Landmine Monitor provides research and monitoring for the International Campaign to Ban Landmines and the Cluster Munition Coalition. The 2009 report discusses the ongoing threats posed by landmines, cluster munitions, and other explosive remnants of war. These weapons deny access to basic needs, inhibit freedom of movement, and prevent post-conflict reconstruction. Solutions exist through treaties like the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty and the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, which aim to clear mines and end the use of indiscriminate weapons. However, it remains up to governments to implement treaty obligations and work with non-governmental organizations to solve the global landmine problem.
The document summarizes the Cluster Munition Monitor 2010 report. It discusses how cluster munitions pose dangers to civilian populations due to their wide area effect and high failure rates. It notes that cluster munitions have killed and injured tens of thousands of civilians. The document also describes how the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which entered into force in 2010, provides a framework for banning cluster munitions and addressing existing contamination from unexploded submunitions. The Coalition works to promote universal adherence to and implementation of the Convention to protect civilians from cluster munitions and ensure their eradication.
- Hurricane Andrew caused widespread destruction in Florida in 1992, leaving over 180,000 people homeless and $30 billion in damages.
- The response was hampered by a lack of emergency plans at both the state and federal level, resulting in delayed relief efforts.
- The storm revealed issues with Florida's building codes, which were inconsistent and difficult to enforce, contributing to structural damage. This prompted reforms to the state's building code system.
- Hurricane Andrew highlighted the need for improved disaster response legislation, clear chains of command, and coordinated emergency preparedness planning between agencies.
Explosive weapons like bombs, artillery shells, and IEDs cause thousands of civilian deaths and injuries each year when used in populated areas. They often have wide-area effects that users cannot control, disproportionately killing and injuring women and children. While states prohibit civilian possession of such weapons, international law has not effectively minimized their humanitarian harm. The report argues explosive weapons should generally not be used where those employing force are responsible to the local population, and that their use in populated areas should be stigmatized. It calls on states and organizations to prevent such use and better support victims.
This document discusses infrastructure development relating to disaster management in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that the region experiences some of the worst natural disasters in the world, accounting for 91% of deaths and 49% of economic damage over the past century. While annual deaths from disasters have decreased to 41,000 in recent decades, annual economic damage has nearly tripled to $29 billion. The document analyzes trends in several countries and finds that damage costs have generally increased over time. Regional cooperation is needed to help mitigate disaster impacts and ensure continued economic growth.
The document discusses the definition and history of war. It defines war as armed conflict between states or groups that has formal or quasi-legal status. The document notes there have been changes in modern wars, including their links to ethnic conflict and involvement of non-state actors. It provides brief summaries of several notable historical wars and discusses some common features of wars, such as their human and economic costs. The document also contrasts environmental impacts of past wars to more modern ones.
Human Mobility, Natural Disasters and Climate Change in the PacificDr Lendy Spires
This document provides background information on a regional consultation regarding human mobility, natural disasters, and climate change in the Pacific. It discusses the complex issues facing Pacific Island countries from increased natural disasters and climate change impacts. While most current displacement in the region is internal and temporary, international migration is common and increasingly linked to environmental factors. The consultation will examine challenges like cross-border displacement, planned relocation of at-risk populations, and developing protections for environmentally-motivated migrants. Representatives from Pacific nations will discuss these issues and their country-specific challenges to inform policy discussions on assisting populations impacted by climate change.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of several wars and conflicts from the 20th and 21st centuries. It describes how the Rwandan civil war in 1994 led to over 2 million refugees, putting pressure on the country's limited resources and destroying gorilla habitats. It also discusses how the Somali civil war encouraged overfishing that was unsustainable and harmed local ecology. The Vietnam War involved extensive bombing and use of toxic Agent Orange that polluted soil, water and vegetation, resulting in health issues for humans and wildlife.
The document summarizes the Cluster Munition Monitor 2010 report. It discusses how cluster munitions pose dangers to civilian populations due to their wide area effect and high failure rates. It notes that cluster munitions have killed and injured tens of thousands of civilians. The document also describes how the Convention on Cluster Munitions, which entered into force in 2010, provides a framework for banning cluster munitions and addressing existing contamination from unexploded submunitions. The Coalition works to promote universal adherence to and implementation of the Convention to protect civilians from cluster munitions and ensure their eradication.
