The document summarizes the Cluster Munition Monitor 2010 report. It discusses how cluster munitions pose dangers to civilian populations due to their wide area effect and high failure rates. It notes that cluster munitions have killed and injured tens of thousands of civilians. The document also describes how the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which entered into force in 2010, provides a framework for banning cluster munitions and addressing existing contamination from unexploded submunitions. The Coalition works to promote universal adherence to and implementation of the Convention to protect civilians from cluster munitions and ensure their eradication.
This document summarizes the first edition of the First Committee Monitor, which provides transparency and accessibility to the work of the UN General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament and International Security. It is compiled by Reaching Critical Will in collaboration with several NGOs. The summary includes an editorial on the past, present and future of nuclear weapons, sections on various issues related to nuclear disarmament being discussed in the First Committee, and information about Reaching Critical Will and its resources.
The document discusses Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which is a principle aimed at protecting vulnerable populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. R2P has three key elements: (1) when a country fails to protect its people, the international community has a responsibility to protect and take collective action; (2) R2P was invoked in Libya in 2011 due to escalating violence between government and rebel forces; (3) there is debate around how R2P was applied in Libya, with arguments both for and against the NATO intervention.
Rio declaration on environment and development.docTumi Ryngkhlem
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development consisted of 27 principles to guide sustainable development. It established that human beings are at the center of sustainable development concerns. It also recognized the sovereignty of states to exploit their resources pursuant to their environmental and development policies, while ensuring activities don't harm other states. Additionally, it stated the right to development must equitably meet needs of present and future generations, and that environmental protection is integral to development.
Abstract:
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity The principle of the Responsibility to Protect is based upon the underlying premise that sovereignty entails a responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations. The principle is based on a respect for the norms and principles of international law, especially the underlying principles of law relating to sovereignty, peace and security, human rights, and armed conflict. The Responsibility to Protect provides a framework for employing measures that already exist (i.e., mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctions, and chapter VII powers) to prevent atrocity crimes and to protect civilians from their occurrence. The authority to employ the use of force under the framework of the Responsibility to Protect rests solely with United Nations Security Council and is considered a measure of last resort. The United Nations Secretary-General has published annual reports on the Responsibility to Protect since 2009 that expand on the measures available to governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society, as well as the private sector, to prevent atrocity crimes. The Responsibility to Protect has been the subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle by various actors in the context of country-specific situations, such as Libya, Syria, Sudan and Kenya, for example. It has also been argued that commensurate with the responsibility to protect, international law should also recognize a right for populations to offer militarily organized resistance to protect themselves against genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes on a massive scale.
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect
Responsibility to protect
http://www.globalr2p.org/about_r2p
About R2P
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/r2p-backgrounder.pdf
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2013/07/24/what-is-the-responsibility-to-protect/
WHAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/responsibility-to-protect-a-short-history/
Research Interests: Responsibility to Protect and The principle of the Responsibility to Protect
The Rio +20 Summit will address progress on sustainable development commitments from previous summits. Key issues include the green economy and poverty reduction. Agriculture can contribute to the green economy through sustainable practices that produce more with less and minimize environmental impacts. Farmers represent half the world's poor and managing natural resources sustainably helps alleviate poverty. The summit should develop approaches to reward farmers for ecosystem services and help them adapt to issues like drought and disasters.
This document provides an analysis of challenges faced by MONUC/MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in protecting civilians. Through interviews with Congolese civil society and MONUC staff, it identifies several protection challenges, including:
1) Organizational and operational constraints due to MONUC's complex mandate in a difficult conflict environment, illustrating the capability gap faced by modern UN peacekeeping.
2) Difficulty communicating with civilians to prevent threats, which remains one of MONUC's biggest challenges.
3) Ethical and political constraints in collaborating with the Congolese army (FARDC) on joint military operations against armed groups.
Newsletter de la Société Civile à la COP 14 UNCCD INDIA -6 september, 2019Fatoumata Chérif
This document summarizes discussions that took place at the 2019 UNCCD COP-14 conference regarding land degradation and land tenure issues. It discusses interventions made highlighting the lack of land ownership for many women and calling for more power to local communities. It also advocates that achieving land degradation neutrality requires managing people and involving all stakeholders to sustainably manage land and lift the poorest from degraded lands. Regional representatives discussed tools for participatory land governance and the need to resolve land tenure issues to ensure food security, gender equality, and poverty reduction.
Prepared as background reading material for attendees at the Civil-Military Affairs Conference, this paper was written by Alison Giffen of the Stimson Center.
This document summarizes the first edition of the First Committee Monitor, which provides transparency and accessibility to the work of the UN General Assembly First Committee on Disarmament and International Security. It is compiled by Reaching Critical Will in collaboration with several NGOs. The summary includes an editorial on the past, present and future of nuclear weapons, sections on various issues related to nuclear disarmament being discussed in the First Committee, and information about Reaching Critical Will and its resources.
The document discusses Responsibility to Protect (R2P), which is a principle aimed at protecting vulnerable populations from war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and genocide. R2P has three key elements: (1) when a country fails to protect its people, the international community has a responsibility to protect and take collective action; (2) R2P was invoked in Libya in 2011 due to escalating violence between government and rebel forces; (3) there is debate around how R2P was applied in Libya, with arguments both for and against the NATO intervention.
Rio declaration on environment and development.docTumi Ryngkhlem
The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development consisted of 27 principles to guide sustainable development. It established that human beings are at the center of sustainable development concerns. It also recognized the sovereignty of states to exploit their resources pursuant to their environmental and development policies, while ensuring activities don't harm other states. Additionally, it stated the right to development must equitably meet needs of present and future generations, and that environmental protection is integral to development.
Abstract:
The Responsibility to Protect (R2P or RtoP) is a global political commitment which was endorsed by all member states of the United Nations at the 2005 World Summit to prevent genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity The principle of the Responsibility to Protect is based upon the underlying premise that sovereignty entails a responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations. The principle is based on a respect for the norms and principles of international law, especially the underlying principles of law relating to sovereignty, peace and security, human rights, and armed conflict. The Responsibility to Protect provides a framework for employing measures that already exist (i.e., mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctions, and chapter VII powers) to prevent atrocity crimes and to protect civilians from their occurrence. The authority to employ the use of force under the framework of the Responsibility to Protect rests solely with United Nations Security Council and is considered a measure of last resort. The United Nations Secretary-General has published annual reports on the Responsibility to Protect since 2009 that expand on the measures available to governments, intergovernmental organizations, and civil society, as well as the private sector, to prevent atrocity crimes. The Responsibility to Protect has been the subject of considerable debate, particularly regarding the implementation of the principle by various actors in the context of country-specific situations, such as Libya, Syria, Sudan and Kenya, for example. It has also been argued that commensurate with the responsibility to protect, international law should also recognize a right for populations to offer militarily organized resistance to protect themselves against genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes on a massive scale.
http://www.un.org/en/genocideprevention/about-responsibility-to-protect.html
RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect
Responsibility to protect
http://www.globalr2p.org/about_r2p
About R2P
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/r2p-backgrounder.pdf
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/brookings-now/2013/07/24/what-is-the-responsibility-to-protect/
WHAT IS THE RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT
http://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/responsibility-to-protect-a-short-history/
Research Interests: Responsibility to Protect and The principle of the Responsibility to Protect
The Rio +20 Summit will address progress on sustainable development commitments from previous summits. Key issues include the green economy and poverty reduction. Agriculture can contribute to the green economy through sustainable practices that produce more with less and minimize environmental impacts. Farmers represent half the world's poor and managing natural resources sustainably helps alleviate poverty. The summit should develop approaches to reward farmers for ecosystem services and help them adapt to issues like drought and disasters.
This document provides an analysis of challenges faced by MONUC/MONUSCO, the United Nations peacekeeping mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), in protecting civilians. Through interviews with Congolese civil society and MONUC staff, it identifies several protection challenges, including:
1) Organizational and operational constraints due to MONUC's complex mandate in a difficult conflict environment, illustrating the capability gap faced by modern UN peacekeeping.
2) Difficulty communicating with civilians to prevent threats, which remains one of MONUC's biggest challenges.
3) Ethical and political constraints in collaborating with the Congolese army (FARDC) on joint military operations against armed groups.
Newsletter de la Société Civile à la COP 14 UNCCD INDIA -6 september, 2019Fatoumata Chérif
This document summarizes discussions that took place at the 2019 UNCCD COP-14 conference regarding land degradation and land tenure issues. It discusses interventions made highlighting the lack of land ownership for many women and calling for more power to local communities. It also advocates that achieving land degradation neutrality requires managing people and involving all stakeholders to sustainably manage land and lift the poorest from degraded lands. Regional representatives discussed tools for participatory land governance and the need to resolve land tenure issues to ensure food security, gender equality, and poverty reduction.
Prepared as background reading material for attendees at the Civil-Military Affairs Conference, this paper was written by Alison Giffen of the Stimson Center.
