education. It defines evaluation as a process of making judgments to establish goals and determine if they are being achieved. Assessment focuses on individual learners and learning outcomes. The purposes of evaluation in nursing include determining students' knowledge, clinical performance, strengths and weaknesses to guide learning. Formative evaluation monitors student progress, while summative evaluation determines if learning objectives were met at the end of a course. Criterion-referenced and norm-referenced evaluation are described. Principles of evaluation include determining objectives in advance and using various techniques.
Criterion and norm referenced evaluationJinto Philip
The document summarizes a departmental seminar on criterion and norm-referenced evaluation. The seminar was presented by Mr. Jinto Philip on August 31, 2010 from 2-3 PM in the Arts Theatre. It discussed the key differences between criterion-referenced tests, which evaluate performance against an absolute standard, and norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to other examinees. Some key differences highlighted were that criterion-referenced tests measure specific skills from a curriculum, while norm-referenced tests measure broad skill areas. Criterion-referenced tests aim to determine if students have achieved skills, while norm-referenced tests rank students against others.
Administering,scoring and reporting a test pptManali Solanki
This document discusses administering, scoring, and reporting tests. It provides definitions for key terms like analysis, test, scoring, and report. It describes the important role of the test administrator in creating the right environment and putting students at ease. It discusses procedures for administering tests before, during, and after the test is completed. It also covers various methods for scoring tests including raw scores, percentile ranks, stanines, standard scores like z-scores and t-scores. Grading methods like letter grades, numbers, percentages, and checklists are also outlined. The document provides details on scoring essay questions, objective tests, and conducting item analysis to evaluate test quality. It emphasizes accurate and useful reporting of results to understand assessment
Short answer questions (SAQ) are open-ended questions that require students to write out an answer rather than select from options. They are used to assess basic knowledge and understanding. SAQ should use precise language and focus on important content. They are structured to test recall of specific facts and knowledge through brief, targeted answers. SAQ have advantages like being easy to score, improving reliability, and allowing for better content coverage than essays. However, they are not suitable for measuring complex learning or analytical reasoning abilities. Examples of good and bad SAQ structures are provided.
Evaluation and measurement nursing educationparvathysree
This document discusses evaluation and measurement in nursing education. It defines evaluation as determining the extent to which educational objectives are being realized, and measurement as assigning a numerical index to a characteristic. The purposes of evaluation are described, including diagnosis, prediction, grading, selection, guidance and determining program/teacher effectiveness. Principles of evaluation include clarifying what is evaluated and using appropriate techniques. Measurement functions include prognosis, diagnosis and research. Validity and reliability are important criteria for evaluative devices. The differences between measurement and evaluation are that measurement describes attainment quantitatively while evaluation makes qualitative value judgements.
The document discusses different types of tests used to evaluate students, including standardized tests and teacher-made tests. It defines tests as methods to measure student behavior and performance against standards. Standardized tests are administered uniformly, while teacher-made tests are designed by teachers to monitor student progress. The document also describes different question types like essay questions, short-answer questions, and multiple choice questions; and provides advantages and disadvantages of each. It provides guidance on constructing effective test items and developing reliable and valid tests.
Seminar on Standardized And Non Standardized Test.Reshma Kadam
This document provides an overview of standardized and non-standardized tests. It defines standardized tests as those with uniform administration and scoring to allow for comparison. Examples include achievement, IQ, and aptitude tests. Non-standardized tests are constructed by teachers and vary in their administration. The document discusses the construction, uses, and types of various tests and assessments including essays, short answers, multiple choice, true/false, matching, rating scales, and checklists. It provides guidance on developing valid, reliable, and objective tests and assessments.
1. The document discusses essay type questions, their advantages and disadvantages as an assessment tool.
2. Essay questions allow for freedom of response but are time-consuming to score and more subjective than other assessments.
3. The document provides tips for constructing and scoring essay questions effectively to accurately evaluate students' knowledge and skills.
Note on Evaluation and Assessment in Nursing Education (Part - 01)Babitha Devu
The document discusses evaluation and assessment in nursing education. It defines evaluation as a process of making judgments to establish goals and determine if they are being achieved. Assessment focuses on individual learners and learning outcomes. The purposes of evaluation in nursing include determining students' knowledge, clinical performance, strengths and weaknesses to guide learning. Formative evaluation monitors student progress, while summative evaluation determines if learning objectives were met at the end of a course. Criterion-referenced and norm-referenced evaluation are described. Principles of evaluation include determining objectives in advance and using various techniques.
Criterion and norm referenced evaluationJinto Philip
The document summarizes a departmental seminar on criterion and norm-referenced evaluation. The seminar was presented by Mr. Jinto Philip on August 31, 2010 from 2-3 PM in the Arts Theatre. It discussed the key differences between criterion-referenced tests, which evaluate performance against an absolute standard, and norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to other examinees. Some key differences highlighted were that criterion-referenced tests measure specific skills from a curriculum, while norm-referenced tests measure broad skill areas. Criterion-referenced tests aim to determine if students have achieved skills, while norm-referenced tests rank students against others.
administrating test,scoring,grading vs markskrishu29
This document discusses administering tests, scoring tests, grading tests, and the differences between grading and marking. It provides steps for administering tests, including motivating students, giving directions, monitoring time, ensuring accuracy, and collecting materials. It also discusses principles of fair testing, avoiding distractions during testing, and preventing cheating. The document then covers scoring tests, including issues with human scoring variability, and methods for grading tests both analytically and globally. Finally, it discusses the differences between grading systems and marking/points systems for assessing student achievement.