- Hurricane Andrew caused widespread destruction in Florida in 1992, leaving over 180,000 people homeless and $30 billion in damages.
- The response was hampered by a lack of emergency plans at both the state and federal level, resulting in delayed relief efforts.
- The storm revealed issues with Florida's building codes, which were inconsistent and difficult to enforce, contributing to structural damage. This prompted reforms to the state's building code system.
- Hurricane Andrew highlighted the need for improved disaster response legislation, clear chains of command, and coordinated emergency preparedness planning between agencies.
Explosive weapons like bombs, artillery shells, and IEDs cause thousands of civilian deaths and injuries each year when used in populated areas. They often have wide-area effects that users cannot control, disproportionately killing and injuring women and children. While states prohibit civilian possession of such weapons, international law has not effectively minimized their humanitarian harm. The report argues explosive weapons should generally not be used where those employing force are responsible to the local population, and that their use in populated areas should be stigmatized. It calls on states and organizations to prevent such use and better support victims.
This document discusses infrastructure development relating to disaster management in Asia and the Pacific region. It finds that the region experiences some of the worst natural disasters in the world, accounting for 91% of deaths and 49% of economic damage over the past century. While annual deaths from disasters have decreased to 41,000 in recent decades, annual economic damage has nearly tripled to $29 billion. The document analyzes trends in several countries and finds that damage costs have generally increased over time. Regional cooperation is needed to help mitigate disaster impacts and ensure continued economic growth.
The document discusses the definition and history of war. It defines war as armed conflict between states or groups that has formal or quasi-legal status. The document notes there have been changes in modern wars, including their links to ethnic conflict and involvement of non-state actors. It provides brief summaries of several notable historical wars and discusses some common features of wars, such as their human and economic costs. The document also contrasts environmental impacts of past wars to more modern ones.
Human Mobility, Natural Disasters and Climate Change in the PacificDr Lendy Spires
This document provides background information on a regional consultation regarding human mobility, natural disasters, and climate change in the Pacific. It discusses the complex issues facing Pacific Island countries from increased natural disasters and climate change impacts. While most current displacement in the region is internal and temporary, international migration is common and increasingly linked to environmental factors. The consultation will examine challenges like cross-border displacement, planned relocation of at-risk populations, and developing protections for environmentally-motivated migrants. Representatives from Pacific nations will discuss these issues and their country-specific challenges to inform policy discussions on assisting populations impacted by climate change.
The document discusses the environmental impacts of several wars and conflicts from the 20th and 21st centuries. It describes how the Rwandan civil war in 1994 led to over 2 million refugees, putting pressure on the country's limited resources and destroying gorilla habitats. It also discusses how the Somali civil war encouraged overfishing that was unsustainable and harmed local ecology. The Vietnam War involved extensive bombing and use of toxic Agent Orange that polluted soil, water and vegetation, resulting in health issues for humans and wildlife.
Learning From Past Notable Earthquakes
The 7.0 magnitude Haiti Earthquake that killed 230,000+, largely because of the inadequacy of the building code, left over 1 million homeless and jobless survivors stuck in tent cities facing a hurricane (Tomas), cholera outbreak, and health-care problems for the next three years. The lessons from this earthquake mega disaster touches every emotion we have. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
This document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters compared to complex emergencies. Some key points:
1) Disaster response requires operating in a "high-pressure cauldron" as needs are sudden and overwhelming, infrastructure is damaged, and the time to save lives is measured in hours, not days.
2) The physical conditions created by disasters, like damaged infrastructure and communications, impose limits on responders' ability to coordinate and deliver assistance.
3) National governments have primary responsibility for disaster response according to international law, but their capacity is often overwhelmed in large disasters, creating challenges for international coordination.