The document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, which holds that sovereign states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities, but this responsibility shifts to the international community if the state is unable or unwilling to protect its population. It provides examples of conflicts in Burma, Darfur, and Palestine where R2P applies but has not been fully implemented. It calls on individuals and churches to raise awareness of R2P and put political pressure on governments to uphold their responsibility to protect civilians in armed conflicts.
Responsibility to protect (R2P) is a norm that states must protect their populations from mass atrocities and the international community has a responsibility to assist states or intervene through coercive measures if needed. R2P was developed following the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and calls for intervention in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. However, implementing R2P can be problematic, as seen with the vetoes from Russia and China regarding intervention in Syria despite the ongoing civil war and crimes against humanity.
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
International Union for Conservation of Nature World Parks Congress 2014 - Is...Graciela Mariani
Volume 89 Number 15 - 19 November 2014
IUCN WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2014 HIGHLIGHTS
Tuesday, 18 November 2014
In the morning, participants attended stream sessions while a high-level roundtable convened. Government representatives provided inputs to the vision of the Promise of Sydney and pledged national commitments for the next decade. An evening World Leaders’ Dialogue focused on finding the balance between the global appetite for mineral resources and how this defines PAs.
This document discusses Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and provides information about them. It defines SIDS as distinct developing countries facing specific vulnerabilities. There are 52 countries and territories classified as SIDS by the UN, with 38 being UN members. SIDS are spread across the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic/Indian/Mediterranean/South China Sea regions. They face challenges such as small economies, remoteness, and vulnerability to climate change impacts. The document outlines actions to address climate change, biodiversity, coastal and marine resources, and other issues facing SIDS based on the Barbados Programme of Action and Mauritius Strategy which guide international support for SIDS sustainable development efforts.
Strategies and Actions on Waste for Sustainable CitiesD-Waste
This is a presentation on strategies and actions on waste for sustainable cities provided by Atilio Savino. It was first presented in the “Humanidade 2012” event held on the 22th of May at Fort Copacabana of Rio de Janeiro. The presentation includes an overview of the role of adaptation and mitigation in the waste management sector in order to establish sustainable cities
Dipecho in eu nepal newsletter_jul-sep09_jan-march2010DIPECHO Nepal
The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) has launched a EUR 3.1 million disaster preparedness project in Nepal to reduce vulnerabilities to disasters. The project will train 3,000 youth volunteers in search and rescue, first aid, emergency response, and disaster preparedness. It aims to establish early warning systems and low-cost mitigation models through local partnerships. ECHO is funding eight projects managed by NGOs in 19 districts to strengthen disaster risk reduction and help over 243,000 people.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
This document is the report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States held in Barbados in 1994. It includes resolutions adopted by the conference, including adoption of the Barbados Declaration and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. The conference affirmed the vulnerability of small island developing states and their commitment to sustainable development. It also recognized the need for international support and cooperation to help small island states achieve sustainable development and address constraints like limited resources and vulnerability to natural disasters.
World Biodiversity Day is celebrated on May 22nd each year to promote awareness of biodiversity conservation. The theme for 2020 is "Our solutions are in nature" which emphasizes finding solutions to global challenges through nature. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration from 2021-2030 aims to restore ecosystems as a way to achieve sustainability goals. Major conventions related to biodiversity conservation include the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, CMS, and Ramsar Convention. Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. Proposed solutions involve strong legislation, nature preserves, habitat restoration, and reducing climate change impacts.
This document provides a Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) of Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA), a transboundary protected area shared between Panama and Costa Rica. The PCIA examines conflict drivers, mitigating factors, and opportunities for peacebuilding around PILA. Key conflict drivers identified include shortcomings in park and state governance structures, persisting traditional modes of thinking, data scarcity, and environmental degradation. Conflict mitigators building peace in the region include alliances, reducing intermediaries, involvement of international actors, quick learning at the local level, and greater gender inclusion. The PCIA concludes with recommendations for strengthening organizational structures, political vigilance, knowledge sharing, sustainable agriculture, inclusivity, inter-
Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of anambra state...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study found that the 2012 floods had a major impact in Anambra State, displacing over 2.3 million people and killing 363. It analyzed the structure and operations of flood management agencies in Nigeria from the national to local levels. The study recommended sustainable strategies like improving coordination among agencies, developing flood maps and public participation techniques, building flood-resistant infrastructure, and empowering vulnerable communities through groups and capacity building. Adopting a multi-sector approach and reviewing agency policies and structures were also suggested to better mitigate flooding in Anambra State.
The World Humanitarian Summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey on May 23-24, 2016. It was the largest gathering on humanitarian issues, with over 9,000 participants from 173 countries. The Summit addressed the growing humanitarian needs driven by conflicts, natural disasters exacerbated by climate change, and lack of resources. Key commitments included:
1) Increasing political efforts to prevent and resolve conflicts through early warning systems, mediation, and addressing root causes.
2) Enhancing compliance with international humanitarian law by training armed forces, adopting legislation, and improving accountability.
3) Leaving no one behind through increased support for refugees and internally displaced people, ensuring gender equality, and launching an education fund.
1) Natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades, affecting over 2 billion people and causing over $910 billion in damages globally. This trend is expected to continue with climate change.
2) Future natural disasters will likely have even greater impacts due to population growth, increasing urbanization, effects of climate change like sea level rise and extreme weather events. Developing countries are most vulnerable but developed countries face major economic impacts.
3) Effective response to increase in frequency and scale of natural disasters will challenge existing humanitarian system and require improved coordination between numerous responding entities.
In 2013 the Republic of the Union of Myanmar established the Natural Disaster Management Law. The objective of this law is to implement natural disaster programs, to provide provisions to establish the National Committee and Local Bodies, to coordinate with national and international government departments and organizations and other relevant organizations, to conserve and restore the environment affected by natural disasters, and to provide health, education, social, and livelihood programs.
International environmental law emerged in the 1960s as global ecological degradation increased. It includes treaties, conventions, and agreements between states addressing issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity. While these laws aim to slow environmental damage, widespread degradation continues. International environmental law faces challenges of uneven state compliance and lack of enforcement. Improving compliance with existing treaties through sanctions and support for developing states may help strengthen these laws.
Disaster risk reduction scenario in Bangladesh Md. Rakib Hasan
This document discusses various natural disasters that occur in Bangladesh and their impacts, including floods, cyclones, droughts, and landslides. It provides details on the root causes and effects of each type of disaster in Bangladesh. For each disaster, it discusses specific historic events, damage caused, and strategies that have been implemented in Bangladesh to reduce risks and impacts, such as structural projects like embankments and non-structural measures like early warning systems. The document also compares the impacts of two major cyclones that struck Bangladesh in 1991 and 2007.
This document is a report from Handicap International on a survey of 1,645 landmine and explosive remnants of war survivors in 25 countries. It acknowledges the survivors who shared their experiences and volunteers who conducted interviews. The report contains individual country chapters summarizing the situation for survivors in each location, and sections on external support for victim assistance, global progress on assistance, conclusions and suggestions for improved assistance going forward.
This document provides a preliminary report on Handicap International's research into the global human impact of cluster munitions. It examines cluster munition use and casualties in several regions including Southeast Asia, Africa, Southeast Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Greater Middle East and North Africa region. The report finds that cluster munitions cause disproportionate long-term civilian harm, with casualties predominantly young males engaged in agricultural work. It concludes that immediate and comprehensive clearance efforts are needed to reduce future civilian casualties from unexploded submunitions.
Galaxies can contain trillions of stars. While the Milky Way is around 100,000 light years in length, some other galaxies are over 6 million light years across. Estimates put the number of stars in the Milky Way between 200 million and 400 million. Galaxies range greatly in size and brightness, and the universe contains over 10,000 galaxies, with the most distant galaxy observed over 13 billion light years away.
The document provides information about Handicap International's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and subsequent challenges. It summarizes their large-scale humanitarian aid efforts, including providing medical rehabilitation, meeting basic needs, and logistics support. Over 600 staff supported these programs. It also discusses advocacy efforts to ensure the most vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities, are protected and included in the relief work. Haiti faced additional disasters in 2010, including hurricanes, cholera outbreaks, and ongoing displacement of earthquake victims living in temporary camps.
The document discusses the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, which holds that sovereign states have a primary responsibility to protect civilians from mass atrocities, but this responsibility shifts to the international community if the state is unable or unwilling to protect its population. It provides examples of conflicts in Burma, Darfur, and Palestine where R2P applies but has not been fully implemented. It calls on individuals and churches to raise awareness of R2P and put political pressure on governments to uphold their responsibility to protect civilians in armed conflicts.
Responsibility to protect (R2P) is a norm that states must protect their populations from mass atrocities and the international community has a responsibility to assist states or intervene through coercive measures if needed. R2P was developed following the Rwandan genocide in 1994 and calls for intervention in cases of genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity. However, implementing R2P can be problematic, as seen with the vetoes from Russia and China regarding intervention in Syria despite the ongoing civil war and crimes against humanity.