Standardized and non-standardized tests are used to assess students. [1] Standardized tests are administered uniformly with set procedures for scoring and interpretation, while non-standardized tests do not have uniform procedures. [2] For accurate measurement, tests must be valid, reliable, and usable to provide dependable results. [3] Different types of tests include essay tests which allow freedom of response and evaluate complex learning outcomes.
This document discusses standardized and non-standardized tests. Standardized tests are administered and scored in a consistent manner to all test takers. They are developed by test specialists and allow for comparison of performance between individuals. Non-standardized tests focus on a student's attainment at a point in time and are often teacher-made. The document outlines key characteristics of good tests such as reliability, validity, cost, time, acceptability, objectivity, and usability. It also discusses norms, which provide a standard of comparison for test results.
This document discusses standardized tests and test construction. It defines standardized tests as tests where all students answer the same questions in the same way, allowing performance to be compared. The main types of standardized tests are norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to others, and criterion-referenced tests, which compare performance to objectives. Good test construction involves planning test objectives, writing clear and valid questions, and revising the test based on analysis to ensure it reliably measures the desired content.
The document discusses essay type questions and provides information about them. It defines essay tests as tests that require long written responses from the person being tested. It notes that essay questions assess students' understanding, reasoning, ability to select and organize ideas, and demonstrate complex understanding. The document also describes two main types of essay questions - extended response questions that give students freedom in organization and restricted response questions that provide more limitations. It provides advantages and disadvantages of essay questions and discusses grading rubrics.
Anecdotal records are short, objective observations of significant events written by a teacher or healthcare provider. They describe what happened, when, and the context in order to understand a student or patient's behavior and development. While anecdotal records provide insights, they are also subjective and depend on the observer's memory. They are used to communicate between healthcare team members and facilitate coordinated care.
1. The document discusses the process of administration, scoring, and reporting of tests, including planning tests based on learning objectives, preparing blueprints, developing test items, administering tests uniformly, scoring objectively, and evaluating tests and student performance.
2. It also compares grading systems to marking systems, noting advantages of letter grades over numerical marks in providing summaries, combining scores, and comparing performance.
3. Procedures for assigning letter grades include transforming various assessment scores to percentile ranks, weighting scores, summing totals, and using standards to determine grade cutoffs.
Administering a test, scoring - grading vs marksEarnest Lamuel
The document discusses various concepts related to administering tests, scoring, grading, and marking. It provides information on:
- The importance of the test administrator's role in creating a calm environment and inspiring confidence in test-takers.
- Different types of tests, such as criterion-referenced tests which measure mastery and norm-referenced tests which provide relative rankings.
- The process of scoring, which determines raw scores, and grading, which assigns symbols or categories to represent performance quality.
- Methods of grading like the analytic method which assigns separate scores to dimensions and the global method which uses general impressions.
- The difference between marking, which awards numbers or symbols to tasks, and
This document provides an overview of assessment in education. It defines various types of assessment including formative assessment, summative assessment, internal assessment, and external assessment. Formative assessment involves evaluating student progress and providing feedback, while summative assessment occurs at the end of a course to determine mastery of learning outcomes. Internal assessment is conducted by teachers, while external assessment involves an outside body evaluating students. The document discusses principles, purposes, and examples of different assessment types.
Topic: Anecdotal_Record
Student Name: Aitzaz Ahsan
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (II)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Here are the key learning outcomes this exercise aims to assess:
- Students will develop an understanding of historical events from different perspectives by taking on roles in a Civil War battle reenactment.
- Students will learn about and experience aspects of daily life for Union and Confederate soldiers through activities like marching, setting up camp, cooking, and scouting.
- Students will gain procedural knowledge about the tactics and strategies employed in a historically representative Civil War battle through direct participation in a reenactment.
2. Design 5-10 multiple choice or true/false questions to assess student learning related to the reenactment experience.
Evaluation of educational programs in nursingNavjyot Singh
Evaluation is a systematic process to judge the value or worth of teaching and learning in nursing education. It involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information on student performance and growth to determine if educational objectives are being achieved. There are two main types of evaluation - formative evaluation which provides feedback during instruction, and summative evaluation which determines achievement at the end through tests and projects. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are used for evaluation.
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools teaching that facilitates learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate individuals.
The aim of the learning with technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are no worth learning.’ The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that learning-clear understanding stems from the sense of experience. The teacher must ‘show’ as well as ‘tell’.
Audio-visual aids help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation, clarification, stimulation.
Audio-visual aids are also called “instructional material”.
