The document discusses multiple choice questions, including their history, characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, limitations, and tips for writing good questions. It notes that multiple choice questions are widely used in educational testing and can assess a broad range of content efficiently but require careful writing to avoid flaws like grammatical inconsistencies between options. Good questions should sample important concepts and have answer difficulty distributed appropriately.

1. Multiple Choice Questions

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3. Multiple choice is a form of assessment in which
respondents are asked to select the best possible answer out of
the choices from a list.
If guessing an answer, there's usually a 25 percent chance
of getting it correct on a 4 answer choice question.

4. Finding the right answer from multiple choices can be
automated using multiple choice question answering systems.
The multiple choice format is most frequently used in
educational testing, in market research, and in elections, when a
person chooses between multiple candidates, parties, or
policies.

5. History
Although E. L. Thorndike developed an early multiple
choice test, Frederick J. Kelly was the first to use such items as part
of a large scale assessment. While Director of the Training School
at Kansas State Normal School (now Emporia State University) in
1915, he developed and administered the Kansas Silent Reading
Test.

6. Soon after, Kelly became the third Dean of the College
of Education at the University of Kansas. The first all multiple
choice, large scale assessment was the Army Alpha, used to
assess the intelligence and more specifically the aptitudes of
World War I military recruits. Multiple choice testing is
particularly popular in the United States.

7. Characteristics of multiple-choice questions
Multiple-choice Questions are probably the most widely
used of objective tests. Such questions are normally composed of
four parts:
•STEM - question or incomplete statement or picture
•OPTIONS - suggested answers or completions
•DISTRACTERS - incorrect responses
•KEY - correct response

8. Advantages
•objective tests can sample a broad range of a course
•objective tests are rapidly marked
•students are not able to "bluff" or "pool" answers

9. •scoring is objective and reliable (e.g. no halo effect)
•distribution of scores is determined by the test - not by the
examiner
•only the objectives tested for are marked
•"good" items may be stored in an item bank and reused

10. Disadvantages
•objective tests are time consuming to set
•there is no credit for partial information
•objective tests may encourage guessing
•good objective tests are difficult to set
•student "selects" information
•objective tests may encourage reproduction learning

11. Limitations
•Difficult and time-consuming to write good items that
address thinking skills above the factual level
•The items are difficult to phrase so that all students
interpret them in the same way

12. •When students study for multiple choice tests, they focus
on recognition, not recall. Recent learning theories
indicate that students need to process information to really
learn it, so time spent studying for recognition is not as
effective as time spent working with information.
•By guessing, students who don’t know the answer have a
25% chance of correctly selecting the correct response in a
multiple choice item with 4 options. This decreases to
20% for items with 5 options, etc.

13. Options
In particular, the person constructing the test should AVOID
USING:
•serotyped or standard phrases which direct a student to the
correct answer
•unequal length of options where, in order to make the key
unambiguously correct, the examiner makes it obviously
longer than the distracters

14. • mutually exclusive options where, if one option is incorrect,
its opposite must be correct
• overlapping alternatives when one or more options is a subset
of another
• grammatical inconsistencies where options may be
disregarded because they are grammatically inconsistent with
the stem
• absolutes (never, always, only, none of the above, all of the
above). These options are usually incorrect

15. • the key in a different form from the distracters makes the
correct response more conspicuous
• double negatives - causes great confusion. Where negatives are
used they should only be used in the stem and should be
highlighted by printing in capitals or by underlining. "None of
the above" should only be used when it is important to conceal
a correct response which is easily recognized

16. Facility (F)
Facility (F) is the percentage of the class obtaining the
correct answer. In general:
if F < 30% the question is hard
if F = 30-75% the question is satisfactory
if F > 75% the question is easy

17. Writing Good Multiple Choice Test Questions
Multiple choice test questions, also known as items, can
be an effective and efficient way to assess learning outcomes.
Multiple choice test items have several potential advantages:

18. Versatility: Multiple choice test items can be written to
assess various levels of learning outcomes, from basic recall to
application, analysis, and evaluation. Because students are
choosing from a set of potential answers, however, there are
obvious limits on what can be tested with multiple choice items.
For example, they are not an effective way to test students’
ability to organize thoughts or articulate explanations or creative
ideas.

19. Reliability: is defined as the degree to which a test
consistently measures a learning outcome. Multiple choice test
items are less susceptible to guessing than true/false questions,
making them a more reliable means of assessment. The
reliability is enhanced when the number of MC items focused on
a single learning objective is increased. In addition, the
objective scoring associated with multiple choice test items frees
them from problems with scorer inconsistency that can plague
scoring of essay questions.

20. Validity: is the degree to which a test measures the learning
outcomes it purports to measure. Because students can typically
answer a multiple choice item much more quickly than an essay
question, tests based on multiple choice items can typically focus
on a relatively broad representation of course material, thus
increasing the validity of the assessment.