1. The National Disaster Operation Centre (NDOC) was established in 1998 to coordinate disaster management in Kenya in response to adverse weather events and terrorist attacks.
2. NDOC monitors disasters 24/7, coordinates response efforts between government ministries and other stakeholders, and works to build national disaster preparedness and response capacity.
3. Climate change is increasing the frequency and severity of disasters in Kenya through impacts like increased flooding, droughts, disease outbreaks, and damage to agriculture and biodiversity. NDOC plays a key role in national climate change adaptation efforts through its coordination of mitigation and response activities.
International Union for Conservation of Nature World Parks Congress 2014 - Is...Graciela Mariani
Volume 89 Number 15 - 19 November 2014
IUCN WORLD PARKS CONGRESS 2014 HIGHLIGHTS
Tuesday, 18 November 2014
In the morning, participants attended stream sessions while a high-level roundtable convened. Government representatives provided inputs to the vision of the Promise of Sydney and pledged national commitments for the next decade. An evening World Leaders’ Dialogue focused on finding the balance between the global appetite for mineral resources and how this defines PAs.
This document discusses Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and provides information about them. It defines SIDS as distinct developing countries facing specific vulnerabilities. There are 52 countries and territories classified as SIDS by the UN, with 38 being UN members. SIDS are spread across the Caribbean, Pacific, and Atlantic/Indian/Mediterranean/South China Sea regions. They face challenges such as small economies, remoteness, and vulnerability to climate change impacts. The document outlines actions to address climate change, biodiversity, coastal and marine resources, and other issues facing SIDS based on the Barbados Programme of Action and Mauritius Strategy which guide international support for SIDS sustainable development efforts.
Strategies and Actions on Waste for Sustainable CitiesD-Waste
This is a presentation on strategies and actions on waste for sustainable cities provided by Atilio Savino. It was first presented in the “Humanidade 2012” event held on the 22th of May at Fort Copacabana of Rio de Janeiro. The presentation includes an overview of the role of adaptation and mitigation in the waste management sector in order to establish sustainable cities
Dipecho in eu nepal newsletter_jul-sep09_jan-march2010DIPECHO Nepal
The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid Department (ECHO) has launched a EUR 3.1 million disaster preparedness project in Nepal to reduce vulnerabilities to disasters. The project will train 3,000 youth volunteers in search and rescue, first aid, emergency response, and disaster preparedness. It aims to establish early warning systems and low-cost mitigation models through local partnerships. ECHO is funding eight projects managed by NGOs in 19 districts to strengthen disaster risk reduction and help over 243,000 people.
This document summarizes the key events and documents related to the development of international environmental governance:
- The Stockholm Declaration (1972) was the first international document to recognize the human right to a healthy environment and call on countries to cooperate to address environmental issues for the survival of humanity.
- The Brundtland Commission (1980s) linked economic growth and environmental preservation, recognizing the need to generate growth without harming the environment.
- The Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro (1992) brought together world leaders to reconcile economic development with environmental protection and resulted in agreements like Agenda 21.
This document is the report of the Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States held in Barbados in 1994. It includes resolutions adopted by the conference, including adoption of the Barbados Declaration and the Programme of Action for the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States. The conference affirmed the vulnerability of small island developing states and their commitment to sustainable development. It also recognized the need for international support and cooperation to help small island states achieve sustainable development and address constraints like limited resources and vulnerability to natural disasters.
World Biodiversity Day is celebrated on May 22nd each year to promote awareness of biodiversity conservation. The theme for 2020 is "Our solutions are in nature" which emphasizes finding solutions to global challenges through nature. The UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration from 2021-2030 aims to restore ecosystems as a way to achieve sustainability goals. Major conventions related to biodiversity conservation include the Convention on Biological Diversity, CITES, CMS, and Ramsar Convention. Threats to biodiversity include habitat loss, climate change, pollution, and invasive species. Proposed solutions involve strong legislation, nature preserves, habitat restoration, and reducing climate change impacts.
This document provides a Peace and Conflict Impact Assessment (PCIA) of Parque Internacional La Amistad (PILA), a transboundary protected area shared between Panama and Costa Rica. The PCIA examines conflict drivers, mitigating factors, and opportunities for peacebuilding around PILA. Key conflict drivers identified include shortcomings in park and state governance structures, persisting traditional modes of thinking, data scarcity, and environmental degradation. Conflict mitigators building peace in the region include alliances, reducing intermediaries, involvement of international actors, quick learning at the local level, and greater gender inclusion. The PCIA concludes with recommendations for strengthening organizational structures, political vigilance, knowledge sharing, sustainable agriculture, inclusivity, inter-
Hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities of anambra state...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on hazard reduction strategies for flood vulnerable communities in Anambra State, Nigeria. The study found that the 2012 floods had a major impact in Anambra State, displacing over 2.3 million people and killing 363. It analyzed the structure and operations of flood management agencies in Nigeria from the national to local levels. The study recommended sustainable strategies like improving coordination among agencies, developing flood maps and public participation techniques, building flood-resistant infrastructure, and empowering vulnerable communities through groups and capacity building. Adopting a multi-sector approach and reviewing agency policies and structures were also suggested to better mitigate flooding in Anambra State.
The World Humanitarian Summit was held in Istanbul, Turkey on May 23-24, 2016. It was the largest gathering on humanitarian issues, with over 9,000 participants from 173 countries. The Summit addressed the growing humanitarian needs driven by conflicts, natural disasters exacerbated by climate change, and lack of resources. Key commitments included:
1) Increasing political efforts to prevent and resolve conflicts through early warning systems, mediation, and addressing root causes.
2) Enhancing compliance with international humanitarian law by training armed forces, adopting legislation, and improving accountability.
3) Leaving no one behind through increased support for refugees and internally displaced people, ensuring gender equality, and launching an education fund.
1) Natural disasters have significantly increased over the last few decades, affecting over 2 billion people and causing over $910 billion in damages globally. This trend is expected to continue with climate change.
2) Future natural disasters will likely have even greater impacts due to population growth, increasing urbanization, effects of climate change like sea level rise and extreme weather events. Developing countries are most vulnerable but developed countries face major economic impacts.
3) Effective response to increase in frequency and scale of natural disasters will challenge existing humanitarian system and require improved coordination between numerous responding entities.
In 2013 the Republic of the Union of Myanmar established the Natural Disaster Management Law. The objective of this law is to implement natural disaster programs, to provide provisions to establish the National Committee and Local Bodies, to coordinate with national and international government departments and organizations and other relevant organizations, to conserve and restore the environment affected by natural disasters, and to provide health, education, social, and livelihood programs.
International environmental law emerged in the 1960s as global ecological degradation increased. It includes treaties, conventions, and agreements between states addressing issues like pollution, climate change, and biodiversity. While these laws aim to slow environmental damage, widespread degradation continues. International environmental law faces challenges of uneven state compliance and lack of enforcement. Improving compliance with existing treaties through sanctions and support for developing states may help strengthen these laws.
Disaster risk reduction scenario in Bangladesh Md. Rakib Hasan
This document discusses various natural disasters that occur in Bangladesh and their impacts, including floods, cyclones, droughts, and landslides. It provides details on the root causes and effects of each type of disaster in Bangladesh. For each disaster, it discusses specific historic events, damage caused, and strategies that have been implemented in Bangladesh to reduce risks and impacts, such as structural projects like embankments and non-structural measures like early warning systems. The document also compares the impacts of two major cyclones that struck Bangladesh in 1991 and 2007.
This document is a report from Handicap International on a survey of 1,645 landmine and explosive remnants of war survivors in 25 countries. It acknowledges the survivors who shared their experiences and volunteers who conducted interviews. The report contains individual country chapters summarizing the situation for survivors in each location, and sections on external support for victim assistance, global progress on assistance, conclusions and suggestions for improved assistance going forward.
This document provides a preliminary report on Handicap International's research into the global human impact of cluster munitions. It examines cluster munition use and casualties in several regions including Southeast Asia, Africa, Southeast Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Greater Middle East and North Africa region. The report finds that cluster munitions cause disproportionate long-term civilian harm, with casualties predominantly young males engaged in agricultural work. It concludes that immediate and comprehensive clearance efforts are needed to reduce future civilian casualties from unexploded submunitions.
Galaxies can contain trillions of stars. While the Milky Way is around 100,000 light years in length, some other galaxies are over 6 million light years across. Estimates put the number of stars in the Milky Way between 200 million and 400 million. Galaxies range greatly in size and brightness, and the universe contains over 10,000 galaxies, with the most distant galaxy observed over 13 billion light years away.
The document provides information about Handicap International's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and subsequent challenges. It summarizes their large-scale humanitarian aid efforts, including providing medical rehabilitation, meeting basic needs, and logistics support. Over 600 staff supported these programs. It also discusses advocacy efforts to ensure the most vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities, are protected and included in the relief work. Haiti faced additional disasters in 2010, including hurricanes, cholera outbreaks, and ongoing displacement of earthquake victims living in temporary camps.
