In 2015, The Rockefeller Foundation collaborated with several partners to begin developing incentive-based mechanisms to address competition for freshwater, and to bring human water use back in balance with the water needs of freshwater ecosystems in order to build long-term resilience. The early solutions that emerged, and the wider lessons from the group’s work, are captured in this report.
Human transformation of freshwater ecosystems is rapidly exceeding capacity required to sustain the conditions we need to survive and thrive. Water crises are already impacting people around the globe—from river basins in California and China, to the cities of São Palo and Bangkok. Under current population and growth trends, the 2030 Water Resources Group predicts global water demand will exceed available supply by 40 percent by 2030.
Rapid degradation of peri-urban ecosystems is resulting in a loss of associated ecosystem services. Water provision, storm-and waste-water regulation, along with protection from natural disasters and erosion, are the impacted services that most acutely affect poor or vulnerable populations. The poor may be disproportionately impacted by loss of ecosystem services due to lack of political power around land use decision making and limited alternatives for livelihoods, housing, or basic services. Vulnerability extends to urban populations that depend on the ecosystem services provided by or flowing through peri-urban areas. Often, the loss of ecosystems is irreversible and the replacement of associated services is costly, if even possible.
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
Threats and stresses to our 21st century world come in all shapes and sizes, just as they have since the beginning of human existence. But what distinguishes today’s threats from those of the past is the escalating rate at which they are occurring, without mind for geography or man-made borders. Issues once identified and analyzed individually – our environment, the economy, and social challenges – are now inextricably interlinked.
Despite all we know about resilience and the large body of research and literature that has been written on the subject – too few societies, organizations, and systems get resilience right.
In our new publication, titled Rebound: Building a More Resilient World, we asked leaders from various disciplines to share their lessons of what resilience means and what it requires of us. Through the lens of their own experiences, we can begin to explore some of the ways we can help prepare for, withstand and emerge stronger from the acute shocks and chronic stresses of the 21st century.
Just as cities are hubs for innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories confronting challenges of increasing complexity. They face a wide range of shocks and stresses ranging from natural hazards and climate change, to financial shocks and terrorism; slow-moving chronic stresses like poverty and violence and social conflict. As we consider how cities will adapt to the challenges of the 21st century – both known and unknown – the resilience agenda becomes increasingly important. This presentation highlights the Rockefeller Foundation’s understanding of city resilience, as informed by the RF-Arup City Resilience Framework, as well as its Resilience by Design portfolio, a series of place-based, landscape-scale interventions in U.S. coastal cities to show how we can build resilience with design while working with large federal institutions.
The Rockefeller Foundation’s Oceans & Fisheries work aims to increase the health and productivity of coastal fisheries by replacing unsustainable fishing practices with innovative approaches that recognize the full, long-term value of sustainable marine ecosystems and that improve the economic, nutritional, and social conditions of the poor and vulnerable people whose well-being depends on these near-shore fisheries.
The unprecedented damage Hurricane Sandy caused along the East Coast of the US, especially
to the densely populated New York and New Jersey coastlines, was a wake-up call to the threat
that weather events pose to our communities. The world has always been plagued by severe and
seemingly intractable problems, including storms, but today, we live with an unprecedented level of
disruption. Things go wrong with more frequency and severity, greater complexity, and with more
inter-related effects. No longer can we afford to simply rebuild what existed before. We must begin
to rethink our recovery efforts, making sure the damaged region is resilient enough to rebound from
future storms.
Human transformation of freshwater ecosystems is rapidly exceeding capacity required to sustain the conditions we need to survive and thrive. Water crises are already impacting people around the globe—from river basins in California and China, to the cities of São Palo and Bangkok. Under current population and growth trends, the 2030 Water Resources Group predicts global water demand will exceed available supply by 40 percent by 2030.
Rapid degradation of peri-urban ecosystems is resulting in a loss of associated ecosystem services. Water provision, storm-and waste-water regulation, along with protection from natural disasters and erosion, are the impacted services that most acutely affect poor or vulnerable populations. The poor may be disproportionately impacted by loss of ecosystem services due to lack of political power around land use decision making and limited alternatives for livelihoods, housing, or basic services. Vulnerability extends to urban populations that depend on the ecosystem services provided by or flowing through peri-urban areas. Often, the loss of ecosystems is irreversible and the replacement of associated services is costly, if even possible.
Coastal ecosystems such as mangroves, delta systems, and coral reefs are increasingly at risk due in large part to
settlement and development along rapidly urbanizing coasts. The resulting degradation of these ecosystems,
especially the degradation of natural infrastructure, increasingly exposes coastal cities and their inhabitants to
more frequent and severe natural hazards and disproportionately impacts poor populations who often rely on these ecosystems for livelihoods, food, and other essential benefits.
The extractives industry is a major sector in the economies
of the region as it makes a significant contribution to GDP
and constitutes a large portion of exports. However, the
sector's impact on the livelihoods of citizens has not been as
positive. To the contrary, some argue that the industry has
worsened the state of things in many nations, weakening
effective governance by engendering corruption.
This issue explores trends in sustainable development and
the extractives industry. The first article surveys emerging
trends, the second article examines trends in local content,
and the third article is a case study of the community-level
impact of the mining sector in Sierra Leone.
Threats and stresses to our 21st century world come in all shapes and sizes, just as they have since the beginning of human existence. But what distinguishes today’s threats from those of the past is the escalating rate at which they are occurring, without mind for geography or man-made borders. Issues once identified and analyzed individually – our environment, the economy, and social challenges – are now inextricably interlinked.
Despite all we know about resilience and the large body of research and literature that has been written on the subject – too few societies, organizations, and systems get resilience right.
In our new publication, titled Rebound: Building a More Resilient World, we asked leaders from various disciplines to share their lessons of what resilience means and what it requires of us. Through the lens of their own experiences, we can begin to explore some of the ways we can help prepare for, withstand and emerge stronger from the acute shocks and chronic stresses of the 21st century.
Just as cities are hubs for innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories confronting challenges of increasing complexity. They face a wide range of shocks and stresses ranging from natural hazards and climate change, to financial shocks and terrorism; slow-moving chronic stresses like poverty and violence and social conflict. As we consider how cities will adapt to the challenges of the 21st century – both known and unknown – the resilience agenda becomes increasingly important. This presentation highlights the Rockefeller Foundation’s understanding of city resilience, as informed by the RF-Arup City Resilience Framework, as well as its Resilience by Design portfolio, a series of place-based, landscape-scale interventions in U.S. coastal cities to show how we can build resilience with design while working with large federal institutions.
The Rockefeller Foundation’s Oceans & Fisheries work aims to increase the health and productivity of coastal fisheries by replacing unsustainable fishing practices with innovative approaches that recognize the full, long-term value of sustainable marine ecosystems and that improve the economic, nutritional, and social conditions of the poor and vulnerable people whose well-being depends on these near-shore fisheries.
The unprecedented damage Hurricane Sandy caused along the East Coast of the US, especially
to the densely populated New York and New Jersey coastlines, was a wake-up call to the threat
that weather events pose to our communities. The world has always been plagued by severe and
seemingly intractable problems, including storms, but today, we live with an unprecedented level of
disruption. Things go wrong with more frequency and severity, greater complexity, and with more
inter-related effects. No longer can we afford to simply rebuild what existed before. We must begin
to rethink our recovery efforts, making sure the damaged region is resilient enough to rebound from
future storms.
Systems-Based Approach to Support Sustainable and Gary Foley, PhD Senior Advisor, Montira Pongsiri, PhD, MPH Environmental Health Scientist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Finance for #SDGs High Level Meeting – #financeforSDGs – Bellagio – 26 February 2015
The environmental damage our factories, cars, farms and lifestyles create is well known. But what happens when the environmental damage takes on a planetary scale, threatening human health and civilization?
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
What is MA?
Ecosystem services
Brief history of MA
Who governs MA
Organizational structure
How was the work of MA done?
How much did the MA cost and who funded it?