The document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters. It describes how disaster sites become a "responders' cauldron" due to compressed timelines, damaged infrastructure, overwhelmed local authorities, and an influx of various responders. Effective response requires coordinating simultaneous relief phases across different locations and sectors, which poses difficulties given these complex conditions. Strengthening preparedness and coordination standards could help address barriers to response amid this high-pressure environment.
The document makes arguments for banning nuclear reactors and weapons from all nations. It presents four key cases: 1) The humanitarian case that any use of nuclear weapons would have catastrophic consequences for human health and suffering. 2) The security case that nuclear weapons breed fear and do not enhance security, instead posing a direct threat. 3) The environmental case that a small fraction of current nuclear arsenals could destroy all complex life on Earth. 4) The economic case that nations spend exorbitant sums on nuclear forces while funding for disarmament and human needs is minuscule by comparison.
basic concept of disaster and disaster risk (PPT1).pptxWALTONMARBRUCAL
This document provides information about disasters and disaster risk in the Philippines. It begins by defining disaster and explaining that the Philippines is prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons due to its location along the Ring of Fire. It distinguishes between natural hazards, which occur due to natural forces, and human-made induced hazards, which are caused by human activities. The document also defines key terms like risk, disaster risk, hazards, and disasters and explains how they relate to understanding risks and their impacts on communities in the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of disaster management concepts taught in a course at Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh. It defines key terms like hazard, disaster, risk, vulnerability and resilience. It describes major historical disasters like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the 2013 Rana Plaza building collapse in Bangladesh. The document also outlines the four phases of modern disaster management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It traces the history and evolution of disaster management from ancient civilizations to modern global frameworks and initiatives.
This document provides an overview and summary of a study conducted by Handicap International on victim assistance and disability services for landmine/ERW survivors in 29 affected countries. The study aimed to map and assess the current situation of such services 10 years after the Mine Ban Treaty to supplement existing knowledge and address gaps. It identified around 175 relevant civil society organizations. The study results are presented in an online directory of these organizations, an analytical assessment of some cases, and a BBC documentary on the challenges in Laos.
The Landmine Monitor Report 2006 provides an annual update on the status of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. It monitors over 120 countries affected by landmines and those with stockpiles. Some key findings include:
1) The Mine Ban Treaty and mine ban movement continue to make progress in eradicating landmines and saving lives.
2) Two non-state armed groups committed to banning antipersonnel mines - the Polisario Front and Kurdistan Workers Party.
3) However, none of the 40 non-signatories to the treaty acceded in the past year, and universalizing the treaty remains a challenge.
This document provides a preliminary report on Handicap International's research into the global human impact of cluster munitions. It examines cluster munition use and casualties in several regions including Southeast Asia, Africa, Southeast Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Greater Middle East and North Africa region. The report finds that cluster munitions cause disproportionate long-term civilian harm, with casualties predominantly young males engaged in agricultural work. It concludes that immediate and comprehensive clearance efforts are needed to reduce future civilian casualties from unexploded submunitions.
This document is a report from Handicap International on a survey of 1,645 landmine and explosive remnants of war survivors in 25 countries. It acknowledges the survivors who shared their experiences and volunteers who conducted interviews. The report contains individual country chapters summarizing the situation for survivors in each location, and sections on external support for victim assistance, global progress on assistance, conclusions and suggestions for improved assistance going forward.
The document discusses developing a strong Vientiane Action Plan at the First Meeting of States Parties in November 2010 to implement the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It emphasizes the need to address the needs of cluster munition survivors and ensure their inclusion in decision making. It also stresses the importance of international cooperation and ambitious, clear, and measurable victim assistance plans.
The document provides information about Handicap International's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and subsequent challenges. It summarizes their large-scale humanitarian aid efforts, including providing medical rehabilitation, meeting basic needs, and logistics support. Over 600 staff supported these programs. It also discusses advocacy efforts to ensure the most vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities, are protected and included in the relief work. Haiti faced additional disasters in 2010, including hurricanes, cholera outbreaks, and ongoing displacement of earthquake victims living in temporary camps.
