Here the upgraded ppt of CNC milling with Heidenhain control.
This control is very tough as compare to fanuc control.
The main function of this control is ultimately fast and better than the fanuc control.The interior and exterior structure this type of controlled machines are primarily prefer safety,there will no any accident happen with human being in the working hours.
CNC milling is developed a new technology for the mechanical engineers with the highly accuracy.The maximum accuracy of this CNC machine is up to 0.01 mm or 10 microns.
The fanuc system is very easy as compare to other controls but i can say that if you will learn the fanuc system,it helps you to very easy as compare to other systems.
In this ppt. all the operations and programmings of CnC milling are available.
Some programming are very important just like how to make :
1. PcD
2. Ellipse
3.Origin at angle
4.Shift the origin
5.Facing,peck drilling,boring,threading etc.
CNC milling is developed a new technology for the mechanical engineers with the highly accuracy.The maximum accuracy of this CNC machine is up to 0.01 mm or 10 microns.
The fanuc system is very easy as compare to other controls but i can say that if you will learn the fanuc system,it helps you to very easy as compare to other systems.
In this ppt. all the operations and programmings of CnC milling are available.
Some programming are very important just like how to make :
1. PcD
2. Ellipse
3.Origin at angle
4.Shift the origin
5.Facing,peck drilling,boring,threading etc.
Modern precision manufacturing demands extreme dimensional accuracy and surface finish.Such performance is very difficult to achieve manually, if not impossible, even with expert operators. In cases where it is possible, it takes much higher time due to the need for frequent dimensional measurement to prevent overcutting. It is thus obvious that automated motion control would replace manual “handwheel” control in modern manufacturing. Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines has also made possible the automation of the machining processes with flexibility to handle production of small to medium batch of parts. In the 1940s when the U.S. Air Force perceived the need to manufacture complex parts for highspeed aircraft. This led to the development of computer-based automatic machine tool controls also known as the Numerical Control (NC) systems. Commercial production of NC machine tools started around the fifties and sixties around the world. Note that at this time the microprocessor has not yet been invented. Initially, the CNC technology was applied on lathes, milling machines, etc. which could perform a single type of metal cutting operation. Later, attempt was made to handle a variety of workpieces that may require several different types machining operations and to finish them in a single set-up. Thus CNC machining Centres capable of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, CNC machining centres were developed for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring and tapping. Gradually machines for manufacturing cylindrical components, called turning centers were developed.
Automatically controlling a machine tool based on a set of pre-programmed machining and movement instructions is known as numerical control, or NC.In a typical NC system the motion and machining instructions and the related numerical data, together called a part program, used to be written on a punched tape. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks of information, each related to a particular operation in a sequence
of operations needed for producing a mechanical component. The punched tape used to be read one block at a time. Each block contained, in a particular syntax, information needed for processing a particular machining instruction such as, the segment length, its cutting speed, feed, etc. These pieces of information were related to the final dimensions of the workpiece (length, width, and radii of circles) and the contour forms (linear, circular, or other) as per the drawing. Based on these dimensions, motion commands were given separately for each axis of motion. Other instructions and related machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, as well as auxiliary functions related to coolant flow, spindle speed, part clamping, are also provided in part programs depending on manufacturing specifications such as tolerance and surface finish. Punched tapes are mostly obsolete.
This is the ppt of CNC turning with Fanuc system.It helps you to encourage your CNC programming skills,also in this ppt some theory of CNC turning are available which helps you to do the programming in the proper way.Here some points are given below to do the programming in the fanuc control CNC.
1 . How to make the turning job?
2. How to make the programming of fillet and chamfer in the different ways.
3. How to use the TNRC codes G41 and G42.
4. How to use the different tools in the different-different operations.
The all above points are very important and these points are available in this ppt.