Millennium development goals of 2015
Main findings of MA
Urban Climate Change Resilience in Action: Lessons from Projects in 10 ACCCRN...The Rockefeller Foundation
This paper presents key insights emerging from an analysis of the 36 intervention projects,totaling approximately $15.5 million, which have been funded and are beingimplemented under the Rockefeller Foundation Asian Cities Climate Change ResilienceNetwork (ACCCRN) in ten initial cities1. As a pioneering effort to advance on-the-groundactions aimed at building urban climate change resilience (UCCR), this portfolio ofprojects2 provides a ‘first generation’ view of how a set of cities have interpreted UCCRchallenges and translated their understanding into targeted priorities and actions. Oneof the intentions of the ACCCRN initiative was to advance the still young field of UCCRwith practical actions that substantiate the growing number of theoretical frameworks.
Sustainable Fisheries Financing Strategies: Save the Oceans Feed the World Pr...The Rockefeller Foundation
Traditional strategies supporting ocean conservation and protection of fisheries have most often involved political advocacy, community engagement, and media campaigns that target protection of charismatic species and threatened habitats. In recent years, actors seeking to protect ocean environments have increasingly turned to market-based policies and incentives to better align commercial and conservation objectives. These strategies have included certification schemes, the emergence of eco-brands, small investment funds, and consumer-marketing efforts that generate greater demand for sustainably sourced seafood. Market principles also shape the use of rights-based fisheries management, or “catch share” systems, which attempt to integrate property rights into fishing access as a way to incentivize better long-term resource stewardship.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were a trying time for the American public's trust in the institutions that underpinned the nation—and institutional philanthropy was no exception. There was a widespread lack of information concerning foundations and their role in civic life, and this lack of understanding soon gave way to distrust. In order to make ourselves—and the broader world of American philanthropy—better known, Rockefeller began to publish RF Illustrated, a full-color newsletter with the simple goal of "seeking to explain what we do, and why we do it."
Melissa Leach: Planetary boundaries, politics and pathways. Plenary dialogue,...STEPS Centre
Professor Melissa Leach, IDS Director and former STEPS Centre Director, gave this presentation as part of a Plenary Dialogue with Johan Rockstrom of the Stockholm Resilience Centre at the Resilience 2014 conference in Montpellier, France on 7 May 2014. Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/
Cities around the world are facing challenges brought about by rapid increases in population and geographic spread, which places greater pressure on infrastructure and services. Climate change impacts, including rising sea level, more frequent and severe storms, coastal erosion and declining freshwater sources will likely exacerbate these urban issues, in particular in poor and vulnerable communities that lack adequate infrastructure and services.
Globally, the impacts of climate change on urban areas have received less attention than on rural areas where poverty levels are higher and populations depend directly on climate-sensitive livelihoods. However, more than 50% of the world’s population currently lives in cities. By 2050, this figure is expected to increase to 70%, or 6.4 billion people, and Asian cities are likely to account for more than 60% of this increase. Urban areas are the economic powerhouses that support both the aspirations of the poor and most national economies. Furthermore, urban residents and the economic activity they generate depend on systems that are fragile and often subject to failure under the combination of climate and development pressures. If urban systems fail, the potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on urban residents in general, on poor and vulnerable populations, and on the wider economy is massive. As a result, work on urban climate resilience is of critical importance in overall global initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.
The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) works at the intersection of climate change, urban systems and social vulnerability to consider both direct and indirect impacts of climate change in urban areas.
Scanning the landscape by Ryan Rosauro for Mindanao Leg of Philippine Press Institute Seminar on Environmental Reporting at Almont Inland Hotel, Butuan City
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of goals to end poverty and hunger and sustain the environment.
Drafted by 70 nations and currently being discussed in the UN General Assembly, these goals will guide social policy and investments for decades to come.
The International Water Management Institute believes that the key to the goals being achieved lies in how they approach water management.
We worked with managers and researchers from the institute and the institute’s partners to write the 56-page booklet: On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-Related Sustainable Development Goals.
“What makes a river so restful to people is that it doesn’t have any doubt - it is sure to get where it is going, and it doesn’t want to go anywhere else.”
How storytelling is critical to advancing policy change.
Part of #UrbanFest2020
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/events/2020/10/urban-water-resilience-change-through-storytelling
Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE): Building resilience in food production systems FAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Fabrice De Clerck (Bioversity International) describing CGIAR’s Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) research program and outlining its relevance to sustainable intensification and ecosystems preservation. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Integrated Water Resource Planning - Water, Forests, People and PolicyGeoEngineers, Inc.
This slideshow presents a series of graphics, photographs and statements reflective of integrated water resource management with specific reference to forest management in a changing climate. We are already experiencing the migration of animals and humans with climate shifts. The severity and frequency of wildfires, droughts, floods and ocean acidification are also increasing. Impacts to our economy, infrastructure and atmosphere have lead us to difficult choices regarding land use and future policy development to better manage our natural resources.
Wayne Wright, CFP, PWS
Sr. Principal, Fisheries & Wetland Scientist, Market Intelligence Leader at GeoEngineers
Systems-Based Approach to Support Sustainable and Gary Foley, PhD Senior Advisor, Montira Pongsiri, PhD, MPH Environmental Health Scientist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Finance for #SDGs High Level Meeting – #financeforSDGs – Bellagio – 26 February 2015
The environmental damage our factories, cars, farms and lifestyles create is well known. But what happens when the environmental damage takes on a planetary scale, threatening human health and civilization?
Determinants of Households Willingness to Pay for Conservation of Natural Koo...AI Publications
Most natural resources or environmental goods and services are exposed to degradation, society over utilize them for only their current benefits without thinking the future life span of these resources. The study analyzed determinants of households’ willingness to pay for conservation of natural Kool water (Burie Kool Wuha, W/Gojjam, Ethiopia). The contingent valuation method and Heckman two step model was employed. The results indicates that sex of the household head, education of the household, value attached to the resource by households as source of income, value attached to the resource by households reserving for future generation and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with households WTP, and family size of households, education of the household and wealth of the households has a significant and positive correlation with the households payment levels. On the other hand, initial bid value has a negative correlation with the level of payments. Therefore, by taking the importance of the resource for the society and the households WTP, the policy makers need to focus on identified factors in designing strategies for the conservation of the resource.
What is MA?
Ecosystem services
Brief history of MA
Who governs MA
Organizational structure
How was the work of MA done?
How much did the MA cost and who funded it?
Millennium development goals of 2015
Main findings of MA
Urban Climate Change Resilience in Action: Lessons from Projects in 10 ACCCRN...The Rockefeller Foundation
This paper presents key insights emerging from an analysis of the 36 intervention projects,totaling approximately $15.5 million, which have been funded and are beingimplemented under the Rockefeller Foundation Asian Cities Climate Change ResilienceNetwork (ACCCRN) in ten initial cities1. As a pioneering effort to advance on-the-groundactions aimed at building urban climate change resilience (UCCR), this portfolio ofprojects2 provides a ‘first generation’ view of how a set of cities have interpreted UCCRchallenges and translated their understanding into targeted priorities and actions. Oneof the intentions of the ACCCRN initiative was to advance the still young field of UCCRwith practical actions that substantiate the growing number of theoretical frameworks.
Sustainable Fisheries Financing Strategies: Save the Oceans Feed the World Pr...The Rockefeller Foundation
Traditional strategies supporting ocean conservation and protection of fisheries have most often involved political advocacy, community engagement, and media campaigns that target protection of charismatic species and threatened habitats. In recent years, actors seeking to protect ocean environments have increasingly turned to market-based policies and incentives to better align commercial and conservation objectives. These strategies have included certification schemes, the emergence of eco-brands, small investment funds, and consumer-marketing efforts that generate greater demand for sustainably sourced seafood. Market principles also shape the use of rights-based fisheries management, or “catch share” systems, which attempt to integrate property rights into fishing access as a way to incentivize better long-term resource stewardship.