DEFINITON
An Audio-Visual Aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
“Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. –Burton
Audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. –Edger Dale
Audio-visual aids are anything by means which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. –Good’s Dictionary of education
KEY CONCEPTSBOF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quickness learning, facilitates for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb:
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I know
This proverb says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation:
Seeing-87%
Hearing-07%
Odour-03%
Touch-02%
Taste-01%
Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informational learning, retention and recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
The aids are the stimuli for learning ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The hard to understand principles are usually made clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids.
On the use of audio-visual aids, the Kothari commission (1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational revolution’ in the country.
The National Policy on education, 1986 and as modified in 1992 has laid a great stress on the use of teaching aids, especially improvised aids, to make teaching learning more effective and realistic.
PURPOSES
To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal involvement of stu
Norms Referenced and Criteria Referenced EvaluationSuresh Babu
This document discusses criterion-referenced and norm-referenced evaluation. Criterion-referenced evaluation measures student performance against predetermined learning standards to determine if learning objectives are met, while norm-referenced evaluation compares student performance to others in their grade to determine their achievement relative to peers. Key differences are that criterion-referenced tests focus on specific skills and knowledge, while norm-referenced tests measure broader abilities and rank students.
Reliability and validity- research-for BSC/PBBSC AND MSC NURSINGSUCHITRARATI1976
This document discusses reliability and validity in research instruments. It defines reliability as the consistency and accuracy of a measure, and validity as measuring what the instrument is intended to measure. The key aspects of reliability discussed are stability (consistency over time), internal consistency (homogeneity), and equivalence (consistency between observers). Methods for measuring these aspects include test-retest correlation, split-half reliability, and inter-rater reliability. The document also defines different types of validity, including face validity, content validity, criterion validity, predictive validity, and construct validity. Ways to improve validity discussed include clearly defining goals/objectives, matching assessments to goals, getting feedback, and comparing measures.
This document provides an overview of teacher preparation. It begins with definitions of key terms like teacher education, teacher educators, and teachers. It then outlines the purposes and guidelines of teacher preparation, including imparting subject knowledge, developing pedagogical skills, understanding child psychology, and developing proper attitudes. It discusses the components and types of teacher education programs. It also addresses the teaching methods used in teacher preparation like lesson planning, PowerPoint presentations, demonstrations, and discussions. Finally, it considers the roles and challenges of teacher education in India.
This document discusses different types of rating scales used to evaluate attributes of people or objects. It describes descriptive rating scales, numerical rating scales, graphic rating scales, and comparative rating scales. Descriptive rating scales provide phrases to describe traits, numerical scales assign code numbers, graphic scales use a line to indicate degrees of traits, and comparative scales define positions in terms of a population. The document also outlines principles for developing rating scales and notes they can be used to evaluate skills, products, activities, interests, attitudes, and personnel characteristics, but may decrease objectivity if misused.
This document discusses standardized tools used in nursing. It defines standardized tools as validated questions or tests that have specific criteria and procedures to meet objectives consistently. There are five main types of standardized tests discussed: achievement tests, intelligence tests, personality tests, aptitude tests, and prognostic tests. Each type is defined, and examples of characteristics and uses are provided. The document also covers the construction, purposes, and important aspects of standardized tools and tests.
This document discusses distance education in nursing. It defines distance education as education where teachers and students are separated in place and time, using technologies like computers, audio or video to bridge the gap. The objectives of distance education in nursing are to provide flexible, affordable higher education opportunities. It describes various distance learning methods and technologies used, as well as the advantages of accessibility and convenience and disadvantages like isolation and lack of clinical skills practice.
Master rotation plan is the overall plan of rotation of all students in a particular educational institution, showing the placement of the students belonging to total programme (4 years in B.Sc.(N) and 3 years in GNM) includes both theory and practice denoting the study block, partial block, placement of student in clinical blocks, team nursing, examinations, vacation, co-curricular activities etc.
This document discusses essay tests as an assessment method. It defines essay tests as those requiring extended written responses. It describes the key features and types of essay questions, including extended and restricted response questions. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of essay tests, and provides suggestions for developing, administering, scoring and evaluating essay tests effectively.
This document provides an overview of subjective tests, which require students to write out original answers in response to questions. It focuses on short answer questions and essay tests. Short answer questions are open-ended questions that require brief responses to assess basic knowledge. Essay tests allow for longer written responses to assess higher-level thinking. Both have advantages like measuring complex learning, but also disadvantages like subjectivity and difficulty in scoring responses. The document provides guidance on constructing effective short answer questions and essay prompts to reduce subjectivity.
administrating test,scoring,grading vs markskrishu29
This document discusses administering tests, scoring tests, grading tests, and the differences between grading and marking. It provides steps for administering tests, including motivating students, giving directions, monitoring time, ensuring accuracy, and collecting materials. It also discusses principles of fair testing, avoiding distractions during testing, and preventing cheating. The document then covers scoring tests, including issues with human scoring variability, and methods for grading tests both analytically and globally. Finally, it discusses the differences between grading systems and marking/points systems for assessing student achievement.