Contents:
1. History
2. Introduction to CNC Milling
3. Elements of CNC Machine
4. How CNC Works
5. CNC Programming
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
7. Applications of CNC
Modern precision manufacturing demands extreme dimensional accuracy and surface finish.Such performance is very difficult to achieve manually, if not impossible, even with expert operators. In cases where it is possible, it takes much higher time due to the need for frequent dimensional measurement to prevent overcutting. It is thus obvious that automated motion control would replace manual “handwheel” control in modern manufacturing. Development of computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines has also made possible the automation of the machining processes with flexibility to handle production of small to medium batch of parts. In the 1940s when the U.S. Air Force perceived the need to manufacture complex parts for highspeed aircraft. This led to the development of computer-based automatic machine tool controls also known as the Numerical Control (NC) systems. Commercial production of NC machine tools started around the fifties and sixties around the world. Note that at this time the microprocessor has not yet been invented. Initially, the CNC technology was applied on lathes, milling machines, etc. which could perform a single type of metal cutting operation. Later, attempt was made to handle a variety of workpieces that may require several different types machining operations and to finish them in a single set-up. Thus CNC machining Centres capable of performing multiple operations were developed. To start with, CNC machining centres were developed for machining prismatic components combining operations like milling, drilling, boring and tapping. Gradually machines for manufacturing cylindrical components, called turning centers were developed.
Automatically controlling a machine tool based on a set of pre-programmed machining and movement instructions is known as numerical control, or NC.In a typical NC system the motion and machining instructions and the related numerical data, together called a part program, used to be written on a punched tape. The part program is arranged in the form of blocks of information, each related to a particular operation in a sequence
of operations needed for producing a mechanical component. The punched tape used to be read one block at a time. Each block contained, in a particular syntax, information needed for processing a particular machining instruction such as, the segment length, its cutting speed, feed, etc. These pieces of information were related to the final dimensions of the workpiece (length, width, and radii of circles) and the contour forms (linear, circular, or other) as per the drawing. Based on these dimensions, motion commands were given separately for each axis of motion. Other instructions and related machining parameters, such as cutting speed, feed rate, as well as auxiliary functions related to coolant flow, spindle speed, part clamping, are also provided in part programs depending on manufacturing specifications such as tolerance and surface finish. Punched tapes are mostly obsolete.
This is the ppt of CNC turning with Fanuc system.It helps you to encourage your CNC programming skills,also in this ppt some theory of CNC turning are available which helps you to do the programming in the proper way.Here some points are given below to do the programming in the fanuc control CNC.
1 . How to make the turning job?
2. How to make the programming of fillet and chamfer in the different ways.
3. How to use the TNRC codes G41 and G42.
4. How to use the different tools in the different-different operations.
The all above points are very important and these points are available in this ppt.
Contents:
1. History
2. Introduction to CNC Milling
3. Elements of CNC Machine
4. How CNC Works
5. CNC Programming
6. Advantages and Disadvantages of CNC
7. Applications of CNC
The Leistritz Polymat and Polyjet series of machines are employed in just about every branch.
Our design and manufacture specialists work constantly to advance our technologies.
We have continuously improved our profile and keyseating technology over many decades to deliver the highest quality from one source. - Advantages
The keyseating process cuts a keyway in stepwise manner. A cutter is pulled vertically with a continual stroke movement along the bore, combined with a horizontal thrust motion. The thrust is delivered after each stroke by a feed bar that thrusts the cutter in steps between the cutter guide bar and cutter bar. To ensure gentle machining for the tool and workpiece, the cutter is automatically lifted off before the upward movement. The keyseating machines are equipped with a twin-column hydraulic guidance system. The in-line arrangement of tool and tool slide creates a fully linear alignment of forces within the tool and machine system. This avoids lateral forces and leverage, so that the machine is extremely long-lasting and virtually free of wear.
QuickSeeNC first case study 1999
The High Speed Machining (HSM) is the most important technological development in precision engineering. The constant load is a very important factor in HSM. The cutter will break under uneven cutting force. The HSM requires huge tool path to realise the constant load. The milling tool path can easily exceed a half million blocks of machine code. As the feed rate is already very high, it is almost impossible to run test cutting by increasing the feed rate. Visual tool path check is difficult as the tool path overlapping with each other. It takes a long time to run traditional NC simulation software.
Introduction to CNC machine and Hardware. aman1312
Complete detailing of cnc machine and its operations with its required hardware necessary for increasing its Automation and increasing its manufacturing capability. Also increase in complex shape manufacturing.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
2. IntroductionIntroduction
Difference Between Conventional & CNC M/cingDifference Between Conventional & CNC M/cing
All operations are performed Manually :All operations are performed Manually :
Man ControlledMan Controlled
All Operations are performedAll Operations are performed
automatically: Computer Controlledautomatically: Computer Controlled
Production Time Very High: Due to lot ofProduction Time Very High: Due to lot of
time wastages during operation.time wastages during operation.