The late 1960s and early 1970s were a trying time for the American public's trust in the institutions that underpinned the nation—and institutional philanthropy was no exception. There was a widespread lack of information concerning foundations and their role in civic life, and this lack of understanding soon gave way to distrust. In order to make ourselves—and the broader world of American philanthropy—better known, Rockefeller began to publish RF Illustrated, a full-color newsletter with the simple goal of "seeking to explain what we do, and why we do it."
Melissa Leach: Planetary boundaries, politics and pathways. Plenary dialogue,...STEPS Centre
Professor Melissa Leach, IDS Director and former STEPS Centre Director, gave this presentation as part of a Plenary Dialogue with Johan Rockstrom of the Stockholm Resilience Centre at the Resilience 2014 conference in Montpellier, France on 7 May 2014. Find out more: http://steps-centre.org/
Cities around the world are facing challenges brought about by rapid increases in population and geographic spread, which places greater pressure on infrastructure and services. Climate change impacts, including rising sea level, more frequent and severe storms, coastal erosion and declining freshwater sources will likely exacerbate these urban issues, in particular in poor and vulnerable communities that lack adequate infrastructure and services.
Globally, the impacts of climate change on urban areas have received less attention than on rural areas where poverty levels are higher and populations depend directly on climate-sensitive livelihoods. However, more than 50% of the world’s population currently lives in cities. By 2050, this figure is expected to increase to 70%, or 6.4 billion people, and Asian cities are likely to account for more than 60% of this increase. Urban areas are the economic powerhouses that support both the aspirations of the poor and most national economies. Furthermore, urban residents and the economic activity they generate depend on systems that are fragile and often subject to failure under the combination of climate and development pressures. If urban systems fail, the potential direct and indirect impacts of climate change on urban residents in general, on poor and vulnerable populations, and on the wider economy is massive. As a result, work on urban climate resilience is of critical importance in overall global initiatives to address the impacts of climate change.
The Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) works at the intersection of climate change, urban systems and social vulnerability to consider both direct and indirect impacts of climate change in urban areas.
Scanning the landscape by Ryan Rosauro for Mindanao Leg of Philippine Press Institute Seminar on Environmental Reporting at Almont Inland Hotel, Butuan City
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of goals to end poverty and hunger and sustain the environment.
Drafted by 70 nations and currently being discussed in the UN General Assembly, these goals will guide social policy and investments for decades to come.
The International Water Management Institute believes that the key to the goals being achieved lies in how they approach water management.
We worked with managers and researchers from the institute and the institute’s partners to write the 56-page booklet: On Target for People and Planet: Setting and Achieving Water-Related Sustainable Development Goals.
“What makes a river so restful to people is that it doesn’t have any doubt - it is sure to get where it is going, and it doesn’t want to go anywhere else.”
How storytelling is critical to advancing policy change.
Part of #UrbanFest2020
Learn more: https://www.wri.org/events/2020/10/urban-water-resilience-change-through-storytelling
Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE): Building resilience in food production systems FAO
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/afns/en/
Presentation from Fabrice De Clerck (Bioversity International) describing CGIAR’s Water Land and Ecosystems (WLE) research program and outlining its relevance to sustainable intensification and ecosystems preservation. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, held at FAO in Rome on 18-19 September 2014.
Integrated Water Resource Planning - Water, Forests, People and PolicyGeoEngineers, Inc.
This slideshow presents a series of graphics, photographs and statements reflective of integrated water resource management with specific reference to forest management in a changing climate. We are already experiencing the migration of animals and humans with climate shifts. The severity and frequency of wildfires, droughts, floods and ocean acidification are also increasing. Impacts to our economy, infrastructure and atmosphere have lead us to difficult choices regarding land use and future policy development to better manage our natural resources.
Wayne Wright, CFP, PWS
Sr. Principal, Fisheries & Wetland Scientist, Market Intelligence Leader at GeoEngineers
Watershed Management Essay
Water Conservation Essay
Essay On Water Supply System
Essay On Integrated Water Management
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Water Management
The Water Crisis and Solutions Essay
Thesis Statement On Water Scarcity
Essay on Water Treatment Process
New Water Management System Essay
The Transforming Health Systems (THS) initiative was one of The Rockefeller Foundation’s largest global health initiatives. Aligned with the Foundation’s mission to promote the well-being of humanity, THS aimed to improve the health status and financial resilience of poor and otherwise vulnerable populations through activities promoting improved health systems performance and the expansion of universal health coverage (UHC).
This report synthesizes findings from a five-year, multicomponent evaluation of the THS initiative. The objectives of the evaluation were to assess i) the effectiveness of the three core strategies – global advocacy, regional networks, and country-level investments – employed under THS to advance progress toward UHC in low- and middle-income countries in four focus countries, ii) the overall effectiveness and influence of the initiative, and iii) the Foundation’s legacy in the UHC arena. A key component of the evaluation was to document lessons learned from achievements and challenges to inform the development of future initiatives at the Foundation.
Overall, the evaluation found the THS initiative to be successful in its efforts to activate a global movement to accelerate progress toward UHC. The Foundation catalyzed and shaped the global UHC movement and, ultimately, influenced the inclusion of UHC in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the post-2015 agenda. It also created enduring cross-learning platforms and tools to support country progress toward the SDGs’ UHC targets. Although THS gained less traction in advancing UHC through its focus country investments, its success in making UHC a global development target and creating networks and coalitions to support UHC reform efforts in LMICs will likely have country-level impacts for years to come.
This guide is designed for program officers to use in their work related to networks, coalitions, and other relationship-based structures as part of their initiatives, program strategies, and outcomes. It offers a set of core components that make up the basics of strategizing, implementing, and sustaining inter-organizational relationships and structures. You can work through the guide from beginning to end or jump to specific issues with which you might be struggling. Every component suggests concrete “actions” or questions that a program officer can apply.
Putting “Impact” at the Center of Impact Investing: A Case Study of How Green...The Rockefeller Foundation
More than ever before, investors are looking to put their money where their values are. As a result, impact investing has burgeoned into an over $100 billion industry in just over ten years. But how do impact investors know whether their money is truly having a positive impact on people and
the planet? How can these investors better manage their results, and use material data – both positive and negative – about social and environmental performance to maximize their impact?
This case study documents the journey of one organization, Green Canopy Homes – and its financing arm, Green Canopy Capital – toward more systematically thinking about, measuring, and managing its impact. While developing the impact thesis for its resource-efficient homes, Green Canopy applied a theory of change tool, an approach common within the social sector, to systematically map the causal pathways between its strategies and intended impact. Its rationale for adopting this approach was simple: use it to maximize impact, and understand and minimize possible harm. The tool also effectively positioned Green Canopy to measure and communicate about its social and environmental performance, and to make client-centric adaptations to its business.
The case study provides an illuminating example of how investors can adapt theory of change to serve their impact management needs. By demonstrating the relevance and transferability of this tool for articulating, measuring, and managing impact, the hope is that this case study can contribute to strengthening other investors’ approaches, in turn contributing to building the evidence base for the “impact” of impact investments.
Electricity is one of the most important drivers of socio-economic development, yet up to 250 million Indians are not connected to the national grid, and the majority of rural consumers have grossly unreliable power supply. More than solar lanterns and home systems that power a few lights and fans, among the most efficient ways to provide reliable electricity in remote areas is through local mini-grids. India has several run by energy service companies and usually funded by philanthropic capital.
Most of these enterprises have not been able to scale-up their impact meaningfully because the risk of the national grid entering their markets can render their mini-grid unviable. Rather than seeing “grid versus mini-grid” as a policy choice, Beyond Off-Grid: Integrating Mini-Grids with India’s Evolving Electricity System explores ways we can encourage more of both: to have the grid operate in partnership with a network of distributed mini-grids to accelerate electrification.
What does the roadmap for this ‘interconnection’ of our energy system look like? How can we leverage both government and private investment? What are the different interconnection models and their commercial, technical and regulatory implications? Where do mini-grids go from here? This timely report – commissioned by the Asha Impact Trust in collaboration with Shakti Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation – provides a multi-layered perspective to address these questions based on extensive research, wide-ranging policymaker interactions, and our investment experience evaluating mini-grid operators.