Standardized and non-standardized tests are used to assess students. [1] Standardized tests are administered uniformly with set procedures for scoring and interpretation, while non-standardized tests do not have uniform procedures. [2] For accurate measurement, tests must be valid, reliable, and usable to provide dependable results. [3] Different types of tests include essay tests which allow freedom of response and evaluate complex learning outcomes.
This document discusses standardized and non-standardized tests. Standardized tests are administered and scored in a consistent manner to all test takers. They are developed by test specialists and allow for comparison of performance between individuals. Non-standardized tests focus on a student's attainment at a point in time and are often teacher-made. The document outlines key characteristics of good tests such as reliability, validity, cost, time, acceptability, objectivity, and usability. It also discusses norms, which provide a standard of comparison for test results.
This document discusses standardized tests and test construction. It defines standardized tests as tests where all students answer the same questions in the same way, allowing performance to be compared. The main types of standardized tests are norm-referenced tests, which compare performance to others, and criterion-referenced tests, which compare performance to objectives. Good test construction involves planning test objectives, writing clear and valid questions, and revising the test based on analysis to ensure it reliably measures the desired content.
The document discusses essay type questions and provides information about them. It defines essay tests as tests that require long written responses from the person being tested. It notes that essay questions assess students' understanding, reasoning, ability to select and organize ideas, and demonstrate complex understanding. The document also describes two main types of essay questions - extended response questions that give students freedom in organization and restricted response questions that provide more limitations. It provides advantages and disadvantages of essay questions and discusses grading rubrics.
Anecdotal records are short, objective observations of significant events written by a teacher or healthcare provider. They describe what happened, when, and the context in order to understand a student or patient's behavior and development. While anecdotal records provide insights, they are also subjective and depend on the observer's memory. They are used to communicate between healthcare team members and facilitate coordinated care.
1. The document discusses the process of administration, scoring, and reporting of tests, including planning tests based on learning objectives, preparing blueprints, developing test items, administering tests uniformly, scoring objectively, and evaluating tests and student performance.
2. It also compares grading systems to marking systems, noting advantages of letter grades over numerical marks in providing summaries, combining scores, and comparing performance.
3. Procedures for assigning letter grades include transforming various assessment scores to percentile ranks, weighting scores, summing totals, and using standards to determine grade cutoffs.
Administering a test, scoring - grading vs marksEarnest Lamuel
The document discusses various concepts related to administering tests, scoring, grading, and marking. It provides information on:
- The importance of the test administrator's role in creating a calm environment and inspiring confidence in test-takers.
- Different types of tests, such as criterion-referenced tests which measure mastery and norm-referenced tests which provide relative rankings.
- The process of scoring, which determines raw scores, and grading, which assigns symbols or categories to represent performance quality.
- Methods of grading like the analytic method which assigns separate scores to dimensions and the global method which uses general impressions.
- The difference between marking, which awards numbers or symbols to tasks, and
This document provides an overview of assessment in education. It defines various types of assessment including formative assessment, summative assessment, internal assessment, and external assessment. Formative assessment involves evaluating student progress and providing feedback, while summative assessment occurs at the end of a course to determine mastery of learning outcomes. Internal assessment is conducted by teachers, while external assessment involves an outside body evaluating students. The document discusses principles, purposes, and examples of different assessment types.
Topic: Anecdotal_Record
Student Name: Aitzaz Ahsan
Class: B.Ed. Hons Elementary Part (II)
Project Name: “Young Teachers' Professional Development (TPD)"
"Project Founder: Prof. Dr. Amjad Ali Arain
Faculty of Education, University of Sindh, Pakistan
Here are the key learning outcomes this exercise aims to assess:
- Students will develop an understanding of historical events from different perspectives by taking on roles in a Civil War battle reenactment.
- Students will learn about and experience aspects of daily life for Union and Confederate soldiers through activities like marching, setting up camp, cooking, and scouting.
- Students will gain procedural knowledge about the tactics and strategies employed in a historically representative Civil War battle through direct participation in a reenactment.
2. Design 5-10 multiple choice or true/false questions to assess student learning related to the reenactment experience.
Evaluation of educational programs in nursingNavjyot Singh
Evaluation is a systematic process to judge the value or worth of teaching and learning in nursing education. It involves collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information on student performance and growth to determine if educational objectives are being achieved. There are two main types of evaluation - formative evaluation which provides feedback during instruction, and summative evaluation which determines achievement at the end through tests and projects. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques are used for evaluation.
INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA AND METHODS
INTRODUCTION
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools teaching that facilitates learning. They are multi sensory materials which motivate, classify and stimulate individuals.
The aim of the learning with technological media is ‘clearing the channel between the learner and things that are no worth learning.’ The basic assumption underlying audio-visual aids is that learning-clear understanding stems from the sense of experience. The teacher must ‘show’ as well as ‘tell’.
Audio-visual aids help in completing the triangular process of learning i.e., motivation, clarification, stimulation.
Audio-visual aids are also called “instructional material”.