A Land Rover is a vehicle used to land on other planets and requires precise control in space and on the ground. A spaceship transports people to locations like the moon quickly but the journey still takes time. Satellite dishes track the progress of spaceships in space by providing information about their location. The GATR satellite is a prototype satellite between 1.8 and 2.4 meters in size.
The document summarizes major developments in Western Europe during the Middle Ages, including:
1) The Catholic Church restructured and built grand cathedrals while also facing issues like priest marriage and corruption. New religious orders like the Franciscans and Dominicans emerged to emphasize education and poverty.
2) The Crusades were launched by the Pope to retake the Holy Land but ultimately failed after the 4th Crusade. Trade expanded between Europe and Asia.
3) Population growth led to developments like new farming techniques, guilds, universities, and the rise of towns and a merchant class. The Hundred Years' War between England and France helped spark nationalism.
The document discusses Tyco Electronics' collaboration with academic researchers to develop new technologies. It provides examples of how Tyco has taken inventions from universities and applied them commercially through innovation. Specifically, it describes how Tyco worked with UC Berkeley to radiation crosslink self-assembled block copolymers for applications in areas like shape memory polymers and optical materials. It also discusses Tyco's collaboration with UC Davis to develop a catalytically crosslinkable and decrosslinkable polymer system using olefin metathesis, enabling recyclability. Finally, it outlines Tyco's research on graphene preparation and potential applications of graphene in areas like lightweight conductors.
The document discusses developing a strong Vientiane Action Plan at the First Meeting of States Parties in November 2010 to implement the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It emphasizes the need to address the needs of cluster munition survivors and ensure their inclusion in decision making. It also stresses the importance of international cooperation and ambitious, clear, and measurable victim assistance plans.
The document tells a story that began with something and grew into something else. It mentions Wellington, Christchurch, Auckland, and Dunedin. Whatever they made faced competitors, piracy, and substitutes, meaning if they don't adapt to vinyl, CDs, and rare formats, their story will eventually end.
Higher Order Applicative XML (Monterey 2002)Peter Breuer
Slides for the paper "Higher Order Applicative XML", given at the Workshop on Radical Innovations of Software and Systems Engineering in the Future, Venice, Italy, October 2002. Published in Springer LNCS 2941, pages 91-107. The Springer URL is http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-24626-8_6, with DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-24626-8_6 . A preprint is available at http://www.academia.edu/1413571/Higher_order_applicative_XML_documents .
Mobile development case study that chronicles a company's foray into mobile development, native app development, responsive design and mobile marketing. Highlights a publishing company overcoming resource, bandwidth and structural issues to deliver its content to mobile devices.
Landmine Monitor provides research and monitoring for the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and the Cluster Munition Coalition. The 2009 report discusses the ongoing threats posed by landmines, cluster munitions, and other explosive remnants of war. These weapons deny access to basic needs, inhibit freedom of movement, and prevent post-conflict reconstruction. Solutions exist through treaties like the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty and the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, which aim to clear mines and end the use of indiscriminate weapons. However, it remains up to governments to implement treaty obligations and work with non-governmental organizations to solve the global landmine problem.
Every Event You Attend Should Have A GoalEly Delaney
Every Event You Attend Should Have A Goal - Every Networking Event You Attend Should Have A Goal. It’s about having a very specific goal in mind as to why you’re there and what you plan to get out of it.
More: http://yourmarketinguniversity.com/8563/every-event-you-attend-should-have-a-goal/
25 Years of Global Efforts to Eradicate Landmines and Empower Lives.Christina Parmionova
Today marks the 25th anniversary of the Mine Ban Treaty's entry into force, a monumental milestone in global efforts to end the use of antipersonnel landmines,
inherently indiscriminate weapons that have a devastating impact on communities worldwide. Signed in December 1997, the treaty came into force on 1 March 1999, establishing a global prohibition on any use, production, stockpiling and transfer of antipersonnel landmines, as well as obligations to clear contaminated land and assist landmine victims. It was a groundbreaking achievement – the first time in history a conventional weapon was totally banned and victims’ rights to assistance recognized and included in a disarmament treaty. Reflecting on the past 25 years, Ms. Tamar Gabelnick, Director of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines - Cluster Munition Coalition (ICBL-CMC) said: “Over the past 25 years, the ICBL has driven a transformative change in humanitarian disarmament. Our collective efforts have led to tangible and lasting changes for communities affected by mines – from the clearance of huge tracts of land to
the recognition of rights of survivors. With tens of millions of stockpiled mines destroyed and near universal respect for the ban on use, the future risk to communities has also been curtailed."
---Key Achievements ----
Today the convention enjoys widespread support with 164 countries formally onboard and with a strong stigma against the weapon established globally. Over the past 25 years the treaty has had remarkable impact, including:
-A substantial reduction in landmine casualties - down from some 25,000 casualties per year in 1999 to less than 5,000 casualties recorded last year by the Landmine Monitor; this means thousands of lives and limbs spared around the world;
- Large tracts of contaminated land cleared and returned to productive use, with over 30 countries becoming mine-free;
-The almost universal end to use of a previously widely employed weapon
-Over 55 million mines held in stockpiles destroyed, with production and transfers almost nonexistent;
-The recognition of rights and needs of landmine victims, with efforts to provide assistance including medical care, rehabilitation, and psychosocial support and social and economic inclusion. The Mine Ban Treaty has also inspired and served as a model for other international instruments,
including the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the Convention on Cluster Munitions, the Treaty Prohibiting Nuclear Weapons, and most recently the Political Declaration on the Use of Explosive Weapons in Populated Areas. Remaining Challenges -
Despite these achievements, significant challenges persist.
BANNUCLEAR WEAPONSNOWThe International Campaign.docxrock73
BAN
NUCLEAR
WEAPONS
NOW
The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN)
is a global coalition of non-government organizations working for
a nuclear-weapon-free world. We are urging all nations to start
negotiations now on a treaty banning nuclear weapons completely.
“If Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr were
alive today, they would be part of ICAN.”
MARTIN SHEEN, actor and activist
about ican
Published July 2013
Text and design: Tim Wright
Contact: [email protected]
Nuclear weapons are the only weapons of mass
destruction not yet prohibited
by an international convention,
even though they have the
greatest destructive capacity
of all weapons. A global ban
on nuclear weapons is long
overdue and can be achieved
in the near future with enough
public pressure and political
leadership. A ban would not only
make it illegal for nations to use
or possess nuclear weapons; it
would also help pave the way
to their complete elimination.
Nations committed to reaching
the goal of abolition should
begin negotiating a ban now.
CATASTROPHIC HARM
Many thousands of nuclear
weapons remain in the world,
despite the end of the cold
war. The detonation of just
one nuclear bomb over a
large city could kill more than
a million people. The use
of tens or hundreds could
disrupt the global climate,
causing widespread agricultural
collapse and famine. No matter
the scale of the attack, an
adequate humanitarian response
would not be possible. Given
the catastrophic effects of
nuclear weapons, banning and
eradicating them is the only
responsible course of action.
FULFILLING OBLIGATIONS
International law obliges all
nations to pursue in good faith
and conclude negotiations for
nuclear disarmament. However,
the nuclear-armed nations have
so far failed to present a clear
road map to a nuclear-weapon-
free world. All are investing
heavily in the modernization of
their nuclear forces, with the
apparent intention of retaining
them for many decades to
come. Continued failure on
disarmament is not an option.
So long as nuclear weapons exist,
there is a real danger they will
be used again – by accident or
intent. A ban is urgently needed.
Why a nuclear weapons ban
1
A treaty banning nuclear weapons is a global humanitarian imperative
of the highest order. It is achievable and increasingly urgent.
NUCLEAR NATIONS
Nations with nuclear
weapons of their own
Britain, China, France, India,
Israel, North Korea, Pakistan,
Russia, United States
Nations that host US
nuclear weapons
Belgium, Germany, Italy,
Netherlands, Turkey
Other nations in
nuclear alliances
Albania, Australia, Bulgaria,
Canada, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Japan, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, South Korea, Spain
Negotiations on a treaty banning nuclear weapons
should be undertaken by
committed nations even wit ...
The document discusses the importance of disarmament and arms control in reducing threats from nuclear weapons and achieving peace. It notes that we must choose between disarmament, a divided world, or total destruction. Over 30,000 nuclear weapons currently exist worldwide in the arsenals of 9 states. The document outlines the differences between disarmament and arms control, and various international treaties and organizations working on limiting weapons proliferation and reducing stockpiles. While progress has been mixed, continued cooperation on binding agreements is important for global security.
The document makes arguments for banning nuclear reactors and weapons from all nations. It presents four key cases: 1) The humanitarian case that any use of nuclear weapons would have catastrophic consequences for human health and suffering. 2) The security case that nuclear weapons breed fear and do not enhance security, instead posing a direct threat. 3) The environmental case that a small fraction of current nuclear arsenals could destroy all complex life on Earth. 4) The economic case that nations spend exorbitant sums on nuclear forces while funding for disarmament and human needs is minuscule by comparison.