Learning From Past Notable Earthquakes
The 7.0 magnitude Haiti Earthquake that killed 230,000+, largely because of the inadequacy of the building code, left over 1 million homeless and jobless survivors stuck in tent cities facing a hurricane (Tomas), cholera outbreak, and health-care problems for the next three years. The lessons from this earthquake mega disaster touches every emotion we have. Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction
This document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters compared to complex emergencies. Some key points:
1) Disaster response requires operating in a "high-pressure cauldron" as needs are sudden and overwhelming, infrastructure is damaged, and the time to save lives is measured in hours, not days.
2) The physical conditions created by disasters, like damaged infrastructure and communications, impose limits on responders' ability to coordinate and deliver assistance.
3) National governments have primary responsibility for disaster response according to international law, but their capacity is often overwhelmed in large disasters, creating challenges for international coordination.
The document discusses the unique challenges of responding to international disasters. It describes how disaster sites become a "responders' cauldron" due to compressed timelines, damaged infrastructure, overwhelmed local authorities, and an influx of various responders. Effective response requires coordinating simultaneous relief phases across different locations and sectors, which poses difficulties given these complex conditions. Strengthening preparedness and coordination standards could help address barriers to response amid this high-pressure environment.
The document makes arguments for banning nuclear reactors and weapons from all nations. It presents four key cases: 1) The humanitarian case that any use of nuclear weapons would have catastrophic consequences for human health and suffering. 2) The security case that nuclear weapons breed fear and do not enhance security, instead posing a direct threat. 3) The environmental case that a small fraction of current nuclear arsenals could destroy all complex life on Earth. 4) The economic case that nations spend exorbitant sums on nuclear forces while funding for disarmament and human needs is minuscule by comparison.
basic concept of disaster and disaster risk (PPT1).pptxWALTONMARBRUCAL
This document provides information about disasters and disaster risk in the Philippines. It begins by defining disaster and explaining that the Philippines is prone to natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons due to its location along the Ring of Fire. It distinguishes between natural hazards, which occur due to natural forces, and human-made induced hazards, which are caused by human activities. The document also defines key terms like risk, disaster risk, hazards, and disasters and explains how they relate to understanding risks and their impacts on communities in the Philippines.
This document provides an overview of disaster management concepts taught in a course at Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh. It defines key terms like hazard, disaster, risk, vulnerability and resilience. It describes major historical disasters like the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan and the 2013 Rana Plaza building collapse in Bangladesh. The document also outlines the four phases of modern disaster management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It traces the history and evolution of disaster management from ancient civilizations to modern global frameworks and initiatives.
This document provides an overview and summary of a study conducted by Handicap International on victim assistance and disability services for landmine/ERW survivors in 29 affected countries. The study aimed to map and assess the current situation of such services 10 years after the Mine Ban Treaty to supplement existing knowledge and address gaps. It identified around 175 relevant civil society organizations. The study results are presented in an online directory of these organizations, an analytical assessment of some cases, and a BBC documentary on the challenges in Laos.
The Landmine Monitor Report 2006 provides an annual update on the status of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. It monitors over 120 countries affected by landmines and those with stockpiles. Some key findings include:
1) The Mine Ban Treaty and mine ban movement continue to make progress in eradicating landmines and saving lives.
2) Two non-state armed groups committed to banning antipersonnel mines - the Polisario Front and Kurdistan Workers Party.
3) However, none of the 40 non-signatories to the treaty acceded in the past year, and universalizing the treaty remains a challenge.
This document provides a preliminary report on Handicap International's research into the global human impact of cluster munitions. It examines cluster munition use and casualties in several regions including Southeast Asia, Africa, Southeast Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, and the Greater Middle East and North Africa region. The report finds that cluster munitions cause disproportionate long-term civilian harm, with casualties predominantly young males engaged in agricultural work. It concludes that immediate and comprehensive clearance efforts are needed to reduce future civilian casualties from unexploded submunitions.
This document is a report from Handicap International on a survey of 1,645 landmine and explosive remnants of war survivors in 25 countries. It acknowledges the survivors who shared their experiences and volunteers who conducted interviews. The report contains individual country chapters summarizing the situation for survivors in each location, and sections on external support for victim assistance, global progress on assistance, conclusions and suggestions for improved assistance going forward.