We cannot achieve significant poverty reduction without stimulating electricity consumption, which fuels income-generating activities in the modern economy. In India, about 237 million people have little or no access to reliable electricity -- more than 90% of them live in rural areas. This severely constrains economic opportunities. Addressing this chronic problem requires going beyond simply expanding the government grid.
Mini-grids have emerged as a viable solution to complement and integrate with the national grid, and can support the government in achieving its ‘Power for All’ vision. The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) initiative is the first to pursue the creation of a mini-grid sector that is robust enough to fuel commercial enterprises and drive economic development beyond just one village. Smart Power India (SPI), which leads the SPRD initiative in India, has proven that mini-grids can be swiftly deployed to deliver reliable power, and has likewise demonstrated that mini-grids can spur economic activity needed to help people lift themselves out of poverty.
This issue of Smart Power Connect, published after the hundredth village was connected to Smart Power, explores the efforts, success stories, and challenges faced in SPI’s mini-grid journey to date. With insights from government agencies, policy experts, energy service companies, investors and mini-grid customers themselves, this publication provides a glimpse into the potential of the mini-grids to transform the energy sector – and how rural communities are embracing and utilizing clean, reliable and adequate power to improve their lives.
Today, nearly 240 million Indians lack access to reliable electricity, and 90 percent of them live in rural areas. Despite the government’s ambitious plans to accelerate universal electrification by 2018, challenges remain in providing reliable and sufficient energy to the last mile. Distributed renewable energy (DRE) solutions, and in particular mini-grids, have emerged as a reliable complement to the government’s electrification programs by providing rural areas with access to reliable and high-quality electricity at a much faster pace. The growth of the DRE sector will be an important fillip to the last-mile challenge.
Smart Power India (SPI) is an organization that implements The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) to build viable and commercially oriented mini-grid ecosystems in India. This report explains the Smart Power mini-grid model and explores the drivers of success. Analyzing early data from a cohort of the 106 Smart Power mini-grids operational as of 2017, SPI provides data on commercial performance as well as recommendations to further accelerate the rural mini-grid business.
Encouragingly, the report reveals that the 23 top-cohort plants have an average unit-level profit margin of approximately 30% after the first year of operations. It also highlights that villages receiving electricity from SPRD mini-grids show early signs of social and economic impact (also see Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification.) SPI has observed that site selection, a strong focus on operations, support for demand generation and marketing optimized for rural customers, are critical to the continued improvement of mini-grid operations. Finally, the report provides recommendations to address external challenges such as the need for increased financing, stronger policy support and further technological innovation.
A successful philanthropic initiative depends not just on the strategy pursued – but also on how that strategy is implemented. Implementation considerations can vary significantly based on the shape of an initiative – starting a new organization can look very different than investing in a portfolio of existing organizations. This report looks at four “models” for implementing initiatives. These don’t represent an exhaustive set of potential models to pursue, or even the most high potential models. Rather, these are four examples of models, each of which has significant potential for impact when chosen wisely and executed well. The report outlines the considerations involved in choosing to pursue each of these models and findings on how to implement them, drawn from real-world experience.
Globally, over 1 billion people still live without electricity. Roughly 237 million of these people are in India. Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) is a $75 million initiative aimed at accelerating development in India’s least electrified states. Through the deployment of decentralized renewable energy mini-grids, SPRD works to accelerate the growth of rural economies, while at the same time improving the lives and livelihoods of poor and marginalized families and communities. With access to energy, individuals, households, and communities can generate economic opportunities and enhance their quality of life. Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification has generated significant insights on how SPRD is having an impact on the lives of villagers, and what more is needed to sustain, grow, and scale these gains. We’ve learned that households and businesses are slowly but surely moving up the energy ladder; enterprises are expanding and new ones are being created as a result of energy access, and women are feeling safer and more mobile after dark. In this report, we also introduce the innovative GDP+ approach which, which quantifies and measures the social, economic and environmental gains of access to electricity in GDP terms. The initial findings here show that SPRD villages experienced an $18.50 per capita increase in GDP+.
The information in this brief is drawn from a case study of the JLN conducted by Mathematica Policy Research in consultation with the THS team and the Evaluation Office of The Rockefeller Foundation. The study, completed in 2016, was undertaken to assess the extent to which the JLN had achieved its goal of becoming a country-driven, sustainable network helping to advance progress toward universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.
The Joint Learning Network (JLN) is a key innovation and central part of The Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to promote universal health coverage (UHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) under its Transforming Health Systems (THS) initiative (2009-2017). Launched in 2010, the JLN is a country-led, global learning network that connects practitioners around the globe, in order to advance knowledge and learning about approaches to accelerate country progress toward UHC. The JLN currently includes 27 member countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America that engage in multilateral workshops, country learning exchanges, and virtual dialogues to share experiences and develop tools to support the design and implementation of UHC-oriented reforms. The core vehicles for shared learning and resource development under the JLN are technical initiatives, which are managed by several technical partners and organized around key levers for reaching UHC objectives.
With 62.5 million tons of food wasted in the United States each year, there is much work to be done to
bring about substantial changes in the food industry that will create a more efficient food system and
help preserve the environment. This guide describes promising opportunities to reduce food waste
in three areas—packaging, food retail, and home kitchens—and discusses a number of solutions that
could be piloted, validated, and scaled to significantly reduce food waste in America.
National Disaster Resilience Competition's Resilience Academies - Emerging In...The Rockefeller Foundation
In 2015 The Rockefeller Foundation partnered with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to launch the National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC)
Resilience Academies. Recognizing the salient need to infuse resilience thinking into HUD’s NDRC, these Academies were established to expose state and local governments to new approaches for protecting and promoting the long-term well-being and safety of their communities. A recent independent evaluation of the Academies has provided instructive insights about what works in efforts to build innovative resilience capacity.
Following its successful partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) post–Hurricane Sandy Rebuild by Design competition, The Rockefeller Foundation launched the Resilience Academies and Capacity-Building Initiative. Designed to support HUD’s National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), the Academies and the Initiative provide eligible state, county, and municipal governments with subject-matter expertise and lessons from the Foundation’s years of on-the-ground disaster recovery programming and mitigation planning. Further, the Foundation hoped to assist these key players in moving global knowledge and resources to meet homegrown needs.
In December 2016, The Rockefeller Foundation’s African Regional Office hosted the Rockefeller Foundation Resilience Convening in Nairobi, Kenya. Over 150 delegates and 40 speakers participated, sharing insights, examples, and engaging in debate and discussion on why and how ‘resilience’ can enhance Africa’s ongoing development.
Launched in 2008, the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Initiative aimed to catalyze attention, funding, and action for building the climate change resilience of vulnerable cities and people in Asia. Given that current estimates forecast that about 55 percent of Asia’s population will be living in urban centers by 2030, the ACCCRN Initiative is built on the premise that cities can take actions to build climate resilience – including drainage and flood management, ecosystem strengthening,
increasing awareness, and disease control – which can greatly improve the lives of poor and vulnerable people, not just in times of shock or stress, but every day.
At the time the initiative was launched, the concept of urban resilience and models for implementing it were nascent and emergent. ACCCRN proved to be an important experiment and “learning lab” for the Foundation and its grantees and partners to build capacity in cities to better understand and implement resilience solutions to the often devastating shocks and stresses of climate change. The initiative was effective in the initial 10 ACCCRN cities and, later, in an additional 40 cities.
As part of our Foundation-wide commitment to learning and accountability to our grantees, partners and stakeholders, we undertook an independent evaluation of the work of the initiative in 2014 to assess what worked well and not so well in ACCCRN. Conducted by Verulam Associates and ITAD, who also conducted a mid-term evaluation of the ACCCRN Initiative in 2011, this summative evaluation highlights successes, but also provides an important moment to reflect on the challenges we faced and on what we can do better or differently going forward.