Reflections on The 70th anniversary of the atomic bombings at Hiroshima and N...Ghassan Shahrour
Reflections on The 70th anniversary of the atomic bombings, and the role of the red cross red crescent movement in humanitarian disarmament and the principles of the red cross.
The Legal Mechanisms With Which to Cope With a Nuclear AttackBen Cook Jr.
Amidst the sabre-rattling on the Korean Peninsula, the Russian provocations throughout the globe, and fledgling nuclear programs sprouting in developing nations, the world is once again on the precipice of nuclear war. What exactly are our legal protections and obligations in the event of a nuclear strike? This paper attempts to analyze current international law and postulates what elements would be necessary (or prudent) in future treaties.
Remenants of war and unexploded explosives pose a great hazard to peace ans stability. IHL has devoted considerable thought to there grave consequesnces. This presentation is a study in that regard.
The document examines the United Nations' role in disarmament for global security. It discusses the definitions and history of disarmament, including treaties like the Versailles Treaty and the Rush–Bagot Agreement. It outlines the UN's work through organizations like the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs and conferences to negotiate agreements limiting weapons. Experts argue for the importance of nuclear disarmament education given aging atomic bomb survivors. The UN promotes non-proliferation and strengthening disarmament regimes regarding chemical and biological weapons.
This document discusses perspectives on arms control and disarmament. It outlines the conventional view that weapons themselves are neutral and peace is not always good, versus the antimilitarist view that modern warfare is too destructive. It then discusses the history of arms control, from early treaties limiting naval forces to more recent nuclear arms limitation agreements. It notes ongoing threats from nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and accidents. Finally, it presents arguments for the abolition of nuclear weapons, including fulfilling nonproliferation obligations and preventing the immorality and environmental impacts of nuclear war.
- Drought is a growing global problem that is being exacerbated by climate change. By 2050, three-quarters of the world's population will live in drought-prone areas if no action is taken.
- Recent drought events in regions like the Western US, Europe, Chile, Australia, and the Horn of Africa from 2020-2022 have had widespread impacts on societies, economies, and ecosystems. Droughts are causing over $100 billion in economic losses each year.
- There is an urgent need for more proactive, collaborative approaches to building drought resilience rather than reactive crisis management. The UNCCD is working to catalyze action through initiatives like the International Drought Resilience Alliance.
Unit V Annotated BibliographyRenica JonesHLS 6320Colum.docxlillie234567
Unit V Annotated Bibliography
Renica Jones
HLS 6320
Columbia Southern University
12/6/22
Part A
Question 1
Following Bolat et al. (2022), Strict guidelines are imposed by international humanitarian law on the selection of weapons and tactics. There are international conventions and laws prohibiting the deployment of weapons of mass distraction because these weapons must not inflict indiscriminate harm to civilians. They must not be prone to inflicting unnecessary damage or suffering on combatants. Mass destruction weapons do not abide by these regulations.
Question 2
Threats from terrorist groups and criminal states looking to use WMD, or weapons of mass destruction, are becoming increasingly frequent, and the United States is constantly at risk. Albedwawi claims that (nuclear, radiological, chemical, biological, or explosives) are one sort of weapon of mass destruction.
Question 3
Every type and category of WMD has a specific treaty governing it. The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), whose objective was to ban biological weapons entirely, and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540, which intended to stop the spread of WMD, particularly to non-state actors, are two examples of these treaties. The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is another agreement to outlaw chemical weapons entirely. Finally, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), whose aim is to outlaw nuclear weapons completely, is mentioned in Kmentt's novel as signed in 2021.
Question 4
Each of the United States and the UN has a specific role to play in upholding international law and the provisions of each Treaty. The UN body's principal tribunal settles cases by states by international law. Furthermore, it offers legal advice on matters referred to by authorized UN bodies and specialized organizations. They also advance peace and security throughout the world. Human rights respect delivering aid to the needy: support sustainable development and climate action. The ability to fully implement international law ultimately rests with the United Nations Security Council. Fines, maintaining the peace, or formal reprimands are some ways they can do this.
Question 5
Kent (2021) contends that several challenges exist in enforcing international WMD laws and regulations. Among these concerns are the risks posed by poverty, illness, and environmental degradation. The conflict between states poses a threat. to state-wide human rights violations and violent threats. The threat of terrorism. Every international law and Treaty has undergone several revisions to improve its effectiveness and inclusiveness in providing member states with security.
Question 6
It is possible to compel non-member states of the UN to abide by international law and convention in several ways. First, the Security Council of the United Nations can officially denounce, impose sanctions, or otherwise enforce international law.
PART B
Albedwawi, S. A. A. M. (2022). Weapons of Mass Destruction .
International Humanitarian Law - The Usage of Agent Orange in Vietnam WarStudious Season
The document discusses the usage of Agent Orange during the Vietnam War and its impacts. It provides historical background on Agent Orange and how over 80 million litres were sprayed, destroying forests and contaminating soil. Victims suffered health issues and denial of rights. The usage sparked international outcry and the creation of new legal instruments like the ENMOD to prohibit environmental warfare techniques. Scholars argued the usage violated international law and called for stronger legal protections and accountability.
The document discusses the International Day Against Nuclear Tests, observed annually on August 29th. It was established in 2009 by the UN to increase awareness of the effects of nuclear weapons testing and the goal of a nuclear-weapon-free world. The day commemorates the closure of the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site in Kazakhstan in 1991. The document also discusses nuclear non-proliferation efforts including the NPT, IAEA safeguards, India's stance on the NPT, and failures to prevent proliferation to countries like India, Pakistan and Israel. It concludes that universal nuclear weapons bans and impartial monitoring are needed for non-proliferation agreements and policies to be successful.
the manual takes a developmental approach to peace education, offering methods and materials suitable to all grade levels, that we also advocate for disarmament education.
The Global Campaign for Peace Education
PLSI 120/.DS_Store
__MACOSX/PLSI 120/._.DS_Store
PLSI 120/articles/Annan In Larger Freedom FA 2005.pdf
"In Larger Freedom": Decision Time at the UN
Author(s): Kofi Annan
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 84, No. 3 (May - Jun., 2005), pp. 63-74
Published by: Council on Foreign Relations
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20034350 .
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n Larger Freec omn
Decision Time at the UN
Kofi Annan
OUR SHARED VULNERABILITY
As K A New York investment banker who walks past Ground Zero
every day on her way to work what today's biggest threat is. Then ask
an illiterate 12-year-old orphan in Malawi who lost his parents to
AIDS. You Will get two very different answers. Invite an Indonesian
fisherman mourning the loss of his entire family and the destruction
of his village from the recent, devastating tsunami to tell you what he
fears most. Then ask a villager in Darfiur, stalked by murderous militias
and fearftil of bombing raids. Their answers, too, are likely to diverge.
Different perceptions of what is a threat are often the biggest
obstacles to international cooperation. But I believe that in the twenty
first century they should not be allowed to lead the world's governments
to pursue very different priorities or to work at cross-purposes. Today's
threats are deeply interconnected, and they feed off of one another. The
misery of people caught in unresolved civil conflicts or of populations
mired in extreme poverty, for example, may increase their attraction
to terrorism. The mass rape of women that occurs too often in today's
conflicts makes the spread of HIV and AIDS all the more likely.
In fact, all of us are vulnerable to what we think of as dangers that
threaten only other people. Millions more of sub-Saharan Africa's
inhabitants would plunge below the poverty line if a nuclear terrorist
attack against a financial center in the United States caused a massive
downturn in the global economy. By the same token, millions ofAmer
icans could quickly become infected if, naturally or through malicious
KOFI ANNAN is Secretary-General of the United Nations.
[63]
Kofi Ann.
This document outlines Concern Universal's experience and lessons learned from community-managed disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation work globally. It discusses the guiding principles behind effective DRR planning, which include making DRR community-owned and managed, ensuring infrastructure is disaster resilient, integrating livelihoods, partnering with stakeholders, seeing disasters as long-term issues, including gender and youth, and incorporating advocacy. Case studies from various countries demonstrate programs applying these principles in reducing conflict-related risks, building disaster-resilient water and sanitation, integrating DRR and livelihoods, supporting government DRR planning, linking emergency response to long-term recovery, building capacity, and using advocacy to improve DRR work.
Slideshows about nonviolence and nonviolent resolution of conflicts, economic alternatives, ecology, social change, spirituality : www.irnc.org , Slideshows in english
Research in Europe and the USA
Non-collobaration principle applied to defence
What risks, what adversaries today ?
Making society uncontrolable
Making our will inflexible
Following whitout being exploited
Stategy of nonviolent action
John DohertyHello Class,Define the nature and varieties .docxchristiandean12115
John Doherty
Hello Class,
Define the nature and varieties of the primary internal Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction.