Production Time quite low: due toProduction Time quite low: due to
removal of inefficient time such as:removal of inefficient time such as:
repeated measurements, Chip removal,repeated measurements, Chip removal,
Tool change over etc.Tool change over etc.
Accuracy Depends on Human SkillAccuracy Depends on Human Skill Accuracy doesn’t depends on HumanAccuracy doesn’t depends on Human
skill and hence unskilled person can alsoskill and hence unskilled person can also
operate the machine once machineoperate the machine once machine
setting is over.setting is over.
Consistency in the quality of productsConsistency in the quality of products
cannot be achieved.cannot be achieved.
Yields consistent quality products.Yields consistent quality products.
Complicated profile machining veryComplicated profile machining very
difficult to machine or even sometimesdifficult to machine or even sometimes
impossible to machine.impossible to machine.
Can easily be machined because theCan easily be machined because the
movements of the machine is controlledmovements of the machine is controlled
by a program.by a program.
3. Very low flexibility or adaptability of newVery low flexibility or adaptability of new
components or modificationscomponents or modifications
High flexibility for new components orHigh flexibility for new components or
modifications.modifications.
Workpiece clamping and tool mountingWorkpiece clamping and tool mounting
methods are quite slow in operation.methods are quite slow in operation.
Mechanical systems are commonly used.Mechanical systems are commonly used.
Quick acting workpiece clamping andQuick acting workpiece clamping and
tool mounting methods are adopted suchtool mounting methods are adopted such
as hydraulic and pneumatic systems.as hydraulic and pneumatic systems.
Not possible.Not possible. Consistency in the cycle time of productConsistency in the cycle time of product
Manufacturing cost quite high.Manufacturing cost quite high. As a whole manufacture of products at aAs a whole manufacture of products at a
reduced cost is possible.reduced cost is possible.
Low initial investmentsLow initial investments High initial investmentsHigh initial investments
One person can operate only one MachineOne person can operate only one Machine
at a timeat a time
One person can operate more than oneOne person can operate more than one
such machines at a timesuch machines at a time
4. Difference Between Lathe & MillingDifference Between Lathe & Milling
LatheLathe MillingMilling
Two axis Machine extendable to 5-Two axis Machine extendable to 5-
axis.axis.
Three Axis Machine extendable to 6-Three Axis Machine extendable to 6-
axis.axis.
Generally cylindrical surfaces areGenerally cylindrical surfaces are
generated.generated.
Generally flat or contoured surfaces areGenerally flat or contoured surfaces are
generated.generated.
Principal Motions:Principal Motions:
Longitudinal (Z) & Transverse (X)Longitudinal (Z) & Transverse (X)
travel of Tooltravel of Tool
Rotational Motion of Workpiece aboutRotational Motion of Workpiece about
Z-axis.Z-axis.
Principal Motions:Principal Motions:
Longitudinal (X), Transverse (Y) andLongitudinal (X), Transverse (Y) and
Vertical (Z) travel of WorkpieceVertical (Z) travel of Workpiece
Rotational Motion of Tool generallyRotational Motion of Tool generally
about Z-axis.about Z-axis.
Single Point Cutting tools are used.Single Point Cutting tools are used. Multiple point cutting tools are used.Multiple point cutting tools are used.
Consist of a turret to accommodateConsist of a turret to accommodate
number of tools. Upon indexing thenumber of tools. Upon indexing the
turret the tools are positioned to workturret the tools are positioned to work
on the w/p clamped to the m/con the w/p clamped to the m/c
spindle.spindle.
Consists of a ATC to accommodateConsists of a ATC to accommodate
number of tools. The tools are changednumber of tools. The tools are changed
automatically using a differentautomatically using a different
mechanisms.mechanisms.
5. LatheLathe MillingMilling
W/p is clamped either on a chuck orW/p is clamped either on a chuck or
by a collect system.by a collect system.
W/p is clamped on the machine bed inW/p is clamped on the machine bed in
vise or proper fixturing arrangements.vise or proper fixturing arrangements.