As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes:
• The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy
• Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives
related to measuring an inclusive economy
• A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad
characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators
• Implications for future work
For more details, a full report is available at:
inclusiveeconomies.org
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact...The Rockefeller Foundation
Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing contends that measurement practices need to evolve by borrowing from the strengths of both private business and social sector evaluation. Suggesting that an impact thesis is a crucial anchor for impact measurement strategies, the paper offers several measurement approaches in use today. The ‘next generation’ of impact measurement and evaluation must stem from a commitment of impact investors to strengthen evidence for their social returns alongside the evidence for financial returns.
The goal of the CEO & Gender Media Audit was to understand the media coverage of CEOs in various situations and determine if there are differences in the way male and female CEOs are covered.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 2
One of the largest
impediments to both
investment into the sector
and adoption of water
efficiency measures is the
chronic under-valuation
of water.
(this page) A woman walking her goat in
Bangladesh. Photo: Felix Clay.
(next page) Sarus Crane at Beel Akbarpur
wetlands in Dadri, Uttar Pradesh, India.
Photo: Koshyk; Colorado River, USA.
Photo: Jeremiah LaRocco; River fishing
in Guizhou, China. Photo: Christina Xu.
3. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 3
Foreword
For more than 100 years, The Rockefeller
Foundation’s mission has been to promote
the well-being of humanity throughout the
world. Today, The Rockefeller Foundation
pursues this mission through dual goals:
advancing inclusive economies that expand
opportunities for more broadly shared
prosperity, and building resilience by help-
ing people, communities and institutions
prepare for, withstand, and emerge stronger
from acute shocks and chronic stresses.
There’s no doubt that water scarcity
represents one of the greatest threats to
the well-being of people, and the ecosys-
tems they depend on. Water is central to
nearly every aspect of economic and social
development. As a resource, it’s both vitally
important and susceptible to overuse from
competing demands. From river basins in
California and China, to the cities of São
Paulo and Bangkok, competition for fresh-
water is on the rise and people around
the globe already face water crises each
and every day.
Overuse of water is just one example of
the myriad ways that humans have used,
benefited from, and shaped the natural
environment for the whole of human
history. But what we have not done –
especially in the course of industrialization
and modernization – is find effective ways
to integrate natural ecosystems into our
economic and social systems. Freshwater
ecosystem crises are representative of
the kind of misaligned incentives we seek
to correct.
In 2015, The Rockefeller Foundation
collaborated with several partners to begin
developing incentive-based mechanisms to
address competition for freshwater, and to
bring human water use back in balance with
the water needs of freshwater ecosystems
in order to build long-term resilience. The
early solutions that emerged, and the wider
lessons from the group’s work, are captured
in the report that follows.
We hope that you will find this report useful
and encourage you to explore the findings
and share it widely with colleagues.
4. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 4
Overview of global competition
for freshwater
Food production, energy production,
drinking and sanitation, and even recreation
and spiritual renewal all depend on water.
Water is a vital resource for human life and
livelihoods, and is also critical for terrestrial
ecosystems and the plethora of species
on earth. Historically, the vast majority of
human water use has been applied to the
agriculture sector.1
As demand for water
grows from population growth, industrial-
ization and urbanization, and water supply
becomes more variable due to climate
change, competition for freshwater is
reaching unprecedented levels, especially
in more arid and poorer basins.
Currently, 1.6 billion people live in river
basins with severe water stress and more
than half of the world’s cities and three-
fourths of all irrigated agriculture experi-
ence water scarcity on a recurring basis.2
Assuming no efficiency improvements,
by 2030 the world will face a 40 percent
shortfall between forecasted demand and
available water supply, and two-thirds of
the world’s population will live in water-
stressed basins. While human water use has
been unsustainable for decades, we have
now reached the limits of business as usual.
The traditional response to drought has
been to invest in new supply sources
(e.g., dams or groundwater pumping).
Unfortunately, it is becoming increasingly
difficult to find new supplies in many basins.
Surface flows are increasingly over-allo-
cated and groundwater supplies are being
exhausted at alarming rates. A new assess-
ment from NASA shows that the world’s
major aquifers are being withdrawn at
much faster rates than what can be natu-
rally replenished.3
Groundwater depletion
is occurring particularly rapidly in the key
agricultural regions of the world, includ-
ing in the US Midwest, US Central Valley of
California, Northwestern India, and North
China Plain. Over two billion people rely on
groundwater as their primary water source.
1 Today, agriculture accounts for about 70% of global
water use. Source: 2030 Water Resources Group.
“Charting Our Water Future: Economic frameworks to
inform decision-making.” 2015.
2 “Water Depletion: Seasonal and drought-related water
scarcity poses risks to food security and urban water
supplies” by Kate A Brauman, Brian Richter, Sandra Postel,
Marcus Malsy, and Martina Floerke. In review at
Science Advances, 2015.
3 Richey, A. S., B. F. Thomas, M.-H. Lo, J. T. Reager,
J. S. Famiglietti, K. Voss, S. Swenson, and M. Rodell (2015),
Quantifying renewable groundwater stress with GRACE,
Water Resources Research. doi:10.1002/2015WR017349.
Currently 1.6 billion
people live in water
basins with severe
water stress. In times
of scarcity and increased
competition, freshwater
ecosystems and poor
and vulnerable people
commonly lose out to
more powerful users
Rice terraces in the
Philippines. Photo:
Andrew Smith.
5. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 5
Baseline Water Stress
Assuming no efficiency
improvements, by 2030 the world
will face a 40 percent shortfall
between forecasted demand and
available water supply, and
two-thirds of the world’s population
will live in water-stressed basins.
Map source: Aqueduct Water Risk Atlas, World Resources Institute.
The world’s major aquifers
are being withdrawn at much
faster rates than what can be
naturally replenished.
The graph shows water storage declines in several of the world’s major aquifers in arid and
semi-arid mid-latitudes. Sourced from the NASA GRACE satellite mission.
2002
-350
-300
-250
-200
-150
-100
-50
0
50
150
150
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
Totalwaterstorageanomaly(mmequivalentwaterheight)
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Water storage declines (mm equivalent water height)
Low (<10%)
Low to medium (10–20%)
Medium to high (20–40%)
High (40–80%)
Extremely high (>80%)
Arid & low water use
No data
Guarani (South America)
Southern Plains (US)
Northwestern India
Middle East
Canning (Australia)
North China Plain
Central Valley (United States)
6. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 6
Despite the urgency of finding solutions to
global water challenges, the sector suffers
from a critical lack of investment and inno-
vation. Compared to other major economic
sectors, such as the electric power sector,
there is a staggeringly low level of invest-
ment in water. One of the largest impedi-
ments to both investment into the sector
and adoption of water efficiency measures
is the chronic under-valuation of water.
As a common pool resource, water is often
not priced to reflect the value it provides to
humanity, the cost of delivering the water
to the user, or the scarcity of the resource.
Shifting the focus of water management
from supply and infrastructure to demand
management, through improved pricing
mechanisms, more equitable and flexible
allocations, and more efficient water
markets will improve resource use efficiency
in the face of resource limitations. Incentive-
based approaches, including, but not limited
to regulatory approaches, can help make
systems efficient and better harness the
investment capacity and innovation of the
private sector.
In times of scarcity and increased
competition, freshwater ecosystems and
poor and vulnerable people commonly
lose out to more powerful users. There is
strong urgency and opportunity to develop
a new water economy and a new paradigm
of water resilience—one that anticipates
and creates solutions for water stress and
scarcity, rather than acting in a short-term,
reflexive manner.
A water market is a system
in which privately held
rights to water are legally
allowed to be sold, bought,
or leased between users.
In well-functioning water
markets, water prices signal
scarcity and abundance
as conditions change,
incentivizing efficiency
of water use and the
productive allocation of
water. Well-functioning
water markets provide
protections for both
environmental flows and for
vulnerable populations so
that they do not get priced
out of access to water.
(this page) Coal power-plant and oilseed
rape, Mehrum, Germany. Photo: Martin;
The Folsom Lake marina shows the effects
of the four-year California drought. Photo:
Robert Couse-Baker.