DEFINITON
An Audio-Visual Aid is an instructional device in which the message can be heard as well as seen.
“Audio-visual aids are those sensory objects or images which initiate or stimulate and reinforce learning”. –Burton
Audio-visual aids are those devices by the use of which communication of ideas between persons and groups in various teaching and training situations is helped. These are also termed as multi-sensory materials. –Edger Dale
Audio-visual aids are anything by means which learning process may be encouraged or carried on through the sense of hearing or sense of sight. –Good’s Dictionary of education
KEY CONCEPTSBOF AUDIO-VISUAL AIDS
Audio-visual aids are sensitive tools in teaching and as avenues for learning. These are planned educational materials that appeal to the senses of the people and quickness learning, facilitates for clear understanding.
A Chinese proverb:
If I hear, I forget
If I see, I remember
If I do, I know
This proverb says the importance of sensory perception in teaching, learning situation:
Seeing-87%
Hearing-07%
Odour-03%
Touch-02%
Taste-01%
Audio-visual aids provide significant gains in informational learning, retention and recall, thinking and reasoning activities, interest, imagination, better assimilation and personal growth and development.
The aids are the stimuli for learning ‘why’, ‘how’, ‘when’ and ‘where’. The hard to understand principles are usually made clear by the intelligent use of skillfully designed instructional aids.
On the use of audio-visual aids, the Kothari commission (1964-66) observed that it should indeed bring about an ‘educational revolution’ in the country.
The National Policy on education, 1986 and as modified in 1992 has laid a great stress on the use of teaching aids, especially improvised aids, to make teaching learning more effective and realistic.
PURPOSES
To initiate & sustain attention, concentration & personal involvement of stu
Norms Referenced and Criteria Referenced EvaluationSuresh Babu
This document discusses criterion-referenced and norm-referenced evaluation. Criterion-referenced evaluation measures student performance against predetermined learning standards to determine if learning objectives are met, while norm-referenced evaluation compares student performance to others in their grade to determine their achievement relative to peers. Key differences are that criterion-referenced tests focus on specific skills and knowledge, while norm-referenced tests measure broader abilities and rank students.
Reliability and validity- research-for BSC/PBBSC AND MSC NURSINGSUCHITRARATI1976
This document discusses reliability and validity in research instruments. It defines reliability as the consistency and accuracy of a measure, and validity as measuring what the instrument is intended to measure. The key aspects of reliability discussed are stability (consistency over time), internal consistency (homogeneity), and equivalence (consistency between observers). Methods for measuring these aspects include test-retest correlation, split-half reliability, and inter-rater reliability. The document also defines different types of validity, including face validity, content validity, criterion validity, predictive validity, and construct validity. Ways to improve validity discussed include clearly defining goals/objectives, matching assessments to goals, getting feedback, and comparing measures.
This document provides an overview of teacher preparation. It begins with definitions of key terms like teacher education, teacher educators, and teachers. It then outlines the purposes and guidelines of teacher preparation, including imparting subject knowledge, developing pedagogical skills, understanding child psychology, and developing proper attitudes. It discusses the components and types of teacher education programs. It also addresses the teaching methods used in teacher preparation like lesson planning, PowerPoint presentations, demonstrations, and discussions. Finally, it considers the roles and challenges of teacher education in India.
This document discusses different types of rating scales used to evaluate attributes of people or objects. It describes descriptive rating scales, numerical rating scales, graphic rating scales, and comparative rating scales. Descriptive rating scales provide phrases to describe traits, numerical scales assign code numbers, graphic scales use a line to indicate degrees of traits, and comparative scales define positions in terms of a population. The document also outlines principles for developing rating scales and notes they can be used to evaluate skills, products, activities, interests, attitudes, and personnel characteristics, but may decrease objectivity if misused.
This document discusses standardized tools used in nursing. It defines standardized tools as validated questions or tests that have specific criteria and procedures to meet objectives consistently. There are five main types of standardized tests discussed: achievement tests, intelligence tests, personality tests, aptitude tests, and prognostic tests. Each type is defined, and examples of characteristics and uses are provided. The document also covers the construction, purposes, and important aspects of standardized tools and tests.
This document discusses distance education in nursing. It defines distance education as education where teachers and students are separated in place and time, using technologies like computers, audio or video to bridge the gap. The objectives of distance education in nursing are to provide flexible, affordable higher education opportunities. It describes various distance learning methods and technologies used, as well as the advantages of accessibility and convenience and disadvantages like isolation and lack of clinical skills practice.
Master rotation plan is the overall plan of rotation of all students in a particular educational institution, showing the placement of the students belonging to total programme (4 years in B.Sc.(N) and 3 years in GNM) includes both theory and practice denoting the study block, partial block, placement of student in clinical blocks, team nursing, examinations, vacation, co-curricular activities etc.
This document discusses essay tests as an assessment method. It defines essay tests as those requiring extended written responses. It describes the key features and types of essay questions, including extended and restricted response questions. The document outlines the advantages and disadvantages of essay tests, and provides suggestions for developing, administering, scoring and evaluating essay tests effectively.