For this week’s forum we are looking at the Federal Regulatory efforts that govern Weapons of Mass Destruction. It is extremely important to have law against Weapons of Mass Destruction. The world learned a lot when the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. The world discovered that Weapons of Mass Destruction were to powerful and had to be regulated. To help regulate Weapons of Mass Destruction there have been a few treaties signed by nations to limit the development of Weapons of Mass Destruction. In 1972 the Biological Weapons Convention treaty was signed. According to Graham (2008), “This treaty bans the development, production, and acquisition of biological and toxin weapons and the delivery systems specifically designed for their dispersal.” The problem with the Biological Weapons Convention treaty though is the fact that some of the things used for these weapons are also used for good. This makes biological weapons very difficult to detect and shutdown. According to Graham (2008), “Moreover, the treaty is not supported at the international level by an overarching strategy for preventing biological weapons proliferation and terrorism.” Another very important treaty is the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. According to Graham (2008), “The number of states that are armed with nuclear weapons or are seeking to develop them is increasing.” With terrorist groups trying their best to obtain Weapons of Mass Destruction and other countries doing their best on building their own Weapons of Mass Destruction the United States needs to make sure that they are preventing this along with the help of their allies. According to Graham (2008), “The United States should work internationally toward strengthening the nonproliferation regime, reaffirming the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons…” The biggest thing it to charge heavy fines and penalties when a nation violates the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (Graham 2008). By having severe penalties when a nation breaks the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty it will help eliminate threat and keep nations in check. According to Graham (2008), “strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency, to include identifying the limitations to its safeguarding capabilities, and providing the agency with the resources and authorities needed to meet its current and expanding mandate.” Strengthening the International Atomic Energy Agency is extremely important because it will give them more power to protect the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
References
Graham, B. (2008, December). World at Risk - American Biological Safety Association. Retrieved November 9, 2016, from https://www.absa.org/leg/WorldAtRisk.
Mark Metzger
This week, we start our study in the introduction to learning about Regulatory Issues in
Weapons of Mass Destruction. Through .
1) Landmines are explosive weapons that are buried underground or strewn on the ground and detonate if someone steps on them or drives over them. They continue killing and maiming civilians long after wars have ended.
2) Over 60 million landmines are estimated to be buried in the ground across more than 70 countries. They disproportionately injure civilians, including many children. They slow economic development and prevent safe use of agricultural lands.
3) An international treaty called the Ottawa Treaty bans the use, stockpiling, production, and transfer of anti-personnel landmines. However, some major countries have not signed it, including the United States, Russia, and China. Landmine removal is a
This document provides an overview and summary of a study conducted by Handicap International on victim assistance and disability services for landmine/ERW survivors in 29 affected countries. The study aimed to map and assess the current situation of such services 10 years after the Mine Ban Treaty to supplement existing knowledge and address gaps. It identified around 175 relevant civil society organizations. The study results are presented in an online directory of these organizations, an analytical assessment of some cases, and a BBC documentary on the challenges in Laos.
The Landmine Monitor Report 2006 provides an annual update on the status of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. It monitors over 120 countries affected by landmines and those with stockpiles. Some key findings include:
1) The Mine Ban Treaty and mine ban movement continue to make progress in eradicating landmines and saving lives.
2) Two non-state armed groups committed to banning antipersonnel mines - the Polisario Front and Kurdistan Workers Party.
3) However, none of the 40 non-signatories to the treaty acceded in the past year, and universalizing the treaty remains a challenge.
2. Cluster Munition Monitor 2010
Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor Editorial Board
Mines Action Canada • Action On Armed Violence • Handicap International
Human Rights Watch • Norwegian People’s Aid
4. Cluster Munition Coalition
The Cluster Munition Coalition (CMC) is an international civil society campaign working to eradicate cluster munitions,
prevent further casualties from these weapons, and put an end for all time to the suffering they cause. The CMC works
through its members to change the policy and practice of governments and organizations toward these aims and raise
awareness of the problem among the public.
The CMC has three overall objectives:
1. Universal adherence to the Convention on Cluster Munitions and the emerging global norm rejecting the use,
production, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions and obligating land clearance, victim assistance,
stockpile destruction, and international cooperation and assistance.
2. Effective implementation of and full compliance with the Convention on Cluster Munitions by all States Parties,
with compatible steps taken by states not party; and effective monitoring, including by civil society, of all such
efforts.
3. The CMC is an active, diverse, well-governed, and developing international campaign that works in partnership
with governments, international organizations, survivors, their families and communities, and other actors to
communicate the suffering from cluster munitions and advocate for an end to this suffering through changes to
policy and practice around the world.
i
7. Cluster Munition Monitor 2010
Like the ICBL, the CMC was established by a group of NGOs in response to a global problem, in this case the suffering
caused by cluster munitions. From 2003–2006, the CMC called for negotiations to establish new international law to
address the cluster munition problem. Throughout 2007 and 2008, the CMC actively participated in the diplomatic Oslo
Process, facilitating and leading the global civil society action in favor of a ban on cluster munitions. This effort was
crucial to the adoption and signature of the Convention on Cluster Munitions in 2008.
In 2009 and 2010, the CMC engaged in an intensive global ratification campaign to ensure that 30 countries that had
signed the convention ratified it without delay in order to bring the convention into force as quickly as possible. Its
global signature campaign sought to expand the number of countries committed to the convention and the ban. The 30th
ratification was achieved on 16 February 2010, and the convention entered into force on 1 August 2010 commemorated by
events held in dozens of countries worldwide. In 2010, the CMC also pressed for early implementation of the convention,
and devoted intense effort to preparations for the First Meeting of States Parties in Lao PDR in November.
Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor
Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor provides research and monitoring for the CMC and the ICBL and is formally
a program of the ICBL. It is the de facto monitoring regime for the Mine Ban Treaty and the Convention on Cluster
Munitions. It monitors and reports on States Parties’ implementation of, and compliance with, the Mine Ban Treaty
and the Convention on Cluster Munitions, and more generally, it assesses the international community’s response to
the humanitarian problems caused by landmines, cluster munitions, and other explosive remnants of war (ERW). The
Monitor represents the first time that NGOs have come together in a coordinated, systematic, and sustained way to monitor
humanitarian law or disarmament treaties, and to regularly document progress and problems, thereby successfully putting
into practice the concept of civil society-based verification.
In June 1998, the ICBL created Landmine Monitor as an ICBL initiative. In 2008, Landmine Monitor also functionally
became the research and monitoring arm of the CMC. In 2010, the initiative changed its name from Landmine Monitor
to Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor (known as “the Monitor”) to reflect its increased reporting on the cluster
munition issue. A five-member Editorial Board coordinates the Monitor system: Mines Action Canada, Action On Armed
Violence, Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, and Norwegian People’s Aid. Mines Action Canada serves as
the lead agency. The Editorial Board assumes overall responsibility for, and decision-making on, the Monitor system.
The Monitor is not a technical verification system or a formal inspection regime. It is an attempt by civil society to hold
governments accountable to the obligations they have taken on with respect to antipersonnel mines and cluster munitions.
This is done through extensive collection, analysis, and distribution of publicly available information. Although in some
cases it does entail investigative missions, the Monitor is not designed to send researchers into harm’s way and does not
include hot war-zone reporting.
Monitor reporting complements transparency reporting by states required under international treaties. It reflects the
shared view that transparency, trust, and mutual collaboration are crucial elements for the successful eradication of
antipersonnel mines and cluster munitions. The Monitor was also established in recognition of the need for independent
reporting and evaluation.
The Monitor aims to promote and advance discussion on mine, cluster munition, and ERW-related issues, and to seek
clarifications, in order to help reach the goal of a world free of mines, cluster munitions, and other ERW. The Monitor
works in good faith to provide factual information about issues it is monitoring, in order to benefit the international
community as a whole.
For cluster munitions, the Monitor system features a global reporting network and an annual report. A network of
over 80 Monitor researchers from 70 countries and other areas, and a 20-person Editorial Team gathered information to
prepare this report. The researchers come from the CMC and ICBL’s campaigning coalitions and from other elements of
civil society, including journalists, academics, and research institutions. Researchers contributed primarily to Country
Profiles, also available on the Monitor’s website at www.the-monitor.org/cp.
Unless otherwise specified all translations were done by the Monitor.
As was the case in previous years, the Monitor acknowledges that this ambitious report is limited by the time, resources,
and information sources available. The Monitor is a system that is continuously updated, corrected, and improved.
Comments, clarifications, and corrections from governments and others are sought, in the spirit of dialogue, and in the
common search for accurate and reliable information on an important subject.
About this Report
This is the first Cluster Munition Monitor report. It is the sister publication to the Landmine Monitor report, which has
been issued annually since 1999.
Cluster Munition Monitor builds upon the 2009 report Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice,
which was researched and written by Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action (now known as Action On Armed
Violence), and published by the Monitor. Cluster Munition Monitor covers cluster munition ban policy, use, production,
trade, and stockpiling for every country in the world, and also includes information on cluster munition contamination,
iv
8. Preface
casualties, clearance, and victim assistance. The report focuses on the period since Banning Cluster Munitions was
published in May 2009, with information included up to August 2010 when possible.
