The document describes research using Landsat 8 data and modeling tools to map social values for coastal ecosystem services in the Gulf of Mexico. Researchers conducted an online survey of 285 people to identify valued ecosystem services and environmental characteristics. Maxent modeling was used to model relationships between mapped social value indices and predictor variables, including Landsat 8 band 1 data. Models using distance to shore and bathymetry performed best, though Landsat 8 band 1 also improved some models by providing additional coastal detail not captured in other datasets alone. The research aims to help coastal management and planning efforts.

1. Alisa W. Coffin, Ph.D.
Land Systems Research Consultants
Drezden Kinnaird
Colorado Mesa University
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2. intro
methods
results
discussion
questions
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3. Motivation of research & problem statement
Gulf of Mexico
Oil spill
Need for ES knowledge
Landsat 8: new “coastal band”
Study area
Research questions
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4. 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill
call to action in USGS
support agencies and researchers working in Gulf of Mexico
USGS (Rocky Mt. Area) contacted colleagues Florida Sea Grant & UF
Offered research collaboration which was welcomed
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5. Coastal Zone
Complex interactions between land and ocean processes
“Unique domain of gradient dependent ecosystems” (Crossland et al. 2005)
The most developed and populated areas globally
USA: In 2010, 69% of urban land <150 mi. from a coast
Coastal and Marine Spatial Planning (CMSP) =
Ecosystem-based approach to planning and management
Contemporary measurement of ecosystem services is incomplete
Predominantly economic/ecological and static
Lacks spatial quantification of social values
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6. Launched on Feb 11, 2013
Near-polar sun-synchronous 705 km circular orbit
16 day repeat cycle
30 m resolution
Continues the Landsat mission (1972 to present) of earth observation
Expect improved water quality monitoring in coastal regions due to new shorter wavelength blue band

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8. How do different coastal users value ecosystem services in the study area?
Which environmental characteristics inform models of spatial patterns of social values in this coastal zone?
__________________________________________
Information about bathymetry is critical for understanding coastal processes. But, near shore bathymetry is difficult/expensive to obtain and is highly dynamic, resulting in out of date datasets.
Can Landsat 8, band 1, the “coastal band”, help fill in the gaps where detailed coastal data is missing?
How does the inclusion of Landsat 8 B1, compare to other coastal datasets?
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9. Project plan
Survey
Social values
SolVES modelling tool
Adapting SolVES to a coastal system
Maxent
Models
Model evaluation using AUC
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10. Phase 1: e-Delphi
Phase 2: Geospatial Online Survey
Phase 3: SolVES Modeling
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11. Step 1:
Value Allocation
“spend” $1000 over the 16 social values
Step 2:
Value Mapping
Locate allocated values on a map of Greater Sarasota Bay
Step 3:
Resource Preference
Determine preferences for marine/coastal resource uses (e.g. Gulf of Mexico)
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12. VALUE_ID
VALUE_NAME
VALUE_DESCRIPTION
1
Aesthetic
Enjoyable scenery, sights, sounds, smells, etc.
2
Recreation
Place for favorite/enjoyable outdoor recreation activities.
3
Cultural
Place for passing down wisdom, knowledge, and traditions.
4
Spiritual
Places of sacred, religious, unique, deep, and/or profound experience where reverence/respect for nature is felt.
5
Life Sustaining
Provision of macro-environmental processes (i.e. climate regulation, hydrologic cycle, etc.) that support life, human and non-human.
6
Learning
Place of educational value through scientific exploration, observation, discovery, and experimentation.
7
Biodiversity
Provision of a variety and abundance of fish, wildlife, and plant life.
8
Wilderness
Place of minimal human impact and/or intrusion into natural environment.
9
Subsistence
Provision of basic human needs, emphasis on reliable, regular food/protein source from seafood.
10
Historic
Place of natural and human history that matter to individuals, communities, societies, and nations.
11
Identity
Places that engender a sense of place, community, and belonging; represent a distinctive “culture of the sea”.
12
Future
Allowance for future generation to know and experience healthy, productive, and sustainable coastal ecosystems.
13
Therapuetic
Place that enhances feelings of well-being (e.g. “an escape”, “stress relief”, “comfort and calm”).
14
Economic
Provision of fishery (commercial/recreational), minerals, and tourism industry that support livelihoods.
15
Intrinsic
Right to exist regardless of presence; value based on existence (being rather than place).
16
Access
Places of common property free from access restrictions or exclusive ownership/control.