The document discusses developing a strong Vientiane Action Plan at the First Meeting of States Parties in November 2010 to implement the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It emphasizes the need to address the needs of cluster munition survivors and ensure their inclusion in decision making. It also stresses the importance of international cooperation and ambitious, clear, and measurable victim assistance plans.
The document provides information about Handicap International's response to the 2010 Haiti earthquake and subsequent challenges. It summarizes their large-scale humanitarian aid efforts, including providing medical rehabilitation, meeting basic needs, and logistics support. Over 600 staff supported these programs. It also discusses advocacy efforts to ensure the most vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities, are protected and included in the relief work. Haiti faced additional disasters in 2010, including hurricanes, cholera outbreaks, and ongoing displacement of earthquake victims living in temporary camps.
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#WenguiGuo#WashingtonFarm Guo Wengui Wolf son ambition exposed to open a far...
Landmine Monitor 2009
1.
2. Landmine Monitor
Toward a Mine-Free World
Executive Summary
2009
Landmine Monitor
Editorial Board
Mines Action Canada
Handicap International
Human Rights Watch
Landmine Action
Norwegian People’s Aid
8. Preface
manages Landmine Monitor’s production and editing, report. Rafael Jiménez provided design. Sébastien Grolet
and coordinates research on support for mine action provided cartography services.
and non-state armed groups; Handicap International We extend our gratitude to Landmine Monitor con-
(Stan Brabant) coordinates research on mine/ERW risk tributors. Landmine Monitor’s supporters are in no way
education, casualty data, and victim assistance; Human responsible for, and do not necessarily endorse, the
Rights Watch (Stephen Goose) is responsible for ban material contained in this report. It was only possible to
policy; Landmine Action (Richard Moyes) specializes in carry out this work with the aid of grants from:
research on cluster munitions; and Norwegian People’s
Aid (Stuart Casey-Maslen and Atle Karlsen) coordinates Government of Australia
research on mine action. Jacqueline Hansen manages Government of Austria
Landmine Monitor. Government of Belgium
The Editorial Team undertook research and initial Government of Canada
country report edits for Landmine Monitor Report 2009 Government of Cyprus
from March to August 2009. The Editorial Team was led Government of France
by five principal editors: Stephen Goose (ban policy), Government of Germany
Stuart Casey-Maslen (mine action), Katleen Maes (casu- Government of Ireland
alties and victim assistance), Jenny Najar (risk educa- Government of Luxembourg
tion), and Anthony Forrest (support for mine action). Government of the Netherlands
Stuart Casey-Maslen, Nick Cumming-Bruce, and Government of New Zealand
Mark Hiznay provided final editing from July to August Government of Norway
2009 with assistance from Jacqueline Hansen (Program Government of Spain
Manager); Jack Glattbach (Copy Editor); Maureen Hol- Government of Sweden
lingworth (Editing Consultant); Katie Pitts and Tatiana Government of Switzerland
Stephens (Project Officers); Kerri West and Katherine European Commission
Harrison (Ban policy team); and Carly Ackerman, Zain Holy See
Esseghaier, Zachary Fellman, and Marc Gagnier (Mines UNICEF
Action Canada Interns).
Report formatting and the online version of the We also thank the donors who have contributed to
report at www.lm.icbl.org/lm/2009 were undertaken by the individual members of the Landmine Monitor Edito-
Lixar I.T. Inc. and St. Joseph Communications printed the rial Board and other participating organizations.