Acknowledgements
A broad-based network of individuals, campaigns, and organizations produced this report. It was assembled by a dedicated
team of research coordinators and editors, with the support of a significant number of donors.
Researchers are cited separately on the Monitor website at www.the-monitor.org/index.php/LM/About-Us/Experts.
The Monitor is grateful to everyone who contributed research to this report. We wish to thank the scores of individuals,
campaigns, NGOs, international organizations, field practitioners, and governments who provided us with essential information.
We are grateful to CMC and ICBL staff for their review of the content of the report, and their crucial assistance in the
release, distribution, and promotion of Monitor reports.
Responsibility for the coordination of Monitor’s reporting network lies with the five Editorial Board organizations:
Mines Action Canada (Paul Hannon) manages the Monitor’s production and editing, and coordinates research on support
for mine action and non-state armed groups; Action On Armed Violence (Richard Moyes) specializes in research on
cluster munitions; Handicap International (Bruno Leclercq) coordinates research on casualty data and victim assistance;
Human Rights Watch (Stephen Goose) is responsible for ban policy; and Norwegian People’s Aid (Stuart Casey-Maslen
and Atle Karlsen) coordinates research on mine action. Jacqueline Hansen manages the Monitor.
The Editorial Team undertook research and initial country report edits for Cluster Munition Monitor from January to
August 2010. The Editorial Team included:
• Ban policy: Stephen Goose (principal editor), Kate Castenson, Katherine Harrison, Mark Hiznay, Yeshua
Moser-Puangsuwan, Mary Wareham, Kerri West;
• Mine action: Stuart Casey-Maslen (principal editor), Nick Cumming-Bruce, Emil Hasanov, Mike Kendellen;
• Casualties and victim assistance: Joohi Haleem and Katleen Maes (principal editors), Stéphane De Greef,
Megan Burke, Loren Persi Vicentic; and
• Support for mine action: Mike Kendellen.
Stephen Goose provided final editing from August to September 2010 with assistance from Jacqueline Hansen
(Program Manager); Katie Pitts and Tatiana Stephens (Project Officers); and Molly Novatt and Jennifer Spindel (Mines
Action Canada Interns).
Report formatting and the online version of the report at www.the-monitor.org were undertaken by Lixar I.T. Inc. and
St. Joseph Communications printed the report. Rafael Jiménez provided the cover design.
We extend our gratitude to Monitor contributors. The Monitor’s supporters are in no way responsible for, and do not
necessarily endorse, the material contained in this report. It was only possible to carry out this work with the aid of grants from:
• Government of Australia
• Government of Austria
• Government of Belgium
• Government of Canada
• Government of France
• Government of Germany
• Government of Ireland
• Government of Luxembourg
• Government of New Zealand
• Government of Norway
• Government of Spain
• Government of Sweden
• Government of Switzerland
• Holy See
• UNICEF
We also thank the donors who have contributed to the individual members of the Monitor Editorial Board and other
participating organizations.
v
9. Cluster Munition Monitor 2010
Abbreviations and Acronyms
AOAV Action On Armed Violence
CBU cluster bomb unit
CCM 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions
CCW 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons
CD Conference on Disarmament
CMC Cluster Munition Coalition
DPICM dual purpose improved conventional munition
ERW explosive remnants of war
GGE CCW Group of Governmental Experts
HRW Human Rights Watch
ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
NGO non-governmental organization
NSAG non-state armed group
UN United Nations
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UXO unexploded ordnance
WILPF Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom
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10. Abbreviations and Acronyms – Glossary
Glossary
Cluster bomb – Air-dropped cluster munition.
Cluster munition – According to the Convention on Cluster Munitions a cluster munition is “A conventional munition
that is designed to disperse or release explosive submunitions each weighing less than 20 kilograms, and includes those
submunitions.” Cluster munitions consist of containers and submunitions. Launched from the ground or air, the containers
open and disperse submunitions (bomblets) over a wide area. Submunitions are typically designed to pierce armor, kill
personnel, or both.
Cluster munition remnant – The Convention on Cluster Munitions defines “cluster munition remnants” as “failed
cluster munitions, abandoned cluster munitions, unexploded submunitions and unexploded bomblets.”
Convention on Cluster Munitions – An international convention adopted in May 2008 and opened for signature in
December 2008. The convention prohibits the use, production, stockpiling, and transfer of cluster munitions, requires
stockpile destruction, clearance, and victim assistance.
Convention on Conventional Weapons – The 1980 Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain
Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, commonly
referred to as the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), aims to place prohibitions or restrictions on the use of
conventional weapons about which there is widespread concern. It includes Protocol V on explosive remnants of war.
Dual purpose improved conventional munition – A type of cluster munition which can be used against both personnel
and material targets, including armor.
Explosive remnants of war – Under Protocol V to the Convention on Conventional Weapons, explosive remnants of
war are defined as unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. Mines are explicitly excluded from the
definition.
Interoperability – In relation to Article 21 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions interoperability refers to joint military
operations with states not party to the convention that might engage in activities prohibited to a State Party.
Non-state armed groups – For the Monitor’s purposes, non-state armed groups include organizations carrying out armed
rebellion or insurrection, as well as a broader range of non-state entities, such as criminal gangs and state-supported proxy
forces.
Oslo Process – The diplomatic process undertaken from 2006–2008 that led to the negotiation, adoption, and signing of
the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions.
Self-destruct mechanism – Under the Convention on Cluster Munitions an “incorporated automatically-functioning
mechanism which is in addition to the primary initiating mechanism of the munition and which secures the destruction
of the munition into which it is incorporated.”
Self-deactivating – Under the Convention on Cluster Munitions, automatically rendering a munition inoperable by
making an essential component (for example a battery) non-functional.
Submunition – Any munition that, to perform its task, separates from a parent munition (cluster munition). When air-
dropped, submunitions are often called “bomblets.” When ground-launched, they are sometimes called “grenades.”
Unexploded cluster munitions or unexploded bomblet – Submunitions that have failed to explode as intended,
becoming unexploded ordnance.
Unexploded ordnance – Unexploded ordnance (UXO) refers to munitions that were designed to explode but for some
reason failed to detonate; unexploded submunitions are often known as “duds.”
Victim – According to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, “all persons who have been killed or suffered physical or
psychological injury, economic loss, social marginalisation or substantial impairment of the realisation of their rights
caused by the use of cluster munitions. They include those persons directly impacted by cluster munitions as well as their
affected families and communities.”
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16. Table Key Europe, the Caucasus & Central Asia
States Parties: Ratified or acceded as of Albania Austria Belgium
15 September 2010 Bosnia & Herzegovina Croatia Denmark
Signatories: Signed, but not yet ratified as of France Germany Holy See
15 September 2010
Ireland Luxembourg Macedonia, FYR
States Not Party: Not yet acceded as of
15 September 2010 Malta Moldova Montenegro
Norway San Marino Slovenia
The Americas Spain United Kingdom Bulgaria
Antigua & Barbuda Ecuador Cyprus Czech Republic Hungary
Mexico Nicaragua Iceland Italy Liechtenstein
Uruguay Bolivia Lithuania Monaco Netherlands
Canada Chile Portugal Sweden Switzerland
Colombia Costa Rica Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan
Dominican Rep. El Salvador Belarus Estonia Finland
Guatemala Haiti Georgia Greece Kazakhstan
Honduras Jamaica Kyrgyzstan Latvia Poland
Panama Paraguay Romania Russia Serbia
Peru Saint Vincent & the Slovakia Tajikistan Turkey
Argentina Grenadines Turkmenistan Ukraine Uzbekistan
Barbados Bahamas
Brazil Belize Middle East & North Africa
Cuba Dominica Iraq Lebanon Tunisia
Grenada Guyana Algeria Bahrain Egypt
Saint Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia Iran Israel Jordan
Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Kuwait Libya Morocco
United States Venezuela Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia
Syria United Arab Emirates Yemen
East & South Asia & the Pacific
Fiji Japan Sub-Saharan Africa
Lao PDR New Zealand Burkina Faso Burundi Comoros
Samoa Afghanistan Lesotho Malawi Mali
Australia Cook Islands Niger Seychelles Sierra Leone
Indonesia Nauru Zambia Angola Benin
Palau Philippines Botswana Cameroon Cape Verde
Bangladesh Bhutan Central African Rep. Chad Congo, Dem. Rep.