13. SolVES 2.1 tool with ArcGIS 10.x
Value Mapping Model
Derives a 10-point “Value Index” from value allocations and mapped points collected as part of a social survey.
Maxent
Models relationships between mapped Value Index and underlying environmental variables.
Generates social value maps for specified stakeholder groups.
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14. Terrestrial base layers
Coastal base layers
Elevation (DEM)
1. DEM (T-DEM)
2. Bathymetry (BATHYM)
Distance to roads
Distance to roads + navigation channels (D2TRANS)
Distance to water
4. Distance to shore (D2S)
Land cover
5. Landsat-8, Band 1 (LS-B1)
Land cover
Benthic habitat
Landform
Landform/coastal form
Slope
Slope
Other
Distance to features (e.g. coral reefs ,D2REEF)
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15. Maxent: application used with species presence data to create probability surfaces of species distribution
Uses presence only data
Logistic modelling
Outputs include
Maps
Statistics
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16. ENVIRONMENTAL LAYER
MODEL ID
T-DEM
BATHYM
LS-B1
D2S
1
X
2
X
3
X
4
X
5 (C- DEM)
X
X
6
X
X
7
X
X
8
X
X
9
X
X
10
X
X
11
X
X
X
12
X
X
X
13
X
X
X
14
X
X
X
15
X
X
X
X
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17. Evaluation of models based on the area under the ROC curve: AUC
AUC = 1 perfect fit (no false positives)
AUC = .5 null model random selection w/ uniform distribution
AUC = .8 generally considered a good fit
For more info on Maxent, AUC, etc. Phillips et al. 2006
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19. Landsat 8 – band 1
Survey results
Values
Uses
AUC values
Graphs
Maps
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21. Geospatial Online Survey (Cole, 2012)
500 responses logged into online survey
285 completed surveys (n=285)
Male 48%, Female 50%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
18-19
20-24
25-34
35-49
50-64
65 &
over
Age Categories
Age Comparison
Survey
Counties
Florida
National
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
Less than high
school diploma
High school diploma
or GED
Technical/Vocationa
l/Associates
4-year college
degree
One or more
graduate degrees
Educational Attainment
Survey
National
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22. 45 uses
High degree of consensus on non- consumptive uses
Only 20 had more than 20% both favoring and opposing
7 were highly contentious (these uses were both opposed and supported by more than 25% of respondents):
Agriculture
Offshore aquaculture
Land based aquaculture
Commercial fishing
Transportation infrastructure
Private dock development
Desalinization
16 social values
3 consistently ranked most popular:
Recreation
Aesthetic
Biodiversity
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MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
MODEL
1
2
3
4
5
USE
PREFERENCE
SOCIAL VALUE
T-DEM
BATHYM
LS-B1
D2S
C-DEM (BATHYM + T-DEM)
Agriculture
Favor
Aesthetic
0.776
0.8372
0.7787
0.8809
0.8901
Recreation
0.783
0.8001
0.7567
0.838
0.8757
Biodiversity
0.5662
0.8518
0.743
0.8702
0.9141
Oppose
Aesthetic
0.684
0.6532
0.5457
0.7121
0.7317
Recreation
0.6778
0.8501
0.8851
0.8644
0.9135
Biodiversity
0.6088
0.8377
0.8062
0.8501
0.8917
Aquaculture_Offshore
Favor
Aesthetic
0.7031
0.8663
0.7553
0.8895
0.9359
Recreation
0.696
0.7932
0.7619
0.8471
0.8698
Biodiversity
0.5682
0.8525
0.8691
0.8886
0.9269
Oppose
Aesthetic
0.7686
0.8732
0.7325
0.9202
0.8983
Recreation
0.5657
0.8654
0.7989
0.852
0.8447
Biodiversity
0.667
0.8506
0.7216
0.8973
0.9007
Aquaculture_Landbased
Favor
Aesthetic
0.6935
0.8155
0.8207
0.8502
0.8772
Recreation
0.675
0.7921
0.7302
0.8378
0.8091
Biodiversity
0.5708
0.9064
0.7701
0.9518
0.946
Oppose
Aesthetic
0.5309
0.7277
0.7142
0.789
0.7508
Recreation
0.724
0.8368
0.7091
0.8939
0.896
Biodiversity
0.5813
0.811
0.677
0.8843
0.9044

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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
T-DEM
BATHYM
LS-B1
D2S
Full (C-DEM, LS-B1 + D2S)
1
2
3
4
15
Test AUC Values
Model

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0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
LS-B1
T-DEM + LS-B1
BATHYM + LS-B1
LS-B1 + D2S
C-DEM + LS-B1
BATHYM + LS-B1 +
D2S
T-DEM + LS-B1 +
D2S
Full (C-DEM, LS-B1
+ D2S)
3
6
8
10
11
12
13
15
Test AUC Value
Model

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30. Environmental data layers
Spatial distribution of values
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31. Distance to shore and bathymetry, on their own, provide best models.
Many uses and environmental characteristics are correlated with distance to shore, so this is also a critical piece of information for modeling coastal systems.
Terrestrial elevation models, while not useless, provide less information than the Landsat, Band 1 data.
Inclusion of a coastal DEM (combined terrestrial elevation and bathymetric data) provides for better fitting models.
Landsat 8 – Band 1 does not contribute a lot of unique information across a broad terrestrial to deep aquatic spectrum, BUT in provides important information for near shore environments that is not captured by distance to shore or in bathymetric data.
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32. Bathymetry
Landsat 8 – Band 1
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33. Ben Sherrouse, U.S. Geological Survey
Bob Swett, Florida Sea Grant
Zachary Cole, University of North Carolina
Gigi Richard, Colorado Mesa University
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