This document provides an overview of subjective tests, which require students to write out original answers in response to questions. It focuses on short answer questions and essay tests. Short answer questions are open-ended questions that require brief responses to assess basic knowledge. Essay tests allow for longer written responses to assess higher-level thinking. Both have advantages like measuring complex learning, but also disadvantages like subjectivity and difficulty in scoring responses. The document provides guidance on constructing effective short answer questions and essay prompts to reduce subjectivity.
Assessment is a key part of the educational system and serves as an individual evaluation as well as a way to compare performance. There are various types of assessment including formative and summative, criterion-referenced and norm-referenced, and informal and formal. Common assessment tools include essays, short answer questions, and multiple choice questions which have advantages like objectivity but also disadvantages such as not measuring complex thinking. Assessment is important for improving instruction, providing feedback, and certifying student competence.
This document discusses essay type questions. It defines essay questions as items that require extended written responses and notes they allow students to express their own views. The document outlines various types of essay questions, their purposes and features. Guidelines are provided for constructing and scoring essay questions effectively to assess learning outcomes. Advantages include assessing higher-order thinking, but disadvantages include subjective scoring and time consumption.
Different types of Test
Why do We give tests?
Kinds of tests
Other categories of tests
Two Types of Test (Questions)
Subjective Test Samples
Essay
Types of Essay Items
Matching type
Completion Type
This document discusses strategies for constructing effective multiple choice and essay exam questions. For multiple choice questions, key points include writing clear stems that present definite problems, using plausible distractors, and maintaining parallel structure in the alternatives. For essay questions, the document recommends designing questions to assess higher-order thinking, providing grading criteria, and using both extended and restricted response questions. The advantages of essay questions include allowing for complex reasoning, but they are more time-consuming to score and can disadvantage poor writers.
Standardized & Non Standardized Tests-2nd-ppt.pptxSavitaHanamsagar
The document discusses standardized and non-standardized tests. It defines standardized tests as those with uniform administration and scoring to allow comparison between test takers. Examples include achievement, IQ, and aptitude tests. Non-standardized tests are constructed by teachers and vary in their administration. The document outlines the key characteristics, uses, and types of both standardized and non-standardized tests. It also discusses test validity, reliability, objectivity, and construction.
This document provides an overview of standardized and non-standardized tests. It defines standardized tests as those with uniform administration and scoring to allow for comparison. Examples include achievement, IQ, and aptitude tests. Non-standardized tests are constructed by teachers and vary in their administration. The document discusses the construction, uses, and limitations of different types of test items for standardized and non-standardized tests such as essay, short answer, multiple choice, and matching questions. Rating scales and checklists are also covered as methods for assessment.
This document discusses constructing and scoring subjective test items, specifically essay tests. It provides guidance on developing essay test questions, including extended and restricted response items. Scoring methods like analytic and holistic rubrics are covered. The key steps in developing a scoring rubric are outlined, which is an organized way to assess student work and provide feedback. Rubrics make teacher expectations clear and support student learning.
This document discusses constructing and scoring subjective test items, specifically essay tests. It provides guidance on developing essay test questions, including extended and restricted response items. Scoring methods like analytic and holistic rubrics are covered. The key steps in developing a scoring rubric are outlined, which is an organized way to assess student work and provide feedback. Rubrics make teacher expectations clear and support student learning.
Subjective tests are assessments that require students to provide open-ended answers like essays, explanations, or descriptions. This document discusses subjective tests, including their definition, strengths and limitations, and scoring methods. It provides examples of both extended and restricted response essay questions. The key strengths of subjective tests are that they encourage creative expression and opinion, while limitations include low reliability and validity. Scoring can be done analytically based on a rubric or holistically based on overall impression. Rubrics and anonymous grading are recommended to reduce subjective aspects.
This document discusses different types of test questions used in education measurement and evaluation. It describes supply type tests where students must supply missing information, including short answer and extended answer varieties. Short answer questions assess basic knowledge through one word to short responses, while extended/essay questions allow lengthier, paragraph responses to measure higher-order thinking. Selection type tests involve choosing from options, including true/false, matching, and multiple choice questions. The advantages and disadvantages of each question type are outlined.
This document provides information on constructing and scoring subjective test items, specifically essay questions. It discusses the different types of essay questions, how to write good questions, scoring methods like analytic and holistic rubrics, and the process for developing scoring rubrics. The key points are that essay tests assess higher-level thinking and the ability to explain ideas in writing. Scoring reliably requires preparing ideal answers, using consistent methods, and developing clear rubrics that define different levels of performance.
This presentation discusses different types of essay tests, including restricted response and extended response questions. Restricted response questions limit the scope and content of the response, while extended response questions give students more freedom in their answers. The presentation provides examples of each type and discusses their advantages and limitations. Guidelines are provided for constructing essay questions, scoring responses, and dealing with issues like bluffing. Suggestions are also given for writing multiple choice questions.