Brunei Cambodia Congo, Rep. Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti
China India Gambia Ghana Guinea
Kiribati Korea, North Guinea-Bissau Kenya Liberia
Korea, South Malaysia Madagascar Mauritania Mozambique
Maldives Marshall Islands Namibia Nigeria Rwanda
Micronesia Mongolia São Tomé e Príncipe Senegal Somalia
Myanmar Nepal South Africa Tanzania Togo
Niue Pakistan Uganda Equatorial Guinea Eritrea
Papua New Guinea Singapore Ethiopia Gabon Mauritius
Solomon Islands Sri Lanka Sudan Swaziland Zimbabwe
Thailand Timor-Leste
Tonga Tuvalu
Vanuatu Vietnam
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19. Cluster Munition Monitor 2010
Retention
• Although the convention permits the retention of some cluster munitions and submunitions for training and
development purposes, most stockpilers thus far have chosen not to retain any, including Afghanistan, An-
gola, Austria, Colombia, Honduras, Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Portugal, and Slovenia.
• Belgium, France, and Spain have indicated they each intend to keep hundreds of cluster munitions and more
than 20,000 submunitions.
Production
• Fifteen former producers of cluster munitions have signed and/or ratified the Convention on Cluster Muni-
tions, thereby foreswearing any future production.
• Seventeen countries continue to produce cluster munitions, or reserve the right to produce in the future.
Transfer
• There were no reported transfers of cluster munitions in 2009 or the first half of 2010, other than inert com-
ponents transferred from South Korea to Pakistan.
• Two states not party to the convention, Singapore and the US, have instituted a moratorium on exports of
cluster munitions.
Assistance with Prohibited Acts
• There are some divergent views on the scope of the prohibition on assistance with prohibited acts, especially
regarding its application during joint military operations with states not party that may still use cluster muni-
tions. Most states that have expressed a view have indicated that, even during joint operations, any intentional
or deliberate assistance is prohibited: Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana, Guatemala, Iceland, Ireland, Lebanon,
Madagascar, Malawi, Mexico, Norway, and Slovenia.
Transit
• Most states that have expressed a view have indicated that the transit of cluster munitions by a state not party
across the territory of a State Party is prohibited: Austria, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana,
Guatemala, Lebanon, FYR Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, Slovenia, South Africa, and
Zambia.
Disinvestment
• Financial institutions and investors have taken action to stop investment in cluster munition production
in Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Sweden, Switzerland, the UK, and elsewhere.
• Many states have expressed the view that investment in cluster munition production is prohibited: Belgium,
Colombia, France, Guatemala, Ireland, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malta, Mexico, New
Zealand, Norway, Rwanda, the UK, and Zambia.
Casualties
• Cluster munition casualties have been recorded in at least 27 states and three other areas affected by cluster
munitions. Of the 27 states, six are States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions (Albania, Bosnia
and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lao PDR, Montenegro, and Sierra Leone) and nine are signatories.
• There were 16,816 cluster munition casualties confirmed globally as of the end of 2009. However, many
casualties have gone unrecorded and it is likely that the actual number of casualties is at least between 58,000
and 85,000.
• There were 100 confirmed cluster munition casualties in nine countries and one area in 2009, including 33 in
Lao PDR. It is likely the actual number is considerably higher.
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20. Major Findings
Contamination
• At least 23 states and three other areas are believed to be currently contaminated with cluster munition rem-
nants. Thirteen or more additional states may still have a small level of contamination from past use of the
weapon.
• The most heavily affected countries include Lao PDR, Vietnam, Iraq, and Cambodia. Others with a serious
problem include Lebanon and Serbia, as well as the disputed areas of Nagorno-Karabakh and Western Sahara.
• Southeast Asia is by far the region with the greatest amount of cluster munition contamination, followed by
Europe.
• Of the 40 states that have ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions, at least five are believed to be contam-
inated: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Lao PDR, Montenegro, and the UK (Falkland Islands/Malvinas).
The clearance deadline for Croatia, Lao PDR, and Montenegro is 1 August 2020, for the UK is 1 November
2020, and for Bosnia and Herzegovina is 1 March 2021.
• States Parties Albania and Zambia announced completion of their clearance programs in November 2009 and
May 2010, respectively.
Clearance
• In 2009, there was clearance of unexploded submunitions or some form of survey of the problem in just 14
countries and three other areas. In many cases, these activities were very limited.
• Of the nine countries with no reported survey or clearance activities related to unexploded submunitions in
2009, two are States Parties (Croatia and Montenegro) and four are signatories (Chad, Iraq, Mauritania, and
the Republic of the Congo).
• At least 38 km2 of land was cleared of cluster munition remnants in 2009, with more than 55,156 unexploded
submunitions destroyed.
Victim Assistance
• All of the 27 states with cluster munition victims have some type of assistance program already in place.
Twenty of the 27 are party to the Mine Ban Treaty and have developed victim assistance programs in that
context.
• However, nearly every state with cluster munition victims faces significant challenges providing holistic
and accessible care to affected individuals, families, and communities. Particularly notable are the lack of
economic inclusion and psychosocial support, and insufficient availability or access to services for those in
rural areas.
Support for Mine Action
• Only a relatively small number of states reported funding specifically related to cluster munitions or the
Convention on Cluster Munitions. Seven states reported a combined total of US$13.2 million, spent on uni-
versalization, preparations for the First Meeting of States Parties (including via the Cluster Munitions Trust
Fund for Lao PDR), clearance, victim assistance, stockpile destruction, and advocacy.
• Many others spent funds, particularly for universalization and destruction of their own stocks, but did not
report amounts. Funding for clearance in Lao PDR, Lebanon, and Vietnam was utilized in large part for clear-
ance of unexploded submunitions.
• The Cluster Munitions Trust Fund for Lao PDR was established in March 2010, and had received $4.15 mil-
lion in contributions from four nations as of early September 2010, according to UNDP.
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24. Ban Policy
Four signatories ratified during the signing conference on 3 December 2008: the Holy See, Ireland, Norway, and Sierra
Leone. A total of 22 states ratified during 2009 and 14 more in 2010, as of 10 September 2010.
Except for Peru, all members of the “Core Group” of nations that steered the Oslo Process diplomatic initiative have
ratified: Norway, Austria, the Holy See, Ireland, Mexico, and New Zealand.
The ratifying states include countries that have been affected by cluster munitions (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina
(BiH), Croatia, Lao PDR, Montenegro, Sierra Leone, the UK/Falkland Islands, and Zambia); countries that have used
the weapon (France and the UK); countries that have produced (Belgium, BiH, France, Germany, Japan, Spain, and the
UK); and countries that have stockpiled (Austria, Belgium, BiH, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan,
Moldova, Montenegro, Norway, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK).
Other ratifying states include: Antigua and Barbuda, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Comoros, Ecuador, Fiji, Holy See,
Ireland, Lesotho, Luxembourg, FYR Macedonia, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mexico, Nicaragua, Niger, Samoa, San Marino,
Seychelles, and Uruguay.
Ratifications from 3 December 2008–7 September 2010
State Date of Ratification State Date of Ratification
Norway 3 December 2008 Burundi 25 September 2009
Ireland 3 December 2008 Malawi 7 October 2009
Holy See 3 December 2008 FYR Macedonia 8 October 2009
Sierra Leone 3 December 2008 Nicaragua 2 November 2009
Lao PDR 18 March 2009 New Zealand 22 December 2009
Austria 2 April 2009 Belgium 22 December 2009
Mexico 6 May 2009 Montenegro 25 January 2010
Niger 2 June 2009 Denmark 12 February 2010
Albania 16 June 2009 Burkina Faso 16 February 2010
Spain 17 June 2009 Moldova 16 February 2010
Germany 8 July 2009 Samoa 28 April 2010
Luxembourg 10 July 2009 UK 4 May 2010
San Marino 10 July 2009 Ecuador 11 May 2010
Japan 14 July 2009 Seychelles 20 May 2010
Zambia 12 August 2009 Lesotho 28 May 2010
Croatia 17 August 2009 Fiji 28 May 2010
Slovenia 19 August 2009 Mali 30 June 2010
Uruguay 24 September 2009 Comoros 28 July 2010
Malta 24 September 2009 Antigua and Barbuda 23 August 2010
France 25 September 2009 BiH 7 September 2010
Of the 40 ratifications, 20 are from Europe, 10 are from Sub-Saharan Africa, five from Asia-Pacific, and five from the
Americas. None of the three signatories from the Middle East/North Africa have ratified yet.
In order to participate as a full State Party in the First Meeting of States Parties in Lao PDR in November 2010, a
country must have ratified by the end of May 2010, to account for the six month waiting period before entry into force.
Thus, there will be 36 States Parties at the First Meeting of State Parties.
As detailed in the various country chapters in this report, many signatories have already initiated the ratification
process and expect to conclude it soon.
Regional developments
Africa
African states were crucial to ensuring the successful adoption of the Convention on Cluster Munitions and have
continued to demonstrate a high level of interest in the convention. Forty of the 48 Sub-Saharan African states signed the
convention, the highest percentage of states out of any region. Six states signed in 2009–2010: DRC (18 March 2009),
Nigeria (12 June 2009), Cameroon (15 December 2009), Seychelles (13 April 2010), Mauritania (19 April 2010), and
Djibouti (30 July 2010).
7