(next page) IUCN and TNC prototyping
process in Tanzania and Chile. Photos:
California Environmental Associates.
7. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 7
Across its work, The Rockefeller Foundation
supports the development and scale-up of
innovative responses to the world’s most
pressing problems. Often, surfacing these
innovations requires new ways of work-
ing – both as a Foundation and with our
grantees. In spring 2015, The Rockefeller
Foundation launched a six-month proto-
typing process with five grantees designed
to innovate and test incentive-based solu-
tions that could address the challenge of
freshwater competition and increase water
resilience. This represented a departure from
typical grant-making for the Foundation,
and the opportunity to build a cohort of
organizations with a shared ambition to
achieve change. We sought grantees with
deep expertise in the freshwater space, a
diverse geographic footprint, and a com-
mitment to identifying new solutions to
water management. The five grantees
were: Environmental Defense Fund (EDF),
International Union for Conservation of
Nature (IUCN), The Freshwater Trust (TFT),
The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and
World Resources Institute (WRI).
Together with these leading organizations,
we undertook an intensive design and
testing process drawing on prototyping
and human-centered design methods.
Each organization took an initial kernel of
an idea and, over the course of the process,
iterated and refined it based on research,
analysis, and feedback from stakehold-
ers and potential users. Convenings of the
cohort served to enable exchange of ideas
and peer review. Throughout the process,
the five organizations shared insightful
and productive feedback with each other,
strengthening each prototype and deep-
ening our shared understanding of the
problem. At the end of the process, each
organization emerged with a more fully
developed paper prototype that could
eventually be implemented in river basins
to address the challenge of freshwater
competition. We are grateful to each of
the organizations for their time, energy,
and deep commitment to the process.
Introduction to
The Rockefeller Foundation’s
prototyping process
Prototyping is a term
adopted from the field
of human centered design.
It describes the rapid
iteration and testing process
the grantees undertook
as a part of The Rockefeller
Foundation’s exploration
of incentive based solutions
to freshwater.
8. 8Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Over the last 25 years, the
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
has partnered with the business sector
to advance environmentally-preferable
business practices and to innovate
around supply chain sustainability.
EDF’s prototype focused on develop-
ing 1) supply chain sourcing standards
that could catalyze sustainable water
use at the farm level as well as
2) mechanisms for helping buyers to
advocate for water policy change at
the basin or regional level.
EDF selected almonds and processing
tomatoes in California’s Central
Valley and lettuce in the Yuma Valley
of Arizona for their test cases. They
conducted thorough analyses of these
supply chains, studied the economics
of different irrigation practices, and
interviewed or surveyed a large
number of stakeholders surrounding
each crop. Their prototype was
developed in the following context:
• Agriculture uses roughly 80 percent
of all water supplies in the western
United States (ten to forty percent
more than is necessary).
• Both California and Arizona produce
high value crops and are facing
severe water shortages. In California,
a four-year drought has led to
massive over draft of groundwater
resources. In the Colorado River
Basin (which supplies water to
Arizona), a complex set of allocation
priorities and growing demand
for water have led to a chronically
over-allocated basin; the pressure
is on agriculture to free up water for
other uses.
• Corporate buyers of agricultural
products are beginning to recognize
the increasing risks that their supply
chains will face given the increased
frequency of drought and the
movement of water out of agricul-
ture (to higher value municipal and
industrial uses). Buyers have not yet
internalized these risks into their
sourcing standards.
Corporate actors across agricultural
supply chains are interested in engaging
in a meaningful way around water.
Environmental Defense Fund
PROTOTYPE: SUPPLY CHAIN SOURCING
9. 9Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Findings and take-aways
Broadly, EDF found that corporate
actors across agricultural supply
chains are interested in engaging
in a meaningful way around water.
Specifically, many agricultural buyers
reported a willingness to engage in
regulation. EDF found that the most
influential supply chain actor varied
by commodity. For lettuce, the retail
actors seemed to provide the stron-
gest demand signal. For tomatoes,
it is the processors and for almonds,
investors who invest directly into
almond farms are more likely to be
the best influencers. Many buyers see
the need for better engagement with
their supply chains around water,
but do not yet have the tools to do
so effectively.
EDF has proposed a tiered set of
sourcing benchmarks that could guide
supply chain engagement around
water. The benchmarks cover field
level consumptive use, the sustainabil-
ity level of the water supply sources
used at the field level, region-level
water management, and region-level
qualitative measures of ecological
and vulnerable community access
to water. For each benchmark, a
concrete metric is needed to help
buyers compare producers and basins
by the level of sustainability in their
water management.
Moving forward, EDF will continue
conversations with leading supply
chain actors in their target com-
modities, as well as existing supply
chain sustainability efforts (e.g., Field
to Market and The Sustainability
Consortium), to try to more concretely
define the benchmarks, metrics,
and associated data needs.
“With water users and supply chain
interests largely aligned, change is
possible. With policy engagement,
change can be sustained. We now
know that supply chain actors are
open to mitigating supply chain
water-based risks through revised
incentives, sourcing practices, and
policy engagement.”
– Rebecca Shaw, Environmental Defense Fund
(previous) Micro irrigation in an almond
orchard in Livingston, CA. Photo: USDA.
(this page) Retail consumer buying produce.
Photo: Anthony Albright; Almonds. Photo:
Harsha K R; Lettuce farm workers.
Photo: Peter Hayden.
10. 10Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
The Global Water Programme of
IUCN is focused on the conservation
of water-related biodiversity through
sustainable uses and equitable sharing
of water resources. IUCN’s SUSTAIN
initiative is focused on demonstrating
how climate-resilient solutions for
land, water, and ecosystem manage-
ment can be coupled with strategies
for achieving sustainable and inclusive
economic growth in growth corridors
in Africa.
The objective of IUCN’s prototype
was to develop a plan for a “natural
infrastructure facility” (NIF) in the
Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor
of Tanzania (SAGCOT) which could
serve as a platform for deal making.
The NIF would allow private sector
actors to participate in transactions
that promote effective and equitable
utilization of freshwater resources
and/or that protect the natural
infrastructure of basins and their
ecosystems (e.g., forests, wetlands,
soils, floodplains, aquifers). By protect-
ing these resources, the investments
would help to sustain water supplies
needed for economic growth, food
security, resilience to climate change
and biodiversity conservation.
IUCN’s prototype was developed in
the following context:
• SAGCOT is a public-private
partnership designed to improve
agricultural productivity, food
security and livelihoods in Tanzania.
SAGCOT intends to catalyze over
USD $3 billion in private investment
and public sector grants and loans,
over a twenty year period. The goal
is to triple the area’s agricultural
output, with a focus on commercial-
izing smallholder production.
• The SAGCOT region encompasses
critical ecosystems across southern
Tanzania. The health of these eco-
systems is important for biodiversity
value, Tanzania’s tourism industry,
as well as the ecosystem services of
water storage and regulation, which
are critical for both smallholder and
commercial-scale agriculture, as
well as hydro-electricity production.
• Although green economic growth
is one of the principles of SAGCOT,
there is a real risk that the scale and
speed of investment into the region
will lead to increasing competition
for freshwater between sectors and
conflict over water use rights, with
the environment and rural commu-
nities most likely to lose out.
International Union for Conservation and Nature (IUCN)
PROTOTYPE: NATURAL INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITY
“The measure of our success will be that in ten
years time, SAGCOT will have succeeded… to lift
people out of poverty while ensuring that these
rivers still flow to the sea.”
– James Dalton, IUCN
11. 11Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Findings and take-aways
IUCN’s in-going hypothesis was
that businesses and investors with
economic interests in the SAGCOT
region would benefit from investments
in natural infrastructure of the region
and that the NIF could provide an
attractive way for them to make
such investments.
Through focus groups, interviews,
research, and analysis, IUCN identified
a range of types of investors and
investment scenarios that could
generate the desired ecological and
equity outcomes and that could make
for attractive financial investments.
General reception to the NIF concept
was very positive among the range of
stakeholders in the SAGCOT region,
including agribusiness operators,
farmers’ organizations, companies
whose supply chains source from the
SAGCOT, impact investors and the
Ministry of Water.