The document provides guidelines for constructing effective tests to assess student learning. It discusses considering the purpose of the test and maintaining consistency between teaching goals, methods, and assessment. Different test formats like multiple choice, short answer, and essays are appropriate for different learning objectives. Multiple choice tests effectively measure recall but less higher-order thinking, while essays best evaluate skills like analysis, synthesis and evaluation. The document also offers tips for writing different question types, grading essays reliably, helping students prepare, and assessing how well the test measured intended learning outcomes.
Testing Is Only Part Of The Evaluation Of Learningnoblex1
Every time you ask a question in class, monitor a student discussion, or read a term paper, you are evaluating learning. Moreover, the evaluation process (whether it involves examinations or not) is a valuable part of the teaching process. The primary purpose of evaluation is to provide corrective feedback to the student, the secondary purpose is to satisfy the administrative requirement of ranking students on a grading scale.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/testing-is-only-part-of-the-evaluation-of-learning/
Assessment is used to determine if educational objectives have been achieved. It can be formative or summative and is related to course learning objectives. Assessment measures how a student's knowledge, skills, and attitudes have changed due to academic experiences. Methods of assessment have strengths and flaws according to reliability, validity, impact on learning, acceptability, and costs. Assessment can have intended and unintended consequences like encouraging cramming over reflective learning. Characteristics of good assessment include relevance, validity, reliability, and objectivity. This document provides guidelines for creating effective essay questions, including using action verbs, structuring questions, and developing rubrics for grading.
This document provides information on essay and short answer test questions. It begins by defining what a test is and distinguishing between a test, assessment, measurement, and evaluation. It then discusses different types of tests such as objective vs subjective, standardized vs teacher-made, and achievement vs aptitude.
The document also covers essay questions in detail. It defines essay questions and categorizes them as extended response or restricted response. It provides examples of each and discusses their advantages and limitations. Other types of essay questions covered include interpretive, hypothesis formation, and inquiry-based assessment essays. Guidelines are provided for constructing effective essay questions.
Short answer test questions are also defined. The common forms of short answer questions are described as question
This document discusses the merits and demerits of essay tests. It defines an essay test as a written test requiring a student to write multiple paragraphs in response. Essay tests are characterized by responses of varying length depending on the question's time and point value. They require subjective judgment in scoring. Essay tests are widely used and familiar, assessing writing skills and higher-order thinking. However, they have limitations such as limited sampling of content, subjectivity in scoring, and potential bias based on factors other than the response's content.
This document provides guidelines for constructing different types of written tests to assess student learning. It begins by outlining the desired learning outcomes, which are to identify appropriate test formats for different outcomes and apply guidelines for constructing test items. It then describes various test formats, including selected response (e.g. multiple choice) and constructed response (e.g. essays, short answer). The document provides detailed guidelines for writing high-quality test items for multiple choice, matching, and true/false question formats. Teachers are advised to choose formats based on learning outcomes and cognitive level, and to write clear stems and options to develop valid and reliable assessments of student knowledge.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
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2. General Objective :
At the end of the seminar the group will gain knowledge about Non
Standardized Test
3. Specific Objective : At the end of seminar, group
will be able to
Define the term test
Differentiate between standardized and Non standardized test
Enlist the types of tests
Explain about Essay Type
Enumerate Advantages and disadvantages of Essay type test
Describe the guidelines for constructing essay type test
Discuss about short answer type test
State the advantages and disadvantages of short answer type test
4. What is test ?
A test is a systematic method for measuring students
behavior and evaluating these behaviors against
standards and norms .
Test is a method to determine a students ability to
complete certain tasks or demonstrate mastery of a skill
or knowledge of content .
5. Types of tests
Discrete - Test one item or skill at a time
Integrative - test combine various items , structures , skills into
one single test
6. Standardized Test
Standardization means uniformity of procedure in scoring , administering and
interpreting the results .
They are tools or instruments that measure and predict the ability / aptitude
and achievement .
Always administered , scored and interpreted in same manner .
E. G – IELTS , TOEFL
7. Non Standardized test
A non standardized test is one that is not given to people initially to standardize it
Allows for an assessment of an individual's abilities or performances, but doesn't
allow for a fair comparison of one student to another
The most common type of test that are non standardized are the classroom test
given by teachers all the time
There reliability in usually unknown but if constructed carefully it can be highly
reliable
8. Teacher made paper and pencil test
They usually consist of essay or multiple
choice items .
The multiple choices , paper and pencil
test are probably the most frequent used
test
Other types such as true / false , essay
and performance tests
10. Limitations
Test are often ambiguous and unclear
They are either too short or too lengthy
Tests do not cover the entire content
Supervision is not proper
Lot of scope for copying
Conducted as rituals only
11. Essay type
The essay type refers to any written test that
requires an examination to write a sentence ,
a paragraph or longer passages
It demands a subjective judgement , about
its quality and completeness when it is scored
12. Definition
An essay test presents one or more questions or other tasks that require
extended written responses from the person being tested. – Robert Lebel
and David A Frishie , 1986
Essay item is an item that requires the student to structure a rather long
written response up to several paragraphs . – William Wiersma and
Stephen G Jurs , 1990
13.