May have more than one spindle forMay have more than one spindle for
W/p Mounting.W/p Mounting.
May have more than one pallets forMay have more than one pallets for
workpiece mounting.workpiece mounting.
7. 1. INTRODUCTION1. INTRODUCTION
Ways of MachiningWays of Machining
Parts of CNC MachineParts of CNC Machine
Working Methods of CNCWorking Methods of CNC
8. Ways of MachiningWays of Machining
Conventional or TraditionalConventional or Traditional
Numerical Control (NC)Numerical Control (NC)
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
9. Difficulties with Conventional SystemDifficulties with Conventional System
Complex shapes are difficult to machineComplex shapes are difficult to machine
Depends on the human skillDepends on the human skill
Frequent & repeated measurements are requiredFrequent & repeated measurements are required
Difficult to achieve consistency in product qualityDifficult to achieve consistency in product quality
High Changeover TimeHigh Changeover Time
Less productive hoursLess productive hours
More scrap is generatedMore scrap is generated
10. Current Market DemandCurrent Market Demand
High quality productsHigh quality products
atat Lowest costLowest cost
inin Minimum timeMinimum time
withwith wide range of varietywide range of variety
Answer to the above is NC System
11. Parts of NC/CNC MachineParts of NC/CNC Machine
Programming UnitProgramming Unit
Machine Control UnitMachine Control Unit
Machine Tool UnitMachine Tool Unit
NCNC
CNCCNC
12. Programming UnitProgramming Unit
ProgrammerProgrammer
Computer systemComputer system
User Interface deviceUser Interface device
Data Storage and Transfer facilityData Storage and Transfer facility
13. Machine Control UnitMachine Control Unit
Tape ReaderTape Reader
Data BufferData Buffer
Signal Output Channels to Machine ToolSignal Output Channels to Machine Tool
Feedback channels from the Machine ToolFeedback channels from the Machine Tool
14. Machine ToolMachine Tool
StructureStructure
Extra RigidExtra Rigid
Easy chip disposal System, eg: Use of Slant BedEasy chip disposal System, eg: Use of Slant Bed
Thermal ResistantThermal Resistant
DrivesDrives
AC Induction motorsAC Induction motors
DC motorsDC motors
15. Machine ToolMachine Tool
Actuation SystemActuation System
Stepper motor/servomotorStepper motor/servomotor
Ball Screw & nut with support bearingBall Screw & nut with support bearing
Feed back devices on closed loop systemFeed back devices on closed loop system
Linear BearingLinear Bearing
Tool & Work handling DevicesTool & Work handling Devices
Automatic Tool Changers (ATCs)Automatic Tool Changers (ATCs)
Turret HeadTurret Head
Automatic Pallet ChangersAutomatic Pallet Changers
Hydraulic/Pneumatic Tool/Work Clamping SystemHydraulic/Pneumatic Tool/Work Clamping System
16. 2. Fundamental Principles2. Fundamental Principles
Coordinate SystemCoordinate System
Longitudinal MotionLongitudinal Motion
Transverse MotionTransverse Motion
Dimensioning SystemDimensioning System
AbsoluteAbsolute
IncrementalIncremental
MixedMixed
Reference SystemReference System
Machine ReferenceMachine Reference
Work ReferenceWork Reference
17. Instruction or programInstruction or program
IntroductionIntroduction
N 10N 10 G 00G 00 X 50.0X 50.0 Z 25.0 ;Z 25.0 ; Block
Block No. Words End of Block
G 00
Address
Data
18. Compare & Contrast Fanuc & HeidenhainCompare & Contrast Fanuc & Heidenhain
FanucFanuc Heidenhain isoHeidenhain iso
Program Logic & Structure for the both the systems are same only the writing format isProgram Logic & Structure for the both the systems are same only the writing format is
different.different.
Both uses G & M Codes for writing the programs.Both uses G & M Codes for writing the programs.
Standard slot milling, pocket millingStandard slot milling, pocket milling
cycles are not available.cycles are not available.
These are available as an standard G-CodeThese are available as an standard G-Code
cycles.cycles.
Standard functions for mirroring,Standard functions for mirroring,
Corner rounding, corner chamfering etcCorner rounding, corner chamfering etc
are not available.are not available.
Standard functions for mirroring etc areStandard functions for mirroring etc are
available.available.