In the near term, IUCN will continue
to work with partners in SAGCOT to
support their ambitions for growth
that is sustainable and inclusive. They
will focus on developing and brokering
a demonstration investment that can
prove the NIF concept. IUCN will also
start to explore what the NIF concept
could look like at a continent-wide
scale. For example, the NIF could work
in partnership with or be built into
Grow Africa, an initiative working to
increase private sector investment in
agriculture across Africa.
(previous) Preparing a carrot shipment in
Tanzania. Photo: David Brossard. (this page)
Safari in Tanzania; IUCN prototyping process
in Tanzania. Photos: California Environmental
Associates.
TANZANIA
SAGCOT Corridor
The SAGCOT region
12. 12Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Founded in 1983, The Freshwater
Trust (The Trust) seeks to accelerate
the pace and scale of freshwater
restoration through the use of science,
technology, and incentive-based
solutions. In 2013, The Trust received
the U.S. Water Prize for its innovative
efforts and impressive outcomes
restoring rivers in the Pacific Northwest.
In 2014, California enacted The
Sustainable Groundwater Management
Act (SGMA). This act established
a framework for the sustainable
management of groundwater
supplies, for the first time in the
state’s history. Under this legislation,
local and regional authorities will
form Groundwater Sustainability
Agencies (GSAs) that oversee the
implementation of local Groundwater
Sustainability Plans. Stakeholders have
until 2017 to establish these agencies,
until 2022 to begin implementation of
the sustainability plans, and until 2040
to achieve groundwater sustainability.
In the wake of SGMA’s passage, The
Trust recognized that quickly scalable
and replicable data and decision-
making tools would play a valuable
role in helping stakeholders under-
stand trade-offs and in creating more
effective sustainability plans.
The Trust set out to develop a tool that
would help stakeholders understand
the implications of different regulatory
approaches to groundwater
management and allow basin manag-
ers the opportunity to optimize plans
for different environmental, economic,
and social outcomes. The Trust chose
California’s Salinas Valley to begin
prototyping its tool.
• Nicknamed “the Salad Bowl for
the World,” the Salinas Valley is
a major producer of high-value
crops, including lettuce, broccoli
and strawberries. More than 60% of
the Valley area is under agricultural
cultivation.4
• The region depends almost entirely
on groundwater withdrawals and has
been running a groundwater deficit
for many years, which has caused
significant seawater intrusion.5
• Nitrate contamination of
groundwater from agricultural
fertilizers and unreliable instream
flows for endangered salmonids
are key concerns for the region.
4 Multi-Resolution Land Characteristic
Consortium, National Land Cover Database-
2011 (Mar. 2015)
5 Saltwater intrusion is the phenomenon
of saltwater from the ocean moving into
freshwater aquifers, thus contaminating
groundwater. Groundwater extraction, which
lowers the freshwater table and lowers the
pressure exerted by the groundwater column,
allowing room for saltwater to move inland,
is the primary cause of saltwater intrusion.
The Freshwater Trust
PROTOTYPE: BASINSCOUT DECISION SUPPORT TOOL
“Data, innovation, and technology have a critical
role to play in addressing the water issues our
world faces today. We want to be able to shine
a bright spotlight on key basin-level information
so that managers can make impactful, well-
informed decisions about how to sustainably
manage water resources.”
– Joe Whitworth, The Freshwater Trust
13. 13Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Findings and take-aways
For the prototype, The Trust built
a decision support tool named
“BasinScout” which allows a user to
define a total basin-wide pumping
volume and then prioritize key indica-
tors, reflecting social, environmental,
and economic interests. The model
returns an optimal water allocation
solution based on cropping configu-
rations, toward which users can plan
and shape effective management
mechanisms.
Through focus groups and interviews,
The Trust received valuable feedback
from a variety of stakeholders in the
Salinas Valley. Community representa-
tives appreciate that the model takes
into account social indicators like
employment, profitability, and nitrate
concentrations. A GSA has not yet
been identified for the Salinas Valley.
This was one limitation identified for
testing the receptivity of BasinScout
as a key tool for the development of a
Groundwater Sustainability Plan, as it
will be ultimately be the responsibility
of GSAs to develop sustainability plans.
The Trust will continue to build
relationships with key actors in the
Salinas Valley and refine BasinScout
to best serve their needs. Additionally,
The Trust is exploring ways in which
this initial effort can be replicated with
increased efficiency and decreased
cost so that it could provide decision
support for all California basins
working through the SGMA process.
(previous) An aerial shot of lettuce production in California’s Salinas
Valley. Photo: Sharpshots Aerial Photography. (this page) Strawberries
in Watsonville, CA. Photo: USDA; Results of a water allocation scenario
modeled using BasinScout that weights profit and jobs along with a user
fee. BasinScout is a scenario-building tool to model impacts of policy
changes and to limit unintended consequences of management actions.
Image: The Freshwater Trust.
14. 14Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) is
a global conservation organization
whose work on freshwater is focused
on protecting watersheds that supply
drinking water to major urban centers,
addressing water scarcity through
water markets, promoting sustainable
hydropower development, and flood-
plain restoration. TNC’s prototype built
on its previous work in water markets
and continued to test TNC’s Water
Sharing Investment Partnership (WSIP)
model. A WSIP uses impact investment
capital to acquire a portfolio of water
rights in a given basin either by directly
purchasing the rights in a water market
or obtaining them through cooperative
agreements with farmers. Farmers can
implement water-saving measures
and then transfer the ‘surplus’ portion
of their water rights to the WSIP. A
portion of the total water acquired by
the WSIP is then leased to high value
water users, generating a financial
return for investors, while the remain-
der is retained to supplement environ-
mental flows and provide water to
underserved communities.
TNC has already successfully funded
and launched its initial WSIP in
Australia’s Murray-Darling Basin.
The innovation of the WSIP is the
use of private impact investment,
which, by providing more upfront
capital and a steady revenue stream
to fund on-going trust operations,
can enable greater impact than could
be accomplished through traditional
philanthropy alone.
TNC’s prototype examined the
feasibility of implementing water
sharing investment partnerships in
two new locations:
• The Colorado River in Texas (USA),
where municipal, agricultural, and
other water use needs are testing
the limits of natural supply during
dry times, leading to water conflicts,
financial stress for certain farming
communities, and, in some stream
reaches, no water to support aquatic
ecosystems.
• The Maipo River (Chile), where the
rapidly growing city of Santiago,
expansion of water-intensive indus-
trial uses, and irrigated agriculture
are placing stress on water sources.
Reliable water supply, wetlands, and
aquatic ecosystems are threatened.
In both locations, TNC investigated the
necessary enabling conditions (legal
frameworks, market liquidity, environ-
mental and social conditions, and data
availability), and tested the WSIP model
with local stakeholders and investors
to assess the viability of WSIPs in
different contexts. Different funding
mechanisms were also explored, rang-
ing from private impact investment to
“pay-for-performance” arrangements
(e.g., social impact bonds, develop-
ment impact bonds) between private
investors and governments.
The Nature Conservancy
PROTOTYPE: WATER SHARING INVESTMENT PARTNERSHIP
“I’ve always wondered why environmental NGOs
have not taken advantage of water markets to
buy water for environmental flows…the idea of
mixing investors in to attract more capital makes
a lot of sense.”
– Guillermo Donoso, Professor of Natural Resource Economics,
Universidad Católica de Chile
15. 15Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Findings and take-aways
TNC found that the WSIP model is
potentially viable in both locations
where it was tested. While the details
of structure and operation will vary,
the opportunity exists to attract
impact investment, deliver financial
returns, and generate social and
ecosystem benefits through enhanced
environmental flows.
On a more granular level, TNC found
that there must be multiple water
users that place different value on
water in a given basin, so that an
incentive for trade between users
is created. An existing water market
framework with adequate regulatory
support is also necessary to enable
trade. TNC will continue to develop
WSIPs in both basins, following in
the steps of the Murray-Darling Basin
example. If successful, the WSIPs
will demonstrate a novel model of
attracting new sources of capital to
help address freshwater competition
and deliver environmental flows. For
more information on TNC’s Water
Sharing Investment Partnership work
click here.