vi i
9. Global Maps
1. 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling,
Production and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines and on
their Destruction
2. Global Contamination from Mines and Cluster Munition
Remnants
3. Deadlines for States Parties with Article 5 Obligations
4. Mines and Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) Casualties
in 2008
14. Contents
Major Findings 1 Risk Education 45
1999–2009 Overview 45
Ban Policy 3
Risk Education in 2008 46
1999–2009 Overview 3 Risk Education from 1999 to 2008 50
2008–2009 Key Developments 3 The Future of Risk Education 51
Universalization 4
Use of Antipersonnel Mines 7 Victim Assistance 53
Production of Antipersonnel Mines 10
Survivor Inclusion 54
Global Trade in Antipersonnel Mines 12
Victim Assistance Implementation 55
Antipersonnel Mine Stockpiles and Their Destruction 12
Victim Assistance Strategic Framework 59
Mines Retained for Research and Training (Article 3) 15
National Commitment and Capacity 62
Transparency Reporting (Article 7) 17
Conclusion: Victim Assistance to 2014 63
National Implementation Measures (Article 9) 18
Special Issues of Concern 18
Support for Mine Action 65
Treaty-Related Meetings 22
The Oslo Process and the Convention 23 Introduction 65
on Cluster Munitions National Contributions to Mine Action 66
Convention on Conventional Weapons 24 International Contributions to Mine Action 66
Funding by Donor States 67
Mine Action 27 Major Recipients 73
Trust Funds 74
1999–2009 Overview 27
Research and Development 75
Scope of the Problem 28
Funding Article 5 Deadline Extentions 75
Mine Clearance 28
Battle Area Clearance 32 Status of the Convention 77
Land Release 33
Information Management 35
Convention on the Prohibition 79
Mine Action by Non-State Armed groups 35
Deminer Security 36 of the Use, Stockpiling, Production
The Future of Mine Action 36 and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and on Their Destruction
Casualties and Data Collection 37
1999–2009 Overview 37 Appendix 87
Casualties from 1999–2008 37 Abbreviations and Acronyms 87
Casualties in 2008 38 Glossary 88
Data Collection 42
Conclusion 43
ix
15. 1997 Convention on the Prohibition of Table Key
States Parties: Ratified or acceded as of
the Use, Stockpiling, Production and August 2009
Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and Signatories: Signed, but not yet ratified
States not Party: Not yet acceded
on their Destruction
The Americas Europe, the Caucasus & Central Asia
Antigua & Barbuda Argentina Albania Andorra Austria
Bahamas Barbados Belarus Belgium Bosnia & Herzegovina
Belize Bolivia Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus
Brazil Canada Czech Republic Denmark Estonia
Chile Colombia France Germany Greece
Costa Rica Dominica Holy See Hungary Iceland
Dominican Rep. Ecuador Ireland Italy Latvia
El Salvador Grenada Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg
Guatemala Guyana Macedonia, FYR Malta Moldova
Haiti Honduras Monaco Montenegro Netherlands
Jamaica México Norway Portugal Romania
Nicaragua Panamá San Marino Serbia Slovakia
Paraguay Peru Slovenia Spain Sweden
St. Kitts & Nevis St. Vincent & the Switzerland Tajikistan Turkey
Saint Lucia Grenadines Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom
Suriname Trinidad & Tobago Poland Armenia Azerbaijan
Uruguay Venezuala Finland Georgia Kazakhstan
Cuba United States Kyrgyzstan Russia Uzbekistan
East & South Asia & the Pacific Middle East & North Africa
Afghanistan Australia Algeria Iraq Jordan
Bangladesh Bhutan Kuwait Qatar Tunisia
Brunei Cambodia Yemen Bahrain Egypt
Cook Islands Fiji Iran Israel Lebanon
Indonesia Japan Libya Morocco Oman
Kiribati Malaysia Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates
Maldives Nauru
New Zealand Niue Sub-Saharan Africa
Palau Papua New Guinea Angola Benin Botswana
Philippines Samoa Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon
Solomon Islands Thailand Cape Verde Central African Rep. Chad
Timor-Leste Vanuatu Comoros Congo, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rep.
Marshall Islands China Côte d’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea
India Korea, North Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon
Korea, South Laos Gambia Ghana Guinea
Micronesia Mongolia Guinea-Bissau Kenya Lesotho
Myanmar Nepal Liberia Madagascar Malawi
Pakistan Singapore Mali Mauritania Mauritius
Sri Lanka Tonga Mozambique Namibia Niger
Tuvalu Vietnam Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé & Principe
Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone
South Africa Sudan Swaziland
Tanzania Togo Uganda
Zambia Zimbabwe Somalia
x