14. Extended Response
No restriction is placed on the student as to the points he or she will discuss and
the organization of student will use
The student may select those points that he / she thinks more important ,
pertinent and relevant to his / her argument and the student may organize the
material in whichever way he wishes
In response to such a question the examinee demonstrates his ability to select
and recall the facts which he thinks are pertinent , organize and present his ideas
in a logical and coherent form
15. This type of essay item is mostly useful in measuring learning outcomes at the
higher cognitive levels of educational objectives such as analysis , synthesis and
evaluation levels
Appropriate to measure the writing skills , organization of ideas
E. g Explain the role of nurse in health care team ?
Describe how to plan a care of child with HIV positive status
16. An Extended response type of essay questions permits
the student to demonstrate their ability to :
Recall factual knowledge
Evaluate their factual knowledge
Organize their ideas
Present their ideas in a logical , coherent fashion
17. Handwriting can influence the scoring
Can be time consuming
Scoring is difficult
Biasness can affect scoring
18. Restricted Response
In restricted response , the student is more limited or restricted in or as to form
and scope of his / her answer , because the student is specifically told the context
in which his / her answer is to be made .
The scope of the response is defined and restricted . The answers given are
controlled to some extend
E.g - Describe in not more than 100 words ,the recommendation made by the
health survey and development committee with regard to improvement of health
care delivery system in India ?
19. Other essay type questions
Interpretive essay
Hypothesis Formation
Essay
Questioning Assumptions
Essay
Inquiry Based
Assessment
20. Guidelines for constructing Essay type Questions
Clearly define the intended learning outcome to be assessed by the item
Avoid Using essay questions for intended learning outcomes that are better
assessed with other kinds of assessment .
Define the task and Shape The problem Situation
Helpful Instructions : specify the relative point value and the approximate time
limit in clear directions
Helpful Guidance : State the criteria for grading
Avoid The use of optional questions
21. Improve the essay question through preview and review
It can help to improve the essay item before and after it is handed out to students.
Preview ( before handing out the essay question to the students )
A. Predict student responses
B. Write a model answer
C. Ask a knowledgeable colleague to critically review the essay question , the
model answer and the intended learning outcome for alignment
D. Review student responses to the essay question
22. Uses of Essay Type Questions
To Assess students understanding of subject matter content
To assess higher order thinking skills that cannot be adequately assessed by
objectively scored test items
To assess students ability to construct rather than to select answers .
When a teacher has sufficient resources and/or help to score the student responses
to the essay questions
When the group to be tested is small
When a teacher is more confident of his/her ability as a critical and fair reader than
as an imaginative writer of good objective test items
23. Advantages
Logical thinking , critical reasoning can be
evaluated
Measures complex learning outcomes
Thinking and problem solving skills
Less scope for the use of unfair means
Test the ability of the student to communicate in
writing depth of knowledge and understanding .
24. Disadvantages
They possess relative low validity and reliability
Limited content Sampling
Subjectivity of scoring
Contaminated by extraneous factors like spelling , good handwriting ,coloured inks ,
neatness , grammar , lengths of answer
Time consuming both for the examiner and the examinee
Mood of examiner also influences marking
25. Short Answer Type Questions
Short answer items require the examinee to respond to the item with a word ,
short phrase , number or a symbol. – Anthony J Nitko
A short Answer test items aim to test the knowledge by asking students to supply
word , phrase or a number that answer a question to complete a sentence .- R
Eble et al, 1986
26. Question form : Here the item is presented as direct questions , E.g. who is the founder
of modern Nursing ?
Identification or association form : Here a few items are given outside the bracket.
Students are expected to write the exact related responses in bracket . e.g. Write the
name of instrument used which measure the following temperature ( …..) , blood
pressure ( ……..) . heart rate ( …….)
Complete form : Here an incomplete statement is used , e.g. Sphygmomanometer is
used to measure ……………
Forms of short answer questions
27. Advantages
Easy to construct as they measure only simple learning outcomes
They are useful to the lowest level of cognitive taxonomy, i.e. knowledge of
terminology, classification etc.
Relatively large sample of the content can be covered by the inclusion of a large
number of short answer questions
It is useful in evaluating the ability to interpret diagrams, chart and graphs
There is little scope for the influence of handwriting and spelling etc. on marking
28. Disadvantages
Not suitable for judging the power of
analyzing and reasoning of the
student
Not suitable for measuring the
complex learning outcomes
29. Principals for constructing Short answer
tests
Clear and unambiguous
The test format must be consistent ( Do not
require fill in gaps and matching in the same
question )
Enough space must be provided for filling in the
gaps or writing short answers
Candidates must know beforehand the
requirements and demands of the test
30. Suggestions for constructing question
Word the item so that the required answer is both brief and specific
The question should not be picked up exactly from the book
The question should not provide any clue
Blanks for answer should be equal in length and in a column to the right of
the question.
The scoring key should be prepared
If the answer is to be expressed in numerical units , indicate the type of
answer wanted