Program number starts with the letterProgram number starts with the letter
‘O’‘O’
Program number starts with the letter ‘%’Program number starts with the letter ‘%’
Requires block termination or end ofRequires block termination or end of
block ‘ ; ’block ‘ ; ’
Doesn’tDoesn’t
Requires ‘.’ in the numerical valuesRequires ‘.’ in the numerical values
such as 20.15 or 28.0such as 20.15 or 28.0
Doesn’tDoesn’t
19. Basics Program StructureBasics Program Structure
Working unit (mm/Inch), plane (xy, yz, zx) &Working unit (mm/Inch), plane (xy, yz, zx) &
Dimensioning method (Absolute/Incremental) selectionDimensioning method (Absolute/Incremental) selection
Define Block size (LLC & URC)Define Block size (LLC & URC)
Define Tool. Requires Tool Number, Tool Length, ToolDefine Tool. Requires Tool Number, Tool Length, Tool
RadiusRadius
Move the machine to tool change position.Move the machine to tool change position.
Call ToolCall Tool
Rotate the ToolRotate the Tool
Approach the workpieceApproach the workpiece
Machine the workpiece as per contourMachine the workpiece as per contour
Depart from the workpieceDepart from the workpiece
Go back to home or tool change position.Go back to home or tool change position.
20. Basic Program StructureBasic Program Structure
Working unitWorking unit
Mm: G71Mm: G71
Inch: G70Inch: G70
Working PlaneWorking Plane
XY: G17XY: G17
ZX: G18ZX: G18
YZ: G19YZ: G19
Dimensioning methodDimensioning method
Absolute: G90Absolute: G90
Incremental: G91Incremental: G91
21. Define Block sizeDefine Block size
Lower Left Corner: G30 X… Y… Z…Lower Left Corner: G30 X… Y… Z…
Upper Right Corner: G31 X… Y… Z…Upper Right Corner: G31 X… Y… Z…
Eg:
G30 X0 Y0 Z-10
G31 X100 Y100 Z0
100L L C
U R C
100,100,0
0,0,-10
0,0,0
22. Define Block sizeDefine Block size
Lower Left Corner: G30 X… Y… Z…Lower Left Corner: G30 X… Y… Z…
Upper Right Corner: G31 X… Y… Z…Upper Right Corner: G31 X… Y… Z…
Eg:
G30 X-50 Y-50 Z-10
G31 X50 Y50 Z0
100L L C
50,50,0
-50,-50,-10
0,0,0
U R C
G30
G31
23. Define ToolDefine Tool.. Requires Tool NumberRequires Tool Number,, Tool LengthTool Length, Tool Radius, Tool Radius
Eg:
G99 T1 L0 R5
Call the Tool.Call the Tool.
Eg:
M06 T1
R5
Rotate the Tool in Clock wise Direction
Spindle Speed (RPM)
M03 S2000
24. How to calculate the R P MHow to calculate the R P M
If the cutter material isIf the cutter material is H S SH S S
& Job material is& Job material is Mild steelMild steel JobJob
then the cutting speed isthen the cutting speed is 22-25 meter per minute22-25 meter per minute
◘◘ The Formula of cutting speedThe Formula of cutting speed
¶ d n¶ d n
C S (V) =C S (V) =
10001000 Where as,Where as,
◘◘ C S (V) = Cutting Speed meter per minuteC S (V) = Cutting Speed meter per minute
◘◘ ¶ = 22 7 (3.14)¶ = 22 7 (3.14)
◘◘ d = Diameter of cutter in mmd = Diameter of cutter in mm
◘◘ n = R P Mn = R P M (revolution per minute)(revolution per minute)
10001000 is used to changed theis used to changed the mmmm intointo metermeter..
27. Use of cutterUse of cutter
Only 70 Percent of any milling cutter should be used at theOnly 70 Percent of any milling cutter should be used at the
time of machiningtime of machining
If the Cutter diameter (Ø) isIf the Cutter diameter (Ø) is 1010 mmmm then onlythen only 7mm diameter7mm diameter
should be usedshould be used
100
100
0,0
R7.5
80
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)(6)
In given figure 10mm
material has to be removed.
So, what is the diameter of
cutter to be used.
Answer :- Ø 14 or Ø15