(previous) The Maipo River, Chile. Photo: California Environmental Associates.
(this page, top) Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Photo: Tim J. Keegan;
TNC work sessions in Chile. Photos: California Environmental Associates.
16. 16Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
WRI is a global research organization
focused on climate, clean energy,
food, forests, water, and sustainable
cities. Its freshwater work provides
unique, insightful, and publically
accessible maps and data on global
water, through its Aqueduct program,
and directly advises a range of
governments, corporations, and civil
society organizations. WRI’s focus
throughout the prototyping process
was to identify the key challenges in
water management in China’s Ningxia
Province — including lack of good
data, unclear water allocation rights,
weak monitoring and enforcement,
and inadequate funding for irrigation
efficiency improvements and farmer
training.
China is experiencing acute and
increasing water stress that limits the
country’s ability to achieve food and
energy security, two of the country’s
main goals. Ningxia is the smallest
province in China and shares the
Yellow River as its main water resource
with nine other provinces, which are
much larger in size and population. In
addition, Ningxia is targeted as a major
province to absorb industrial growth
in the energy sector, which is very
water intensive. As a result, Ningxia
had already started to experiment with
water transfer mechanisms between
the agriculture and industrial sectors
prior to Ningxia being selected by the
National Government to participate
as one of seven pilot provinces to
test potential market-based solutions
to China’s water challenges. WRI’s
prototype centered on helping China’s
Ningxia Province develop a water
market allocation and trading system
that would transfer water savings from
improved irrigation practices to water-
thirsty industries and municipalities.
World Resources Institute
PROTOTYPE: WATER MARKETS
“Water is China’s biggest environmental problem.
I am excited to see the potential for solid water
rights with transparent water savings in the
future – clear water rights would go a long way
towards encouraging more efficient water use.”
– Jennifer Turner, Director of the China Environment
Forum at the Woodrow Wilson Center
17. 17Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management
Findings and take-aways
One of the biggest obstacles for
developing water allocation and
trading systems in China is the
challenge of allocating water rights in
the context of a state-run allocation
system. The solution that WRI has
devised, in partnership with the
Ningxia and Chinese governments
and international experts, clearly
defines the water entitlements of small
farmers and allows them to get paid
for water savings (both annually and
at the point of transfer), even without
direct ownership of the water right.
This model “frees up” inefficiently used
irrigation water in Ningxia and makes
the savings available to the growing
industries and cities. The model also
takes pressure off of environmental
flows and vulnerable ecosystems by
providing industries and cities with
an alternative mechanism to acquire
needed water.
WRI will continue to work with the
Ningxia government to establish
an allocation system in the coming
months, and to implement the frame-
work for a water trading scheme. If
taken to scale in China, the model has
the potential to benefit hundreds of
millions of small farmers who regularly
experience water stress by providing
them with incentives and opportuni-
ties to improve on-farm efficiencies
which they could not otherwise afford,
thereby improving rural livelihoods.
The model also has the potential to
help China support future urban and
industrial growth, while ensuring
needed food production, and help to
limit future conflict over freshwater.
(previous) Rural farmer in He Qing Yunnan, China.
Photo: Hong Meen Chee/WorldFish.
(this page) Canal system, water-saving irrigation, and
cellar to store rainwater in Ningxia, China. Photos: WRI.
18. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 18
A variety of incentive-based approaches
have the potential to change water manage-
ment for the benefit of ecosystems and poor
or vulnerable populations, including:
• regulatory reforms
(e.g., water markets, water pricing reform),
• other market mechanisms
(e.g.,payment for ecosystem services,
water banks, water benefit credits),
• corporate supply chain engagement
(e.g., benchmarking, sourcing
requirements), and
• finance-related incentives
(e.g., standards for major infrastructure
projects, impact investments, investor-led
reporting requirements).
Each of The Rockefeller Foundation’s proto-
typing partners sought to innovate around
one of these incentive-based approaches.
The lessons learned through prototyping
suggest that the most direct way to achieve
positive and comprehensive outcomes at
a basin scale is to implement regulatory
reform (water markets are one option,
but less extensive reforms such as changes
to pricing structures can also be effective).
Supply chain engagement and finance-
related incentives can drive water
management changes for individual actors
and entire supply chains – a scale of impact
that can be very meaningful. If widely
adopted, supply chain and finance-related
approaches can become standard practice
across an entire industry and catalyze
adoption of incentive-based regulations.
Through the prototyping process, it became
clear that there is a great deal of existing
activity as well as a tremendous opportunity
for expanded engagement in water along
corporate supply chains, particularly in the
agricultural sector. There is even evidence
of appetite for supply chain actors to engage
more in regulatory processes. However,
it is also clear that companies need
additional support to develop the right tools
and frameworks necessary for engagement;
this is particularly true for those companies
looking to support sustainable water
management at a basin level.
Summary of findings from
the prototyping process
Children in Sindh, Pakistan, play at a water pump
in a village. Photo: DFID/Russell Watkins;
Migrant workers process green peppers on Uesugi
Farms in Gilroy, CA. Photo: USDA/Bob Nichols.
19. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 19
Finance-related approaches have similar
impact potential, although they seem to be
more nascent than supply chain approaches.
Managing the risk of disruptions to water
supply is important for both corporations
and investors, and tools are emerging to
assess water-related risks. However, despite
the fact that the World Economic Forum
recently cited water as the number one
environmental risk to global society, it still
does not seem to be one of the key risks
investors are managing around.
If well designed, water markets are perhaps
the most comprehensive form of incen-
tive-based water management, because
they are regulatory driven and can deliver
strong outcomes at a basin scale. Currently,
water markets only exist in a handful of
geographies and their uptake is limited
by the pre-requisite of strong gover-
nance. Historically, water markets were not
designed to deliver environmental bene-
fits or to be inclusive of poor or vulnerable
populations. The work of the prototyping
partners helped demonstrate that these
elements can be incorporated into water
market designs or added through ancillary
mechanisms such as TNC’s Water Sharing
Investment Partnerships. Furthermore, as
WRI’s prototype demonstrated, there are
innovative ways to bring the benefits of
water markets to a range of governance
contexts, even those that do not lend them-
selves to traditional market-based trad-
ing, such as China’s. In Ningxia Province,
the water trading system in development
will allow small-scale farmers to sell their
water savings rather than their water rights,
because water rights are owned by the state.
Across all of these approaches, data is
often a limiting factor. Good analyses and
decision support tools can help stakeholders
understand the ramifications of change in
water policy, or help corporate and financial
actors make good management decisions.
Continued innovation in these areas is
critically important.
The prototyping process uncovered a
number of exciting ways in which
various incentive-based water management
approaches can be developed to support
resilient ecosystems and inclusive econo-
mies. The process also demonstrated that
there is burgeoning interest and momentum
behind many of the different approaches
and helped to identify the key needs for
their further expansion. The Rockefeller
Foundation believes that the opportunity is
ripe for increased adoption across a range of
incentive-based approaches and applauds all
of its prototyping partners for their excellent
contribution to innovation in this field.
If well designed, water markets are
perhaps the most comprehensive
form of incentive-based water
management, because they are
regulatory driven and can deliver
strong outcomes at a basin scale.
Longsheng rice terraces, China. Photo: Lihi Koren;
Empty drinking water bottles are transported by bicycle
in Tanzania. Photo: Unitarian Universalist Service
Committee (UUSC).
20. Exploring incentive-based solutions for freshwater management 20
The Rockefeller Foundation
believes that the opportunity
is ripe for increased adoption
across a range of incentive-
based approaches and
applauds all of its prototyping
partners for their excellent
contribution to innovation
in this field.
(front cover) An aerial shot of the Salinas
Valley in California. Photo: Sharpshots Aerial
Photography. (back cover) Amazon River, Brazil.
Photo: Neil Palmer/CIAT for Center
for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).